Resistência à intoxicação por Amorimia septentrionalis em caprinos, induzida pela inoculação ruminal das bactérias Pigmentiphaga kullae e Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus

No Brasil, estima-se que as intoxicações por plantas tóxicas que contém monofluoroacetato de sódio (MFA) causam a morte de aproximadamente 500.000 bovinosao ano. A inoculação ruminal de bactérias que degradam MFA tem sido proposta como uma forma de prevenir a intoxicação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, em caprinos, a resistência ao MFA presente em Amorimia septentrionalis, induzida por inoculação ruminal das bactérias Pigmentiphaga kullae e Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus. Doze caprinos, que nunca tiveram contato prévio com plantas que contêm MFA, foram divididos em dois grupos, com seis animais cada. No grupo 1, 60 mL de uma mistura das duas bactérias foi inoculada, diariamente, durante 10 dias em cada caprino. No grupo 2, os caprinos não receberam as bactérias. A partir do 10º dia de inoculação, A. septentrionalis foi administrada, diariamente, na dose de 5g/kg de peso vivo, sendo interrompida em cada animal após a observação dos primeiros sinais clínicos da intoxicação. Os caprinos do grupo 1 apresentaram sinais clínicos 5,83±2,56 dias após a administração da planta o que diferiu significativamente (p=0,037) dos caprinos do grupo 2, que apresentaram sinais clínicos aos 2,67±0,52 dias. A quantidade de planta ingerida pelos caprinos inoculados (28,83±12,97g/kg) e os não inoculados (12,03±3,65g/kg) para desencadear os sinais clínicos foi, também, estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos (p=0,025). Conclui-se que a administração intraruminal de Pigmentiphaga kullae e Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus induz resistência à intoxicação por plantas que contêm MFA.

