Thermodynamic investigation of the MOCVD of copper films from bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptadionato)copper(II)

Equilibrium concentrations of various condensed and gaseous phases have been thermodynamically calculated, using the free energy minimization criterion, for the metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) of copper films using bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptadionato)copper(II) as the precursor material. From among the many chemical species that may possibly result from the CVD process, only those expected on the basis of mass spectrometric analysis and chemical reasoning to be present at equilibrium, under different CVD conditions, are used in the thermodynamic calculations. The study predicts the deposition of pure, carbon-free copper in the inert atmosphere of argon as well as in the reactive hydrogen atmosphere, over a wide range of substrate temperatures and total reactor pressures. Thin films of copper, grown on SiO2/Si(100) substrates from this metalorganic precursor by low pressure CVD have been characterized by XRD and AES. The experimentally determined composition of CVD-grown copper films is in reasonable agreement with that predicted by thermodynamic analysis.

An infrared spectroscopic study of the low-spin to intermediate-spin state ((1)A(1)-T-3(1)) transition in rare earth cobaltates, LnCoO(3) (Ln = La, Pr and Nd)

Low-spin (LS) to intermediate-spin (IS) state transitions in crystals of LnCoO(3) (Ln = La, Pr and Nd) have been investigated by variable temperature infrared spectroscopy. The spectra reveal the occurrence of the transition around 120, 220 and 275 K, respectively, in LaCoO3,PrCoo(3) and NdCoO3, at which temperatures the intensities of the stretching and the bending modes associated with the LS state decrease, accompanied by an increase in the intensities of the bands due to IS state. The characteristic frequencies of both the spin states decrease with increase in temperature, showing anomalies around the transition. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Crystal and molecular structure of synthetic cholesterol compounds vitamin D3-analogues (I) 24(S)-hydroxy coprastan-3-one & (II) 24(R)-hydroxy coprastan-3-one

The title compound I (24-(S)-Hydroxy Coprastan-3-one) crystallises in orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with Z = 4. The unit cell dimensions are a = 6.701(2)Angstrom, b = 11.506(8)Angstrom, c = 32.183(4)Angstrom, V = 2481(2)Angstrom (3), D-cal = 1.077 Mg/m(3). The tide compound II (24-(R)-Hydroxy Coprastan-3-one) crystallises in orthorhombic space group P212121 with two molecules per assymetric unit and with Z = 8. The Unit cell dimensions are a = 10.954(2)Angstrom, b = 21.757(6)Angstrom, c = 21.130(7)Angstrom, V = 5035.0(2)Angstrom (3), D-cal = 1.062 Mg/m(3). In compound I and in both the molecules of compound II, the rings A, B & C are in chair conformation and the five membered ring D is in envelope conformation. The priority sequence attached to the chiral carbon C24 has "S" designation in compound I and "R" designation in compound II. The structures are stabilized by C-H . . .O and O-H---O hydrogen bonds.

Variable temperature x-ray crystal structure analysis of a type I langbeinite: Rb2Cd2(SO4)(3)

The structure of a type I langbeinite, Rb2Cd2(SO4)(3), displays three different phases, cubic with a = 10.378(5) Angstrom (space group P2(1)3) at room temperature, monoclinic at 120 K with a = 10.328(3), b = 10.322(3), c = 10.325(3) Angstrom, beta = 89.975(1)degrees (space group P2(1)), and orthorhombic at 85 K with a = 10.319(2), b = 10.321(2), c = 10.320(2) Angstrom (space group P2(1)2(1)2(1)), respectively. Precise single-crystal analyses of these phases indicate that Rb2Cd2(SO4)(3) distorts initially from cubic to monoclinic upon cooling followed by a significant reorientation of the SO4 tetrahedra, resulting in an orthorhombic symmetry upon further cooling. The three structures have been established unequivocally using the same crystal. There is no indication of the formation of an intermediate triclinic phase or any lattice disorder as conjectured in several earlier reports on compounds belonging to the type I langbeinite. The bond valence sum analyses of the coordination around the Rb sites indicate asymmetry in the bond strengths which could be the driving force of the ferroelectric behavior in these materials.

A convenient enantiospecific methodology for (-)-(1R,5S)-1,5-dimethylbicyclo[3.3.0]octa-2,7-dione: A formal total synthesis of (-)-ceratopicanol

An enantiospecific formal total synthesis of (-)-ceratopicanol starting from the readily and abundantly available monoterpene (R)-limonene is described. A combination of Claisen rearrangement-intramolecular diazo-ketone cyclopropanation-regiospecific reductive cyclopropane cleavage reactions are employed for the stereo- and regiospecific generation of the two vicinal ring junction quaternary carbon atoms.

