Durability assessment of PbTe/II-IV infrared filters (Space Shuttle 1st LDEF)

Residual stress having been further reduced, selected infrared coatings composed of thin films of (PbTe/ ZnS (or ZnSe) can now be made which comply with the durability requirements of MIL-48616 whilst retaining transparency. Such improved durability is due to the sequence:- i) controlled deposition, followed by ii) immediate exposure to air, followed by iii) annealing in vacuo to relieve stress. (At the time of writing we assume the empiric procedure "exposure to air/annealing in vacuo" acts to relieve the inherent stresses of deposition). As part of their testing, representative sample filters prepared by the procedure are being assembled for the shuttle's 1st Long Duration Exposure Facility (to be placed in earth orbit for a considerable period and then recovered for analysis). The sample filters comprise various narrowband-designs to permit deduction of the constituent thin film optical properties. The Reading assembly also contains representative sample of the infrared crystals, glasses, thin-film absorbers and bulk absorbers, and samples of shorter-wavelength filters prepared similarly but made with Ge/SiO. Findings on durability and transparency after exposure will be reported.

Digital signal processing of optical monitoring by means of a Kalman filter

A Kalman filter algorithm has been applied to interpret the optical reflectance excursions during vacuum deposition of infrared coatings and multilayer thin-film filters. The application has been described in detail elsewhere and this paper now reports on-line experience for estimating deposition rate and thickness. The estimation proved sufficiently reliable to firstly 'navigate' regular manufacture (as controlled by a skilled operator) and to subsequently reproduce the skill without interpretation or intervention whilst maintaining exemplary product quality. Optical control by means of this Kalman filter application is therefore considered suitable as a basis for the automated manufacture of infrared coatings and multilayer thin-film filters.

The effect of triacylglycerol fatty acid positional distribution on postprandial plasma metabolite and hormone responses in normal adult men

The present study has examined the possibility that the positional distribution of fatty acids on dietary triacyglycerol (TAG) influences the postprandial response to a liquid meal in adult subjects. Postprandial TAG, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ketones, glucose, insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) responses were monitored in sixteen normal adult male subjects over 6 h following consumption of test meals containing dietary TAG in which palmitic acid was predominantly on the sn-1 (Control) or sn-2 positions (Betapol). Plasma total TAG, chylomicron-rich TAG and chylomicron-poor TAG concentrations were identical in response to the two test meals. The peak increase (mean (SD)) in chylomicron TAG was 0.85 (0.46) mmol/l after the Control meal and 0.85 (0.42) mmol/l after the Betapol meal. Plasma glucose, insulin, GIP, NEFA and ketone concentrations were also very similar following the two meals. It is concluded that dietary TAG containing saturated fatty acids on the sn-2 position appear in plasma at a similar level and over a similar timescale to TAG in which saturated fatty acids are predominantly located on sn-1 or sn-3 positions. The results reported in the present study demonstrate that the positional distribution of fatty acids on dietary TAG is not an important determinant of postprandial lipaemia in adult male subjects, but do not exclude the possibility that different responses may occur when these dietary TAG are given long term.

Avaliação da resposta clínica, inflamatória e infecciosa de crianças submetidas à cirurgia de coarctação da aorta com ou sem uso de precondicionamento isquêmico por pinçamento da aorta torácica descendente

Introdução: O precondicionamento isquêmico é o mais poderoso método experimental de proteção celular e pode ser aplicado em cirurgias que ocasionem isquemia tecidual como na correção de coarctação da aorta. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados clínicos, inflamatórios e infecciosos de crianças submetidas à cirurgia de coarctação da aorta com ou sem uso de precondicionamento isquêmico por pinçamento da aorta torácica. Como desfechos primários foram avaliados os Eventos Adversos Principais (EAP) e o óbito em até 30 dias. Método: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os dados clínicos de 104 pacientes submetidos consecutivamente a cirurgia de coarctação da aorta entre dezembro de 2007 e dezembro de 2012 no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Centro Pediátrico da Lagoa e Hospital Prontobaby na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram constituídos dois grupos, G PRE: 27 pacientes submetidos ao precondicionamento e G CONT: 77 pacientes de controle Resultados: Houve predomínio do sexo masculino, 62,5%, a média de peso foi de 4,04±3,07 kg e 11,53% tinham peso < 2,5kg. A média de idade foi de 3,82±2, com mediana de 1,04 meses. A cirurgia foi realizada em caráter de emergência em 81,48% no G PRE (p<0,001) e o Basic e o Comprehensive Aristotle Score foram maiores no G CONT (p<0,001). A bandagem da artéria pulmonar foi realizada em 37,9% do G PRE contra 9,09% do G CONT e 81,48% do G PRE tiveram anastomose estendida no arco aórtico (p<0,001). As complicações aconteceram em 66,23% no G CONT e em 22,22% no G PRE (p<0,001). Os tempos de entubação traqueal, internação no CTI e internação hospitalar do G CONT foram 3 vezes (p=0,281), 2,44 vezes (p=0,175) e 1,7 vezes (p=0,196) maior que do G PRE. Os EAP aconteceram somente no G CONT (p>0,05), sendo mais comuns os abdominais (8,65%). Ocorreram três óbitos cirúrgicos (2,88%) todos no Grupo CONT (3,90%) (p=0,401). Nove pacientes (8,65%) tiveram óbito na internação da cirurgia, um do G PRE (3,70%) e oito do G CONT (10,39%) (p=0,265). As curvas livres de desfecho em 30 dias (100%) e 60 meses (74,07%) foram favoráveis para o Grupo PRE (p=0,007 e p=0,017). A análise multivariada de COX demonstrou que as variáveis: cateterismo venoso prévio, interrupção de arco aórtico, ventrículo único, hipertensão arterial pulmonar e a dupla via de saída de VD estão associados ao aumento de risco para desfecho nos pacientes do G PRE (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os pacientes do G PRE apresentaram maior complexidade e risco operatório e menores índices de complicação. Os desfechos foram mais comuns no G CONT mesmo sem diferença estatística. A evolução livre de desfecho com 30 dias e até 60 meses foi favorável para o G PRE. A análise multivariada revelou grupo de variáveis em que o pré- condicionamento é desfavorável para aparecimento de desfecho em 30 dias