Itä-Suomen ESR-ohjelman 2007-2013 välikertomus

Raportti on välikatsaus Itä-Suomen ESR-toimintaan ohjelmakaudella 2007–2013 ja se on kirjoitettu alueella rahoitusta välittävien tahojen, ELY-keskusten ja maakuntien liittojen, yhteistyönä. Suomessa ESR-toimintaa ohjaava Manner-Suomen ESR-ohjelma 2007–2013 on jaettu neljään eri suuralueeseen. Yksi näistä on Itä-Suomen suuralue, joka muodostuu Etelä-Savon, Kainuun, Pohjois-Karjalan ja Pohjois-Savon maakunnista. Raportti keskittyy Itä-Suomen ohjelmakauden tuloksien tarkasteluun tuoden niitä esille hanke-esimerkkien sekä indikaattoritietojen kautta. Ohjelman kehittämis-toimet on jaettu neljään eri toimintalinjaan ja toimintalinjojen sisällä on määritelty erityisiä kehittämistavoitteita. Itä-Suomen suuralueen hankkeille on myönnetty 290 miljoonaa euroa ESR-rahoitusta. Lisäksi kunnat ja muut julkiset toimijat sekä yritykset ovat osallistuneet hankkeiden rahoitukseen 72 miljoonalla eurolla. Itä-Suomi on pysynyt kansallisessa vertailussa rahoituksen kohdistamisessa hankkeisiin hyvällä tasolla. Euroopan sosiaalirahaston rahoitus (ESR) on Itä-Suomessa merkittävä, muttei ainut, alueen elintasoa ja kilpailukykyä kohottava rahoitusväline. Muista rahoitusmuodoista Euroopan aluekehitysrahaston (EAKR) sekä maaseuturahastojen alueellinen merkitys korostuvat etenkin yritysten kilpailukyvyn ja maaseudun toimintaedellytysten kehittämisessä Itä-Suomessa. Vaikuttavuus on noussut keskeiseksi hanketyötä ohjaavaksi tekijäksi. Hankkeita ei toteuteta ohjelman vuoksi, vaan niillä täytyy olla aina alueellinen vaikuttavuusnäkökulma ja selkeä päämäärä. Mitä vahvempi hankeorganisaation ja toimijoiden sitoutuminen on, sitä parempia tuloksia saadaan aikaan. Erilaisten rahoitusvälineiden yhteensovitus, viestinnällinen osaaminen ja sitä kautta syntyvä tehokkuus korostuvat tuloksekkaiden hankkeiden toteutuksissa. Alueen mikro- ja pk-yritysten osaamisen kehittäminen, osaamistarpeisiin vastaaminen sekä yritysten kansainvälistyminen vahvistavat Itä-Suomen hyvinvointia myös tulevaisuudessa. Indikaattoritiedot Itä-Suomen suuralueen ESR-ohjelman toteumasta puhuvat paljon puolestaan; 89 600 hankkeissa aloittanutta henkilöä, 343 000 lyhytkestoisissa toimenpiteissä ja tiedotustilaisuuksissa ollutta, lähes 18 000 hankkeisiin osallistunutta yritystä ja 5 600 muuta organisaatiota, 1 245 000 koulutus- ja henkilötyöpäivää. Uusia työpaikkoja on syntynyt noin 3 400 ja uusia yrityksiä lähes 2 600 kappaletta. Väliraportin indikaattoritietiedoissa ja hankelistauksissa on mukana projektipäätöksen saaneet hankkeet ohjelmakauden alusta vuoden 2012 loppuun. Tulosten tulkinnassa tulee huomioida erilaiset rahoitus- ja kehittämiskytkökset sekä alueelliset ESR-rahoituksen painotukset maakunnittain. Tarpeet ja alueelliset painotukset ovat vaihdelleet maakunnittain – on haluttu ja myös saatu erilaisia tuloksia. Hankkeilla on kehitetty yritysten henkilöstön osaamista eri toimialoilla ja erityisesti on haluttu kehittää maakuntien kannalta keskeisiä vahvuusaloja. Toimilla on pyritty edistämään työelämän kehittymistä joustavammaksi sekä parantamaan työssä jaksamista ja tuottavuuskehitystä, unohtamatta myöskään yrittäjyyden tukemista ja uusien yrityksien synnyttämistä. Rahoitusta on suunnattu toimiin, jotka parantavat alueen huoltosuhdetta ja pyrkivät korjaamaan rakennetyöttömyyttä. Ohjelma-asiakirjassa mainittuja tavoitteita on edistetty kehittämällä työmarkkinoiden toimintaa sekä erityisesti nuorten sijoittumista työelämään ja koulutukseen. Myös äkillisen rakennemuutoksen kouriin joutuneet alueet ovat saaneet merkittäviä resursseja muutosten hallintaan ja uusien työurien edistämiseen. Itä-Suomessa merkittävänä osa-alueena on myös elinkeinorakenteen uudistaminen ja kehittäminen, mikä on näkynyt panostuksina uusille osaamisalueille erityisesti korkeakoulujen yhteydessä. Myös ammatillisen koulutuksen työelämäyhteyksien kehittämistä on tuettu. Kehittämistoimien tavoitteena on lisäksi ollut kansainvälisyyden sekä työperäisen maahanmuuton edistäminen. Kesken ohjelmakauden tulleen taloudellisen taantuman vuoksi työperäistä maahanmuuttoa edistävät toimet ovat jääneet suunniteltua vähäisemmiksi.

Determination of collector chemicals from flotation process waters using capillary electrophoresis

Vaahdotusprosessia käytetään yleisesti erottamaan arvokkaita mineraaleja malmeista. Toimiakseen tehokkaasti prosessi tarvitsee kokoojakemikaaleja, joiden tehtävänä on sitoa halutut mineraalit ilmakupliin. Jotta näiden kemikaalien käyttäytymistä prosessissa voitaisiin ymmärtää paremmin ja prosessin ohjausta tehostaa, pitää kokoojia pystyä analysoimaan prosessivesistä. Työn kirjallisuusosassa on koottu ja vertailtu erilaisia kirjallisuudesta löytyneitä analyysimenetelmiä kokoojakemikaaleille. Kokeellisessaosassa on kehitetty kaksi kapillaarielektroforeesimenetelmää näiden kemikaalien tutkimiseen. Menetelmien toteamisrajat tutkituille kemikaaleille olivat seuraavanlaiset: natrium diiosobutylditiofosfaattille (DTP) 2,7 mg/L puhtaassa vedessä ja 6,7 mg/L prosessivedessä; natrium diisobutyldithiofosfinaatille (DTPI) vastaavasti 4,5 mg/L ja 6,7 mg/L; etyyli ksantaatille 0,025 mg/L ja 0,16 mg/L; ja isobutyyli ksantaatille 0,41 mg/L ja 0,62 mg/L. Näitä menetelmiä voidaan tulevaisuudessa kehittää kokoojien hajoamistuotteiden analysointia varten sekä prosessien on-line mittauksiin.

