Ore genesis of Pb-Zn deposits in the Nappe zone of Northern Tunisia: Constraints from Pb-S-C-O isotopic systems

The Jalta and Jebel Ghozlane ore deposits are located in the extreme North of Tunisia, within the Nappe zone. The mineralization of Jalta, hosted in Triassic dolostones and the overlying Mio-Pliocene conglomerates, consists of abundant galena, barite, and cerussite with accessory sphalerite, pyrite, and jordanite. At Jebel Ghozlane, large Pb-Zn concentrations occur in the Triassic dolostones and Eocene limestones. The mineral association consists of galena, sphalerite, barite, and celestite and their oxidation products (cerussite, smithsonite, and anglesite). Lead isotope ratios in galena from both districts are relatively homogeneous ((206)Pb/(204)Pb = 18.702-18.823, (207)Pb/(204)Pb = 15.665-15.677, (208)Pb/(204)Pb = 38.725-38.875). The delta(34)S values for sulfates from both areas (+12.2 to +16.2 parts per thousand at Jalta and + 14.3 to + 19.4 parts per thousand at Jebel Ghozlane) are compatible with a derivation of sulfur from marine sulfates, possibly sourced from the Triassic evaporites. The delta(34)S values of the sulfides have a range between -10 and +12.5 parts per thousand at Jalta, and between -9.1 and +22.1 parts per thousand at Jebel Ghozlane. The large range of values suggests reduction of the sulfate by bacterial and/or thermochemical reduction of sulfate to sulfur. The high delta(34)S values of sulfides require closed-system reduction processes. The isotopically light carbon in late calcites (-6.3 to -2.5 parts per thousand) and authigenic dolomite (-17.6 parts per thousand) suggests an organic source of at least some of the carbon in these samples, whereas the similarity of the delta(18)O values between calcite (+24.8 parts per thousand) and the authigenic dolomite (+24.7 parts per thousand) of Jalta and their respective host rocks reflects oxygen isotope buffering of the mineralizing fluids by the host rock carbonates. The secondary calcite isotope compositions of Jalta are compatible with a hydrothermal fluid circulation at approximately 100 to 200 degrees C, but temperatures as low as 50 degrees C may be indicated by the late calcite of Jebel Ghozlane (delta(18)O of +35.9 parts per thousand). Given the geological events related to the Alpine orogeny in the Nappe zone (nappe emplacement, bimodal volcanism, and reactivation of major faults, such as Ghardimaou-Cap Serrat) and the Neogene age of the host rocks in several localities, a Late-Miocene age is proposed for the Pb-Zn ore deposits considered in this study. Remobilization of deep-seated primary deposits in the Paleozoic sequence is the most probable source for metals in both localities considered in this study and probably in the Nappe zone as a whole. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Características físicas e físico-químicas de um tipo de bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.) com rendimento industrial superior

Efetuou-se a caracterização física do fruto e físico-química da polpa do bacuri CPATU 207-3, oriundo de uma planta-matriz do Banco de Germoplasma de Bacurizeiro da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Para a caracterização física foi utilizada uma amostra de 50 frutos, os quais foram individualmente analisados quanto aos seguintes aspectos: cor do epicarpo, formato, peso, comprimento, diâmetro, espessura da casca, volume da cavidade interna, número de sementes e de segmentos partenocárpicos, rendimentos porcentuais (p/p) de casca, polpa, sementes e do conjunto representado pela coluna placentária e óvulos abortados. A caracterização físico-química foi efetuada em três amostras de polpa congelada a 18ºC negativos, provenientes de frutos em completo estádio de maturação, coletados nos meses de janeiro, fevereiro e março de 2001, tendo sido consideradas as seguintes variáveis: teores de umidade, de sólidos totais e de sólidos solúveis totais (ºBrix), pH, acidez total e a relação sólidos solúveis totais/acidez total titulável. O bacuri CPATU 207-3 apresentou formato ovalado e com ápice ligeiramente pontiagudo, epicarpo de coloração amarelada, fruto de tamanho considerado médio e peso médio de 265,8 g. As principais características diferenciais desse tipo de bacuri são: a espessura da casca (0,75cm), o rendimento porcentual de polpa (27,7%) e o número de segmentos partenocárpicos (2,8 unidades/fruto). A polpa do bacuri CPATU 207-3 apresentou boas características físico-químicas, com 84,35% de umidade, 15,65% de sólidos totais, teor de sólidos solúveis totais de 14,53ºBrix, pH 3,34, acidez total titulável de 1,24% e relação ºBrix/acidez total titulável igual a 11,4. As características físicas e físico-químicas desse tipo de bacuri permitem sua utilização tanto para consumo na forma de fruta fresca como na forma industrializada. Nesse último caso, é particularmente indicado para fabricação de compota, em decorrência do elevado número de segmentos partenocárpicos que apresenta.