Energy generation and consumption in Ghana

Electricity consumption in Ghana is estimated to be increasing by 10% per annum due to the demand from the growing population. However, current sources of production (hydro and thermal facilities) generate only 66% of the current demand. Considering current trends, it is difficult to substantiate these basic facts, because of the lack of information. As a result, research into the existing sources of generating electricity, electricity consumption and prospective projects has been performed. This was achieved using three key techniques; review of literature, empirical studies and modelling. The results presented suggest that, current annual installed capacity of energy generation (i.e. 1960 MW) must be increased to 9,405.59 MW, assuming 85% plant availability. This is then capable to coop with the growing demand and it would give access to the entire population as well as support commercial and industrial activities for the growth of the economy. The prospect of performing this research is with the expectation to present an academic research agenda for further exploration into the subject area, without which the growth of the country would be stagnant.

Consequences of a coexistence policy on the adoption of GMHT crops in the European Union

This article examines the adoption of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) crops in the European Union (EU) prior to its commercial release. A set of potential drivers including the implementation of coexistence measures by farmers, farmers’ own motivational factors (e.g. economic, environmental and technical factors) and perceived social pressure to accept or reject adoption may influence European Union farmers’ willingness to adopt GMHT oilseed rape and GMHT maize. The analysis includes economic and sociological factors. Results show that coexistence measures may hamper GMHT adoption in the EU.

The core-periphery model with three regions and more

We determine the properties of the core-periphery model with three regions and compare our results with those of the standard 2-region model. The conditions for the stability of dispersion and concentration are established. As in the 2-region model, dispersion and concentration can be simultaneously stable. We show that the 3-region (2-region) model favours the concentration (dispersion) of economic activity. Furthermore, we provide some results for the n-region model. We show that the stability of concentration of the 2-region model implies that of any model with an even number of regions.

The effectiveness of botanic garden collections in supporting plant conservation: a European case study

Europe has the greatest concentration of botanic gardens in the world, they cultivate extensive collections of plants that include samples of European threatened plant species. This study looks at the effectiveness of these collections in supporting species conservation. A three part study is presented: (1) the results of a survey and assessment of threatened plants in botanic gardens, as defined by the Bern Convention; (2) case studies illustrating current issues in the ex situ management of European threatened plant species; and (3) presentation of policy recommendations on further improving botanic garden contributions to European plant conservation. The survey indicated that of 119 European botanic gardens in 29 European countries, 105 are cultivating 308 of the 573 threatened plant species listed by the Bern Convention. The survey identified 25 botanic gardens in 14 countries undertaking 51 conservation projects focused on 27 Bern listed species. In particular this survey has established that the majority of taxa are held in a small number of collections, dominated by non-wild origin accessions, and are not adequately documented. The majority of specimens in botanic gardens are cultivated out of the range country and not contributing to a specific conservation project. We review the genetic representation and documentation of origin in collections. Existing plant collections contain representatives of populations, now lost in the wild and maintain samples of at least nine European plant taxa identified as 'Extinct in the Wild'. However, inadequate standards of record keeping has compromised the conservation value of many collections. We highlight the dangers of hybridisation and disease in ex situ collections. The results suggest that botanic garden collections are skewed towards horticulturally robust and ornamental species and do not fully reflect priorities as defined by the Bern Convention. Recognising the limitations of traditional botanic garden collections we propose that botanic gardens more effectively utilise their two core competencies, namely scientific horticulture and public display and interpretation. The unique horticultural skills resident in European botanic gardens could be more effectively utilised through the application of horticulture to the management of wild populations.