Influência dos Íons Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu e Zn sobre a tensão superficial estática de soluções contendo surfatante

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência da presença de cinco íons em uma calda de pulverização contendo o surfatante Aterbane. A tensão superficial foi analisada por meio da medição da massa de um conjunto de 25 gotas, com quatro repetições constituindo um tratamento. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira, os tratamentos foram combinados em esquema fatorial 9x5x2, sendo nove concentrações do surfatante Aterbane (0,01; 0,025; 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1; 2; e 3%), cinco íons (Mg++, Ca++, Fe+++, Cu+++ e Zn+++) e duas concentrações desses elementos (10 e 100 ppm). Na segunda etapa, os tratamentos foram combinados em esquema fatorial 5x5x1, utilizandose os mesmos cinco elementos (Mg++, Ca++, Fe+++, Cu+++ e Zn+++), em cinco concentrações (1, 5, 20, 50 e 200 ppm), com apenas uma concentração do surfatante Aterbane (0,025%). Outros nove tratamentos permitiram avaliar as tensões superficiais das concentrações do surfatante (0,01; 0,025; 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1; 2; e 3%) sem a adição dos íons. Os resultados mostraram que houve interferência dos íons sobre as soluções, já que, com exceção do Fe+++ (na concentração de 10 e 100 ppm) e do Cu+++ (na concentração de 100 ppm), todos os íons reduziram a tensão mínima alcançada e aumentaram a eficiência do surfatante, implicando benefícios à ação do surfatante e sobre as características de possíveis soluções de aplicação. Todos os íons avaliados promoveram reduções nas tensões superficiais de soluções do surfatante na concentração de 0,025%.

Aplicação simultânea de dessecantes e boro no manejo de plantas daninhas e na nutrição mineral das culturas de soja e girassol

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o controle de plantas daninhas em pré-semeadura da soja (Glycine max) e do girassol (Helianthus annuus), por meio de aplicações de herbicidas dessecantes, isolados ou em combinação com boro, bem como a resposta dessas culturas à aplicação desse micronutriente. Nas parcelas de soja, foram aplicados os tratamentos glyphosate (1,44 kg e.a. ha-1), glyphosate potássico (2,48 kg i.a. ha-1), diuron (0,2 kg i.a. ha-1) + paraquat (0,4 kg i.a. ha-1), e paraquat (0,400 kg i.a. ha-1). Nas parcelas de girassol, foram aplicados os tratamentos glyphosate (0,54 kg e.a. ha-1), glyphosate (0,72 kg e.a. ha-1), glyphosate potássico (1,24 kg i.a. ha-1), paraquat (0,4 kg i.a. ha-1), glyphosate (0,72 kg e.a. ha-1) + flumioxazin (0,025 kg i.a. ha-1) e glyphosate (0,72 kg e.a. ha-1) + carfentrazone (0,02 kg i.a. ha-1). Ambos os experimentos continham as testemunhas capinada e sem capina. As subparcelas dos dois experimentos foram constituídas pela ausência ou presença de B, junto à calda de pulverização, na fonte ácido bórico [H3BO3 - 17% B]. A adição de ácido bórico à calda de pulverização não prejudicou o controle das plantas daninhas pelos tratamentos dessecantes, exceto para a mistura formulada de paraquat + diuron. Houve aumento dos teores de boro no solo e nas folhas da cultura da soja e do girassol quando foram associados os tratamentos com herbicidas dessecantes e o ácido bórico. É viável a aplicação de herbicidas dessecantes e ácido bórico, controlando as plantas daninhas em présemeadura e aumentando o teor de B no solo e nas plantas de soja e de girassol.

Possibilidade de aplicação de misturas de herbicidas de ação total com Jato dirigido em mamoneira de porte anão