Estudi de viabilitat i projecte de rehabilitació d'un edifici plurifamiliar entre mitgeres

El present treball neix amb la intenció d'esbrinar les possibilitats que ofereix l'actual conjuntura econòmica de cara a realitzar una inversió immobiliària de rehabilitació d'un habitatge plurifamiliar entre mitgeres, que consta actualment de dos habitatges i un local comercial. Per tal d'avaluar la viabilitat de la promoció s'han d'examinar les ordenandes municipals per saber els límits de l'actuació a realitzar, la siutació de l'entorn en termes d'oferta i demanda d'habitatge. Per últim, s'han de fer els càlculs econòmics i financers per tal d'observar la possible viabilitat de la intervenció des del punt de vista del petit promotor.

Le fait de ne pas informer un enfant quant à sa paternité biologique, dans le cas ou celle-ci est douteuse ou différente de la paternité légale, relève-t-il de la matraitance ?

La connaissance de ses origines biologiques est une question constitutive et existentielle pour chaque individu. Dans les cas d'incertitude, les expertises en paternité apportent leur contribution dans l'inclusion ou l'exclusion d'un lien de paternité/filiation biologique. La sous-commission « Filiation et droits de l'enfant » a été chargée d'apporter une réponse à plusieurs questions sur les origines biologiques dont la question suivante : "S'il est considéré comme étant de la maltraitance envers un enfant de lui cacher la véritable identité de son père biologique (marié à sa mère ou pas) ?» La sous-commission a entrepris un travail de réflexion et a départagé la question en 3 volets : juridique, psychologique et médical. Le but de notre travail est d'apporter une réponse médicale, fondée sur l'expérience pratique des médecins, à la question suivante : « Le fait de ne pas informer un enfant quant à sa paternité biologique, dans le cas ou celle-ci est douteuse ou différente de la paternité légale, relève-t-il de la maltraitance ? » Nous présentons tout d'abord une revue de la littérature concernant les sujets de la paternité, de la filiation, de la maltraitance. Nous avons consulté 935 praticiens généralistes, psychiatres et pédiatres par le biais d'un questionnaire à choix multiple de 25 questions et nous avons analysé les 263 exemplaires retournés. Nous avons investigué la révélation des patients aux médecins, la révélation aux enfants (par qui, à quel âge, etc.), le vécu des patients et des enfants, l'avis des praticiens sur le sujet de la révélation, de la connaissance des origines biologiques, de la maltraitance, leurs conseils, etc. Nous observons que 93 praticiens ont été les confidents de situations de paternité légales différentes de la paternité biologique ou d'un doute à ce sujet. D'après les médecins, les patients (les mères, les pères et les enfants) vivent généralement mal la situation de paternité particulière. La moitié des enfants concernés étaient informés de leur filiation atypique. La majorité des enfants informés se sentaient victimes. Une proportion élevée de problèmes affectifs et psychologiques était signalée parmi les enfants informés et non informés. A la question ci-dessus, nous avons observé une différence entre la réponse globale des praticiens consultés et la littérature psychologique et psychiatrique relative au secret des origines. Nous apportons également une réflexion sur la situation des enfants dont la filiation est particulière et sur une hypothèse de prise en charge de ces patients.