Reactivity switching and selective activation of C-1 or C-3 in 2,3-unsaturated thioglycosides

Reactivity switching and selective activation of C-1 or C-3 in 2,3-unsaturated thioglycosides, namely, 2,3-dideoxy-1-thio-D-hex-2-enopyranosides are reported. The reactivity switching allowed activation of either C-1 or C-3, with the use of either N-iodosuccinimide (NIS)/triflic acid (TfOH) or TfOH alone. C-1 glycosylation with alcohol acceptors occurred in the presence of NIS/TfOH, without the acceptors reacting at C-3. On the other hand, reaction of 2,3-unsaturated thioglycosides with alcohols mediated by triflic acid led to transposition of C-1 ethylthio-moiety to C-3 intramolecularly, to form 3-ethylthio-glycals. Resulting glycals underwent glycosylation with alcohols to afford 3-ethylthio-2-deoxy glycosides. However, when thiol was used as an acceptor, only a stereoselective addition at C-3 resulted, so as to form C-1, C-3 dithio-substituted 2-deoxypyranosides. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Carrier density-dependent transport in poly(3-methylthiophene): from injection-limited to space-charge-limited current

Current-voltage (I-V) and impedance measurements were carried out in doped poly(3-methylthiophene) devices by varying the carrier density. As the carrier concentration reduces the I-V characteristics indicate that the conduction mechanism is limited by metal-polymer interface, as also observed in impedance data. The temperature dependence of I-V in moderately doped samples shows a trap-controlled space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC); whereas in lightly doped devices injection-limited conduction is observed at lower bias and SCLC at higher voltages. The carrier density-dependent quasi-Fermi level adjustment and trap-limited transport could explain this variation in conduction mechanism. Capacitance measurements at lower frequencies and higher bias voltages show a sign change in values due to the significant variations in the relaxation behaviour for lightly and moderately doped samples. The electrical hysteresis increases as carrier density is reduced due to the time scales involved in the de-trapping of carriers.

On the Magnetic Ground State of La(0.85)Sr(0.15)CoO(3) Single Crystals

We present an extensive study on magnetic and transport properties of La(0.85)Sr(0.15)CoO(3) single crystals grown by a float zone method to address the issue of phase separation versus spin-glass (SG) behavior. The dc magnetization study reveals a kink in field-cooled magnetization, and the peak in the zero-field-cooling curve shifts to lower temperature at modest dc fields, indicating the SG magnetic phase. The ac susceptibility study exhibits a considerable frequency-dependent peak shift (similar to 4 K) and a time-dependent memory effect below the freezing temperature. In addition, the characteristic time scale tau(0) estimated from the frequency-dependent ac susceptibility measurement is found to be similar to 10(-13) s, which matches well with typical values observed in canonical SG systems. The transport relaxation study evidently demonstrates the time-dependent glassy phenomena. In essence, all our experimental results corroborate the existence of SG behavior in La(0.85)Sr(0.15)CoO(3) single crystals.

Critical properties of the double-exchange ferromagnet Nd(0.6)Pb(0.4)MnO(3)

Results of a study of dc magnetization M(T,H), performed on a Nd(0.6)Pb(0.4)MnO(3) single crystal in the temperature range around T(C) (Curie temperature) which embraces the supposed critical region \epsilon\=\T-T(C)\/T(C)less than or equal to0.05 are reported. The magnetic data analyzed in the critical region using the Kouvel-Fisher method give the values for the T(C)=156.47+/-0.06 K and the critical exponents beta=0.374+/-0.006 (from the temperature dependence of magnetization) and gamma=1.329+/-0.003 (from the temperature dependence of initial susceptibility). The critical isotherm M(T(C),H) gives delta=4.54+/-0.10. Thus the scaling law gamma+beta=deltabeta is fulfilled. The critical exponents obey the single scaling equation of state M(H,epsilon)=epsilon(beta)f(+/-)(H/epsilon(beta+gamma)), where f(+) for T>T(C) and f(-) for T

Engineered Biferroic 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3/La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 Epitaxial Superlattices

Symmetric and asymmetric superlattices (SLs) composed of ferromagnetic La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 (LSMO) and ferroelectric 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 – 0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) with different periodicities have been fabricated on LaNiO3 (LNO) coated LaAlO3 (100) (LAO) substrates by pulsed laser ablation deposition. Structural, ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties have been studied for all the SLs. All the heterostructures exhibited good ferromagnetic response over a wide range of temperatures (10K – 300K), whereas only the asymmetric SLs exhibited reasonably good ferroelectric behaviour. Ferromagnetic and ferroelectric hysteresis loops observed in the asymmetric SLs confirmed their biferroic nature. Studies were conducted towards understanding the influence of LSMO layers on the electrical responses of the heterostructures. Absence of ferroelectricity in the symmetric SL structures has been attributed to their high leakage characteristics. Strong influence of an applied magnetic field of 1.2T was observed on the ferroelectric properties of the asymmetric SLs. The effect of magnetic field on the ferroelectric properties of the SLs indicated possibility of strong interfacial effect.