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da aplicação em jato dirigido com e sem proteção do bico de pulverização através de chapéu-de-napoleão para misturas de herbicidas de ação total na cultura da mamoneira de porte anão, na safra 2004/2005, um experimento foi conduzido no município de Garça-SP, utilizando-se o híbrido Lyra e espaçamento de 1,0 x 0,5 m. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2 x 10, com quatro repetições, em que o primeiro fator representou a forma de aplicação de jato dirigido com e sem uso de chapéu-de-napoleão e o segundo os herbicidas: glyphosate (0,72 kg ha-1); glyphosate + 2,4-D (0,72 + 0,35 kg ha-1); glyphosate + flumioxazin (0,72 + 0,025 kg ha-1); glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl (0,72 + 0,016 kg ha-1); glyphosate + diuron (0,72 + 0,75 kg ha-1); MSMA + diuron (1,44+ 0,75 kg ha-1); paraquat + diuron (0,9 kg ha-1); paraquat + diquat (0,20 + 0,20 kg ha-1); paraquat + bentazon (0,40 + 0,48 kg ha-1); e testemunha capinada. A aplicação dos herbicidas foi feita em pós-emergência das plantas daninhas, nas entrelinhas da cultura, utilizando-se pulverizador costal pressurizado com CO2, com uma ponta XR 8002-VS para o uso de chapéu-de-napoleão e duas pontas XR 11002-VS, espaçadas de 50 cm, para condição sem proteção, ambas com consumo de calda equivalente a 200 L ha-1. O herbicida glyphosate e as misturas de paraquat + bentazon, glyphosate + 2,4-D e paraquat + diquat proporcionaram os maiores níveis de produtividade da mamoneira Lyra quando aplicados em jato dirigido e com auxílio de chapéu-de-napoleão. As misturas paraquat + bentazon (0,40 + 0,48 kg ha-1) e paraquat + diquat (0,20 + 0,20 kg ha-1) demonstraram ser as mais indicadas para aplicação em jato dirigido com proteção do bico de pulverização.

Lehmijärven valuma-alueen happamuus sekä alumiini- ja rikkipitoisuus

Lehmijärvi on 63 ha laajuinen kirkasvetinen ja vähähumuksinen latvajärvi Salossa. Lehmijärven suojeluyhdistys pyysi Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskukselta ja Suomen metsäkeskukselta apua järvivedessä havaittujen korkeiden alumiinipitoisuuksien ja happamuuspiikkien sekä mahdollisten metsätaloustoimenpiteiden haittojen ehkäisemiseen valuma-alueella. Suomen metsäkeskuksen ja Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskuksen yhteistyönä selvitettiin maanäytteiden avulla maaperän happamuutta ja alumiinipitoisuutta Lehmijärven valuma-alueella. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset on esitetty tässä raportissa. Tulosten perusteella näyttää siltä, että Lehmijärven happamuuspiikit (pH:n jyrkät laskut vedessä) johtuvat pääosin happamista lumensulamisvesistä, johon on jo aiemmissakin selvityksissä viitattu eikä alunamaa ongelmasta valuma-alueella. Myös ojitettujen soiden suuri osuus valuma-alueesta ja turvemaiden yleinen happamuus lisäävät osaltaan valuma-alueelta virtaavien vesien happamuutta varsinkin tulva-aikoina. Mustikkasuon eteläpuolisella suokuviolla, jonka läpi pääosa pohjoispuolen valumavesistä virtaa, voi kuitenkin esiintyä ohuen turpeen alla pienialaisesti alunamaata. Vertailtaessa tämän aineiston liukoisen alumiinin määriä turpeessa aikaisempien tutkimusten vertailulukuihin, voidaan sanoa Lehmijärven valuma-alueen ojitetuilla soilla olevan keskimääräistä korkeampia alumiinipitoisuuksia. Paikoin liukoiset alumiinipitoisuudet olivat jopa erittäin korkeita. Mustikkasuon eteläpuolisella suokuviolla, jonka kautta vedet suurelta osin virtaavat, alumiinipitoisuus oli korkeimmillaan 11 267 mg/kg ja Miilussuolla 7 044 mg/kg, kun Niemisen ja Jarvan (1996) tutkimuksessa alumiinipitoisuuden maksimiarvo oli 5 577 mg/kg. Alumiinin ajoittain korkeat pitoisuudet Lehmijärvessä johtuvat tämän raportin tulosten perusteella todennäköisesti pääosin valuma-alueen soiden turpeen korkeista alumiinipitoisuuksista. Voimakas maanmuokkaus kivennäismailla lisää alumiinin liukoisuutta ja samalla alumiinin huuhtoutumisriskiä vesistöihin. Lehmijärven valuma-alueella on suositeltavaa käyttää metsänuudistamisessa kevyitä maanmuokkausmenetelmiä (laikutus, kääntömätästys ja laikkumätästys) ja välttää ojitusmätästystä. Luontainen uudistaminen (erityisesti alikasvosten hyödyntäminen) pitäisi olla ensisijainen uudistamismenetelmä Lehmijärven valuma-alueella. Kunnostusojituksia toteutettaessa pitäisi ottaa käyttöön mahdollisimman tehokkaat vesiensuojelutoimet. On muistettava, että korkeat alumiinipitoisuudet Lehmijärvellä eivät ole pelkästään negatiivinen asia, koska alumiini sitoo tehokkaasti fosforia ja pahasti rehevöityneitä järviä (esim. Köyliön Ilmijärvi) on yritetty kunnostaa alumiinisulfaatti käsittelyllä. Lisätutkimusta tarvitaan selvittämään, onko Lehmijärven veden alumiinipitoisuus ajoittain jo niin korkea, että siitä on haittaa kalakannalle tai, että se jopa estää rapukannan palauttamisen istuttamalla järveen.