Distance Transforms on Gray-Level Surfaces

This thesis studies gray-level distance transforms, particularly the Distance Transform on Curved Space (DTOCS). The transform is produced by calculating distances on a gray-level surface. The DTOCS is improved by definingmore accurate local distances, and developing a faster transformation algorithm. The Optimal DTOCS enhances the locally Euclidean Weighted DTOCS (WDTOCS) with local distance coefficients, which minimize the maximum error from the Euclideandistance in the image plane, and produce more accurate global distance values.Convergence properties of the traditional mask operation, or sequential localtransformation, and the ordered propagation approach are analyzed, and compared to the new efficient priority pixel queue algorithm. The Route DTOCS algorithmdeveloped in this work can be used to find and visualize shortest routes between two points, or two point sets, along a varying height surface. In a digital image, there can be several paths sharing the same minimal length, and the Route DTOCS visualizes them all. A single optimal path can be extracted from the route set using a simple backtracking algorithm. A new extension of the priority pixel queue algorithm produces the nearest neighbor transform, or Voronoi or Dirichlet tessellation, simultaneously with the distance map. The transformation divides the image into regions so that each pixel belongs to the region surrounding the reference point, which is nearest according to the distance definition used. Applications and application ideas for the DTOCS and its extensions are presented, including obstacle avoidance, image compression and surface roughness evaluation.

Geografía y administración: proyectar territorios en el siglo XXI

En 1987 Cataluña inició una profunda reforma de su organización territorial. Sin embargo, no se ha impulsado la prevista unificación provincial, al tiempo que el funcionamiento de las comarcas ha resultado insatisfactorio. Ello ha dado lugar a la elaboración de una nueva propuesta de reforma: el denominado «Informe Roca». Entre otros aspectos, propugna la creación de dos nuevas provincias. Por otra parte, en los últimos años Galicia y Aragón han generado dos modelos diferentes de comarcalización.

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A germination study of herbicide-resistant field poppies in Spain

Field poppy, Papaver rhoeas L., is a very common weed in winter cereals in North-Eastern Spain. Its control is becoming difficult due to expanding herbicide resistance. To control field poppies there are alternative strategies such as non-chemical control that take into account the weed emergence period. However, there is a lack of knowledge of P. rhoeas emergence patterns in semi-arid conditions. Thus, here we conducted pot experiments on the emergence of P. rhoeas. We aimed to describe the emergence period and to quantify the emergence of a susceptible and of a herbicide-resistant P. rhoeas population at two locations in Catalonia, Spain, from 1998 to 2001 and until 2004 at one of them. Therefore, pots containing seeds of both populations were established at the two locations and emergence was recorded monthly. We studied the origin of the population, the sowing location, the effect of cultivation and the sowing year. First, we found that the main emergence peaks in our experiments occurred in autumn, accounting for between 65.7 and 98.5% of the annual emergence from October to December, and only little emergence was recorded in spring. This emergence pattern is different from those found in the literature corresponding to Northern European countries, where in some cases main flushes occur only in autumn, in spring and winter or only in spring. The emergence was mainly affected by cultivation, but the effect of light stimulus was observed several months later. As a consequence, cultivation should be done in early autumn, promoting emergence during the whole autumn and winter so that emerged seedlings can be controlled before sowing a spring crop. Second, most experiments showed that the emergence was significantly higher in the first autumn than in the following seasons, e.g. 4.1% emergence in the first year and only 2.1, 2.3, 0.5 and 0.6% new emergence at one of the locations for the second, third, fourth and fifth years. Thus, after having a severe P. rhoeas infestation causing a big seed rain, emergence should be stimulated by autumn cultivation in the following season and seedlings controlled by trying to deplete the soil seed bank as much as possible. Despite the fact that emergence will be staggered throughout several years and that there was a significant relationship between rainfall and emergence, so that dry years will cause a smaller emergence rate of the weed, these findings define a cultural management strategy to reduce P. rhoeas infestations and to contribute to integrated weed management strategies combining it with other tools.