Field Induced Dielectric Properties of 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 Thin Films

DC electric field induced dielectric properties of 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) thin films were studied as a function of frequency at different temperatures. It was observed that the dielectric constant (ε) and dissipation factor (tanδ) were decreased in presence of bias field. The temperature of dielectric maxima was found to increase with increasing bias level. The low temperature (

Impact of Template Layers on Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Pulsed-Laser Ablated Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3)O3 - PbTiO3 Thin Films

A study was done on pulsed laser deposited relaxor ferroelectric thin films of 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) deposited on platinized silicon substrates with template layers to observe the influence of the template layers on physical and electrical properties. Initial results, showed that perovskite phase (80% by volume) was obtained through proper selection of the processing conditions on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates. The films were grown at 300°C and then annealed in a rapid thermal annealing furnace in the temperature range of 750-850°C to induce crystallization. Comparison of the films annealed at different temperatures revealed a change in crystallinity, perovskite phase formation and grain size. These results were further used to improve the quality of the perovskite PMN-PT phase by inserting thin layers of TiO2 on the Pt substrate. These resulted in an increase in perovskite phase in the films even at lower annealing temperatures. Dielectric studies on the PMN-PT films show very high values of dielectric constant (1300) at room temperature, which further improved with the insertion of the template seed layer. The relaxor properties of the PMN-PT were correlated with Vogel-Fulcher theory to determine the actual nature of the relaxation process.

Insulin Growth Factor-2 Binding Protein 3 (IGF2BP3) Is a Glioblastoma-specific Marker That Activates Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (PI3K/MAPK) Pathways by Modulating IGF-2

Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant form of primary astrocytoma. Upon investigation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway, we found the IGF2BP3/IMP3 transcript and protein to be up-regulated in GBMs but not in lower grade astrocytomas (p<0.0001). IMP3 is an RNA binding protein known to bind to the 5'-untranslated region of IGF-2 mRNA, thereby activating its translation. Overexpression-and knockdown-based studies establish a role for IMP3 in promoting proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, invasion, and chemoresistance. IMP3 overexpressing B16F10 cells also showed increased tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis, resulting in poor survival in a mouse model. Additionally, the infiltrating front, perivascular, and subpial regions in a majority of the GBMs stained positive for IMP3. Furthermore, two different murine glioma models were used to substantiate the above findings. In agreement with the translation activation functions of IMP3, we also found increased IGF-2 protein in the GBM tumor samples without a corresponding increase in its transcript levels. Also, in vitro IMP3 overexpression/knockdown modulated the IGF-2 protein levels without altering its transcript levels. Additionally, IGF-2 neutralization and supplementation studies established that the proproliferative effects of IMP3 were indeed mediated through IGF-2. Concordantly, PI3K and MAPK, the downstream effectors of IGF-2, are activated by IMP3 and are found to be essential for IMP3-induced cell proliferation. Thus, we have identified IMP3 as a GBM-specific proproliferative and proinvasive marker acting through IGF-2 resulting in the activation of oncogenic PI3K and MAPK pathways.

Reduction of oxygen impurity at GaN/beta-Si(3)N(4)/Si interface via SiO(2) to Ga(2)O conversion by exposing of Si surface under Ga flux

The removal of native oxide from Si (1 1 1) surfaces was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectra (SIMS) depth profiles. Two different oxide removal methods, performed under ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions, were carried out and compared. The first cleaning method is thermal desorption of oxide at 900 degrees C. The second method is the deposition of metallic gallium followed by redesorption. A significant decrease in oxygen was achieved by thermal desorption at 900 degrees C under UHV conditions. By applying a subsequent Ga deposition/redesorption, a further reduction in oxygen could be achieved. We examine the merits of an alternative oxide desorption method via conversion of the stable SiO(2) surface oxide into a volatile Ca(2)O oxide by a supply of Ga metals. Furthermore, ultra thin films of pure silicon nitride buffer layer were grown on a Si (1 1 1) surface by exposing the surface to radio-frequency (RF) nitrogen plasma followed by GaN growth. The SIMS depth profile shows that the oxygen impurity can be reduced at GaN/beta-Si(3)N(4)/Si interfaces by applying a subsequent Ga deposition/redesorption. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Enantiospecific synthesis of functionalised bicyclo[3.3.1] nonanes from 10-bromocarvones via tandem intermolecular alkylation-intramolecular Michael addition sequence

A simple and convenient tandem methodology for the enantiospecific generation of functionalised bicyclo[3.3.1] nonanes 9,14-18, via intermolecular alkylation of Michael donors with 10-bromocarvones 7, 10 and 11, followed by intramolcular Michael addition, is achieved. An unsuccessful attempt for the extension of the methodology for a possible short enantiospecific approach to AB-ring system 22 of taxanes via the allyl bromide 21, is also described.