Pulmonary emphysema induced by passive smoking: an experimental study in rats

We describe a short time model for inducing experimental emphysema in rats by chronic tobacco smoke inhalation. Three groups of male Wistar rats (6 months old) were studied: controls (N = 8), rats intoxicated for 45 days (s-45, N = 7) or for 90 days (s-90, N = 8). The exposed animals were intoxicated 3 times a day (10 cigarettes per exposure period), 5 days a week. Pulmonary damage was assessed by means of functional tests and quantitative pathological examination of the airways and lung parenchyma. The s-45 and s-90 animals were similar in terms of functional residual capacity (FRC) corrected for body weight (FRC/kg) but both groups of smoking rats exhibited significantly higher FRC/kg values than the controls (s-45 = 6.33; s-90 = 6.46; controls = 3.78; P<0.05). When the two groups of smoking rats were pooled together and compared to controls, they showed decreased lung elastance (1.6 vs 2.19; P = 0.046) and increased mean linear intercept (Lm) (85.14 vs 66.44; P = 0.025). The s-90 animals presented higher inflammation and muscular hypertrophy at the level of the axial bronchus than the controls (P<0.05). When smoking groups were pooled and compared to controls, they presented significantly higher inflammation at the lateral level (P = 0.028), as well as airway secretory hyperplasia (P = 0.024) and smooth muscle hypertrophy (P = 0.005) at the axial level. Due to its simplicity, low cost and short duration, this technique may be a useful model to obtain new information about airspace remodeling due to chronic tobacco consumption

Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation induces an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity in discrete rat brain regions

Some upper brainstem cholinergic neurons (pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei) are involved in the generation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and project rostrally to the thalamus and caudally to the medulla oblongata. A previous report showed that 96 h of REM sleep deprivation in rats induced an increase in the activity of brainstem acetylcholinesterase (Achase), the enzyme which inactivates acetylcholine (Ach) in the synaptic cleft. There was no change in the enzyme's activity in the whole brain and cerebrum. The components of the cholinergic synaptic endings (for example, Achase) are not uniformly distributed throughout the discrete regions of the brain. In order to detect possible regional changes we measured Achase activity in several discrete rat brain regions (medulla oblongata, pons, thalamus, striatum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex) after 96 h of REM sleep deprivation. Naive adult male Wistar rats were deprived of REM sleep using the flower-pot technique, while control rats were left in their home cages. Total, membrane-bound and soluble Achase activities (nmol of thiocholine formed min-1 mg protein-1) were assayed photometrically. The results (mean ± SD) obtained showed a statistically significant (Student t-test) increase in total Achase activity in the pons (control: 147.8 ± 12.8, REM sleep-deprived: 169.3 ± 17.4, N = 6 for both groups, P<0.025) and thalamus (control: 167.4 ± 29.0, REM sleep-deprived: 191.9 ± 15.4, N = 6 for both groups, P<0.05). Increases in membrane-bound Achase activity in the pons (control: 171.0 ± 14.7, REM sleep-deprived: 189.5 ± 19.5, N = 6 for both groups, P<0.05) and soluble enzyme activity in the medulla oblongata (control: 147.6 ± 16.3, REM sleep-deprived: 163.8 ± 8.3, N = 6 for both groups, P<0.05) were also observed. There were no statistically significant differences in the enzyme's activity in the other brain regions assayed. The present findings show that the increase in Achase activity induced by REM sleep deprivation was specific to the pons, a brain region where cholinergic neurons involved in REM generation are located, and also to brain regions which receive cholinergic input from the pons (the thalamus and medulla oblongata). During REM sleep extracellular levels of Ach are higher in the pons, medulla oblongata and thalamus. The increase in Achase activity in these brain areas after REM sleep deprivation suggests a higher rate of Ach turnover.