Investigaciones sobre la detección, difusión natural y control del enrollamiento clorótico del albaricoquero

Se ha aplicado la técnica de la tinción con el fluorocromo DAPI (4'-6- diamidino- 2-fenilindol) a la detección de organismos del tipo micoplasma («mycoplasma-like organisms» o MLOs) y al seguimiento, a lo largo de un año, de la distribución de MLOs en albaricoqueros enfermos de enrollamiento clorótico («apricot chloroiic leaf roll» o ACLR). Los resultados obtenidos confirman la poca fiabilidad de esta técnica para la detección precoz de micoplasmosis en árboles frutales, a causa de la baja concentración e irregular distribución de MLOs dentro de los árboles enfermos. Én cambio, la tinción con DAPI es útil para la observación a lo largo del año de la distribución de MLOs en diferentes partes de los árboles infectados por ACLR. A lo largo del invierno y la primavera, los MLOs fueron detectados solamente en las raíces y en los ramos formados el año anterior. La presencia de MLOs en los nuevos brotes no pudo ser detectada hasta el principio del verano. En trabajos previos se observaron grandes variaciones en la difusión natural del ACLR, incluso entre áreas próximas de la misma provincia de Valencia. Las investigaciones efectuadas ahora sobre las poblaciones de cicadélidos han mostrado que tanto el número de especies como el de individuos capturados son superiores en un área con una importante difusión natural del ACLR que en otra zona donde la difusión de la enfermedad es prácticamente nula. Las diferencias entre los cicadélidos capturados en estas dos áreas han proporcionado indicaciones acerca de las especies que tienen más probabilidades de ser vectores del ACLR. Se ha estudiado también, durante tres años, la influencia de tratamientos insecticidas y herbicidas sobre la difusión natural del ACLR en una plantación de albaricoqueros. En la mitad de la plantación que se dejó sin tratar, el número de cicadélidos capturados, así como el de nuevos árboles con síntomas de ACLR fue mayor que en la parte de la plantación que había sido tratada.

Desenvolvimento de 31 cultivares de marmeleiro enxertadas no porta-enxerto 'Japonês'

Os marmeleiros sempre foram propagados comercialmente através de enraizamento de estacas. Devido à falta de vigor das mudas, principalmente nos primeiros anos após o plantio, uma série de trabalhos foram desenvolvidos no Brasil a fim de viabilizar a utilização do marmeleiro 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) como porta-enxerto para marmelos. Frente à falta de informações, desenvolveu-se este experimento com o objetivo de verificar o desenvolvimento de diferentes cultivares de marmeleiros enxertadas sobre esse porta-enxerto. Os marmeleiros 'Japonês', 'MC', 'Adams', 'Van Deman', 'Provence', 'Cheldow', 'Smyrna', 'Rea's Mamouth', 'De Patras', 'De Vranja', 'Lajeado', 'Champion', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Alongado', 'Meech Prolific', 'Bereckzy', 'Alaranjado', 'Kiakami', 'Du Lot', 'Radaelli', 'CTS 207', 'D'Angers', 'Zuquerinetta', 'BA 29', 'Constantinopla', 'Marmelo Pêra', 'Apple', 'Portugal', 'Füller', 'Meliforme' e 'Pineapple' foram enxertados através de garfagem em mudas de 'Japonês', pelo método em fenda cheia. Foram utilizados garfos com três gemas, coletados de plantas-matrizes. As mudas foram mantidas em viveiro, sendo avaliadas, após 60 dias, a porcentagem de garfos brotados. O comprimento e diâmetro médio do enxerto foram avaliados aos 60; 90; 120 e 150 dias após a realização da enxertia. Concluiu-se que os marmeleiros apresentaram boa afinidade com o porta-enxerto 'Japonês'. As cultivares 'Van Deman', 'Japonês', 'Smyrna', 'De Vranja', 'Lajeado', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Alongado', 'Meech Prolific', 'Meliforme', 'Cheldow', 'Champion', 'Bereckzy' e 'De Patras' foram as que tiveram o maior vigor na fase de viveiro.