Kongressorte der Frühen Neuzeit im europäischen Vergleich. Der Friede von Baden (1714)

Der europäische Kontinent wurde im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert von zahlreichen Kriegen überzogen. Zugleich wurden mit dem Kongresswesen neue Formen des Friedensschließens erprobt. Der vorliegende Band zeigt ausgehend von den Verhandlungen in Baden 1714 und weiteren Beispielen aktuelle Forschungsperspektiven zur räumlichen »Verortung« dieser frühneuzeitlichen Friedenskongresse auf. In den Gastorten bildeten diese von adliger Kultur geprägten Großveranstaltungen vorübergehende Fremdkörper, was aber nicht das Fehlen von Interaktionen mit den lokalen Gesellschaften bedeutete. Die Beherbergung zahlreicher Menschen unterschiedlichen Standes und Glaubens stellte für die gastgebenden Städte einerseits eine beträchtliche Herausforderung und Belastung dar. Andererseits bot sich damit für sie die Möglichkeit, sich in der europäischen Fürstengesellschaft zu positionieren. Die Frage nach den politischen und rechtlichen Voraussetzungen für die Wahl als Kongressort weist schließlich über den Kontext der einzelnen Städte hinaus und führt zu einer Geschichte frühneuzeitlicher Neutralisierungspraktiken.

Ueber die Verbrechen der Geistlichen nach dem neuen Entwurfe des Preußischen Strafgesetzbuches : eine freimüthige Kritik

Boberach: Der den Vereinigten Ständischen Ausschüssen vorgelegte Entwurf eines Strafgesetzbuches berücksichtigt in den Paragraphen 412 - 416 nicht, daß sich das Verhältnis von Staat und Kirche zu deren Gunsten verändert hat. Vor allem darf der Staat nicht beanspruchen , Geistliche aus dem Amt zu entfernen. Die Katholiken im Rheinland und Westfalen werden sich nicht damit abfinden können

Nachtrag zu meiner Kritik über den Titel des Entwurfes des Preußischen Strafgesetzbuches von den Verbrechen der Geistlichen

Boberach: Der den Vereinigten Ständischen Ausschüssen vorgelegte Entwurf eines Strafgesetzbuches berücksichtigt in den Paragraphen 412 - 416 nicht, daß sich das Verhältnis von Staat und Kirche zu deren Gunsten verändert hat. Vor allem darf der Staat nicht beanspruchen , Geistliche aus dem Amt zu entfernen. Die Katholiken im Rheinland und Westfalen werden sich nicht damit abfinden können. - Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Nachtragsband

Post-operative monitoring of free muscle transfers by Laser Doppler Imaging: A prospective study.

PURPOSE Despite different existing methods, monitoring of free muscle transfer is still challenging. In the current study we evaluated our clinical setting regarding monitoring of such tissues, using a recent microcirculation-imaging camera (EasyLDI) as an additional tool for detection of perfusion incompetency. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was performed on seven patients with soft tissue defect, who underwent reconstruction with free gracilis muscle. Beside standard monitoring protocol (clinical assessment, temperature strips, and surface Doppler), hourly EasyLDI monitoring was performed for 48 hours. Thereby a baseline value (raised flap but connected to its vascular bundle) and an ischaemia perfusion value (completely resected flap) were measured at the same point. RESULTS The mean age of the patients, mean baseline value, ischaemia value perfusion were 48.00 ± 13.42 years, 49.31 ± 17.33 arbitrary perfusion units (APU), 9.87 ± 4.22 APU, respectively. The LDI measured values in six free muscle transfers were compatible with hourly standard monitoring protocol, and normalized LDI values significantly increased during time (P < 0.001, r = 0.412). One of the flaps required a return to theatre 17 hours after the operation, where an unsalvageable flap loss was detected. All normalized LDI values of this flap were under the ischaemia perfusion level and the trend was significantly descending during time (P < 0.001, r = -0.870). CONCLUSION Due to the capability of early detection of perfusion incompetency, LDI may be recommended as an additional post-operative monitoring device for free muscle flaps, for early detection of suspected failing flaps and for validation of other methods.

Thyroid function within the normal range and risk of coronary heart disease: an individual participant data analysis of 14 cohorts

IMPORTANCE Some experts suggest that serum thyrotropin levels in the upper part of the current reference range should be considered abnormal, an approach that would reclassify many individuals as having mild hypothyroidism. Health hazards associated with such thyrotropin levels are poorly documented, but conflicting evidence suggests that thyrotropin levels in the upper part of the reference range may be associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). OBJECTIVE To assess the association between differences in thyroid function within the reference range and CHD risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Individual participant data analysis of 14 cohorts with baseline examinations between July 1972 and April 2002 and with median follow-up ranging from 3.3 to 20.0 years. Participants included 55,412 individuals with serum thyrotropin levels of 0.45 to 4.49 mIU/L and no previously known thyroid or cardiovascular disease at baseline. EXPOSURES Thyroid function as expressed by serum thyrotropin levels at baseline. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hazard ratios (HRs) of CHD mortality and CHD events according to thyrotropin levels after adjustment for age, sex, and smoking status. RESULTS Among 55,412 individuals, 1813 people (3.3%) died of CHD during 643,183 person-years of follow-up. In 10 cohorts with information on both nonfatal and fatal CHD events, 4666 of 48,875 individuals (9.5%) experienced a first-time CHD event during 533,408 person-years of follow-up. For each 1-mIU/L higher thyrotropin level, the HR was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.90-1.04) for CHD mortality and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.97-1.03) for a first-time CHD event. Similarly, in analyses by categories of thyrotropin, the HRs of CHD mortality (0.94 [95% CI, 0.74-1.20]) and CHD events (0.97 [95% CI, 0.83-1.13]) were similar among participants with the highest (3.50-4.49 mIU/L) compared with the lowest (0.45-1.49 mIU/L) thyrotropin levels. Subgroup analyses by sex and age group yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Thyrotropin levels within the reference range are not associated with risk of CHD events or CHD mortality. This finding suggests that differences in thyroid function within the population reference range do not influence the risk of CHD. Increased CHD risk does not appear to be a reason for lowering the upper thyrotropin reference limit.