Dietary cellulose has no effect on the regeneration of hemoglobin in growing rats with iron deficiency anemia

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of cellulose on intestinal iron absorption in rats during recovery from iron deficiency anemia. Twenty-one-day-old male Wistar-EPM rats were fed an iron-free ration for two weeks to induce anemia. At 5 weeks of age, the rats were divided into two groups (both groups receiving 35 mg of elemental iron per kg diet): cellulose group (N = 12), receiving a diet containing 100 g of cellulose/kg and control (N = 12), receiving a diet containing no cellulose. The fresh weight of the feces collected over a 3-day period between the 15th and 18th day of dietary treatment was 10.7 ± 3.5 g in the group receiving cellulose and 1.9 ± 1.2 g in the control group (P<0.001). Total food intake was higher in the cellulose group (343.4 ± 22.0 g) than in the control (322.1 ± 13.1 g, P = 0.009) during the 3 weeks of dietary treatment. No significant difference was observed in weight gain (cellulose group = 132.8 ± 19.2, control = 128.0 ± 16.3 g), hemoglobin increment (cellulose group = 8.0 ± 0.8, control = 8.0 ± 1.0 g/dl), hemoglobin level (cellulose group = 12.3 ± 1.2, control = 12.1 ± 1.3 g/dl) or in hepatic iron levels (cellulose group = 333.6 ± 112.4, control = 398.4 ± 168.0 µg/g dry tissue). We conclude that cellulose does not adversely affect the regeneration of hemoglobin, hepatic iron level or the growth of rats during recovery from iron deficiency anemia.

Decreased left temporal lobe volume of panic patients measured by magnetic resonance imaging

Reported neuroimaging studies have shown functional and morphological changes of temporal lobe structures in panic patients, but only one used a volumetric method. The aim of the present study was to determine the volume of temporal lobe structures in patients with panic disorder, measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Eleven panic patients and eleven controls matched for age, sex, handedness, socioeconomic status and years of education participated in the study. The mean volume of the left temporal lobe of panic patients was 9% smaller than that of controls (t21 = 2.37, P = 0.028). In addition, there was a trend (P values between 0.05 and 0.10) to smaller volumes of the right temporal lobe (7%, t21 = 1.99, P = 0.06), right amygdala (8%, t21 = 1.83, P = 0.08), left amygdala (5%, t21 = 1.78, P = 0.09) and left hippocampus (9%, t21 = 1.93, P = 0.07) in panic patients compared to controls. There was a positive correlation between left hippocampal volume and duration of panic disorder (r = 0.67, P = 0.025), with recent cases showing more reduction than older cases. The present results show that panic patients have a decreased volume of the left temporal lobe and indicate the presence of volumetric abnormalities of temporal lobe structures.

Environmental color affects Nile tilapia reproduction

We investigated the effects of environmental color on the reproductive behavior of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Two environmental colors were tested by covering the aquarium (60 x 60 x 40 cm) with white (12 groups) or blue (13 groups) cellophane and observing reproductive behavior in groups of 2 males (10.27 ± 0.45 cm) and 3 females (10.78 ± 0.45 cm) each. After assignment to the respective environmental color (similar luminosity = 100 to 120 Lux), the animals were observed until reproduction (identified by eggs in the female's mouth) or up to 10 days after the first nest building. Photoperiod was from 6:00 h to 18:00 h every day. Food was offered in excess once a day and water quality was similar among aquaria. Daily observations were made at 8:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 17:00 h regarding: a) latency to the first nest, b) number of nests, c) gravel weight removed (the male excavates the nest in the bottom of the aquarium), d) nest area, and e) mouthbrooding incubation (indication of reproduction). The proportion of reproducing fish was significantly higher (6 of 13) in the group exposed to the blue color compared the group exposed to the white color (1 of 12; Goodman's test of proportions). Moreover, males under blue light removed significantly larger masses of gravel (blue = 310.70 ± 343.50 g > white = 130.38 ± 102.70 g; P = 0.01) and constructed wider nests (blue = 207.93 ± 207.80 cm² > white = 97.68 ± 70.64 cm²; P = 0.03) than the control (white). The other parameters did not differ significantly between light conditions. We concluded that reproduction in the presence of blue light was more frequent and intense than in the presence of white light.

Association of the 894G>T polymorphism of the endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase gene with unstable angina

The 894G>T polymorphism of the endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase gene consists of the substitution of a guanine base by a thymine at the 894th nucleotide of the gene. An association of this polymorphism with acute coronary syndromes has been described, only when in combination with other polymorphisms of this gene. The aim of the present study was to search for an association between this polymorphism and unstable angina in a southern Brazilian population. In a case-control study, 156 patients (group 1 (N = 83): unstable angina, group 2 (N = 73): stable angina) were genotyped by PCR and digestion of the product. Univariate analysis demonstrated that the minimal luminal diameter and the degree of stenosis of the culprit lesion differed between groups (P = 0.006 and 0.005, respectively). In addition, the frequencies of the T allele and of the T allele carriers (combined TT and TG genotypes) were significantly higher in the group with unstable angina (41.6 vs 28.8%; P = 0.025, Pearson chi-square test, and 73.5 vs 45.2%; P = 0.001, Pearson chi-square test, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the frequency of the T allele carriers was the only variable with a predictive value for unstable angina, when controlled for the other variables (6.1 (95% CI = 2.55-14.43); P < 0.001). Thus, in a homogenous group of patients, the endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase 894G>T polymorphism was associated with unstable angina. We suggest that this polymorphism may be a genetic risk factor for unstable angina.

Factors associated with infant and adolescent mortality

Few studies have described factors associated with infant and adolescent mortality since birth. We report here mortality during a 20-year period in a birth cohort from Ribeirão Preto in order to identify birth variables that influenced mortality among infants and children between 10 and 19 years of age, the main causes of death, and the influence of social inequality at birth on death. Mothers were interviewed shortly after delivery. Social, biological and demographic information was collected, and mortality up to 19 years of age was investigated in registry systems. Of the 6748 liveborn singletons born in the municipality from 1978 to 1979, 343 died before or when 19 years of age were completed. Most of the cohort mortality (74.9%) occurred during the first year of life and 19.6% occurred from 10 to 19 years. Mortality was higher among boys. Preterm birth (hazard ratio, HR = 7.94) and low birth weight (HR = 10.15) were strongly associated with infant mortality. Other risk factors for infant mortality were: maternal age ³35 years (HR = 1.74), unskilled manual occupation of family head (HR = 2.47), and for adolescent mortality: unskilled manual occupation of family head (HR = 9.98) and male sex (HR = 6.58). "Perinatal conditions" were the main causes of deaths among infants and "external causes" among adolescents, especially boys. Socioeconomic factors at birth, represented by occupation, influenced adolescent mortality due to external causes, which was higher among boys (7:1). The influence of social inequality at birth on death, measured by occupation, was greater in adolescence than in infancy.

Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in Brazilian dyslipidemic individuals: Ouro Preto study

The influence of apolipoprotein E alleles and genotypes on plasma lipid levels was determined in 185 individuals of mixed ethnicity living in Ouro Preto, Brazil. DNA was obtained from blood samples and the genotypes were determined by an RFLP-PCR procedure. The *3 allele was the most frequent (72%), followed by *4 (20%) and *2 (8%); *4 frequency was higher and *2 frequency was lower in the dyslipidemic group than in the normal control group. The *2 carriers presented lower LDL and total cholesterol levels compared to the *3 and *4 carriers. All six expected genotypes were observed in the individuals genotyped: E2/2 (2.1%), E4/4 (2.7%), E2/4 (3.7%), E2/3 (8.0%), E3/3 (53.3%), E3/4 (29.9%); no difference in genotype frequencies was found between the normal and dyslipidemic groups. Compared with *2, the presence of *3 increases more than two times the risk for dyslipidemia (OR = 2.31; P = 0.025; 95% CI = 1.06-5.06) and the presence of *4 increases it three times (OR = 3.31; P = 0.006; 95% CI = 1.36-8.04). The only significant effect of genotype was an increased risk for dyslipidemia in the *4 genotype carriers (E3/4 + E4/4) compared with the *2 genotype carriers (E2/2 + E2/3) with OR = 3.69 (95% CI = 1.25-10.88). The present study indicates that in the Ouro Preto admixed population the presence of APOE *2 can confer a protective effect, whereas the presence of APOE *4 implies an enhanced risk for dyslipidemia.