贵州省喀斯特地区水库中CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O的产生与释放研究－以红枫湖﹑百花湖为例

大气中不断增加的温室气体浓度，将对气候、生态环境和人类活动等一系列问题产生重大影响，因此其“源”﹑“汇”效应备受关注。水库，作为人为活动对大气温室气体浓度影响的一个重要方面，也越来越受到国、内外学者的关注。本论文对贵州省喀斯特地区两个富营养水库(红枫湖、百花湖)中主要温室气体（CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O）在不同月份的水体中的分布规律进行研究，并结合两湖具体水环境条件，分析了影响两湖水体中CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O变化的因素，进而阐明两湖水体中CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O产生与释放的机理。本论文得到的结论如下： 1.由于地理位置和气候条件类似，所以两库水体中pCO2变化规律类似：两库表层水中pCO2在6月、8月明显低于大气CO2分压，其他月份则明显高于大气CO2分压。从全年角度来说，红枫湖表层水pCO2为874.2±774.4µatm，百花湖为1131.7±1164.0µatm，都是大气CO2的“源”。两湖pCO2与Chla之间存在的显著负相关，说明浮游植物光合作用与细菌呼吸作用共同影响是两湖pCO2出现季节变化的主要原因。 2.夏季，水体中光合作用产生的有机质发生降解产生CO2对温跃层中CO2的增加起重要作用；沉积物中有机质降解导致静水层中CO2积累，这种作用在秋﹑冬季有所降低，可能与水温有关。而秋冬季，随着温跃层的消失，在水体混合作用下，夏季水体中积累的CO2重新释放到表层水中使其pCO2升高。 3.通过与国内、外其他地区湖泊（水库）表层水中CO2的比较，发现：（1）由于红枫湖与百花湖地处喀斯特山区，陆源输入的有机碳比北部温带地区少，所以表层水中CO2低，对大气CO2释放的贡献较小。（2）由于富营养化现象，两库夏季表层水体成为大气CO2的“汇”。并且，就全年而言，表层水中CO2低于北部温带地区，说明两库光合作用固定的C返回大气的程度可能较低。 4.两湖表层水中CH4浓度的变化规律为：枯水期>丰水期，但在所有采样期间两湖始终是大气CH4的“源”。就全年而言，红枫湖两采样点HF-N和HF-S表层水中CH4浓度分别为0.19±0.09µmol/L和0.48±0.53µmol/L，百花湖两采样点BH-1和BH-2分别为0.32±0.29µmol/L和0.29±0.20µmol/L。两湖表层水中CH4浓度变化可能由以下几方面原因造成：（1）枯水期，水体滞留时间长，水体中的CH4得到积累；（2）丰水期，藻类初级生产造成表层水中DO含量增加，表层水体中CH4被氧化的程度较高；（3）丰水期，径流及降雨的增加也可能造成表层水体中CH4被稀释。 5.两湖湖底水体中CH4浓度的变化规律为：枯水期〈丰水期。就全年而言，HF-N和HF-S点底层水中CH4浓度分别为16.49±26.16µmol/L和8.80±15.30µmol/L，BH-1和BH-2分别为6.03±7.07µmol/L和4.41±7.00µmol/L。浮游植物光合作用产生的有机物及湖底水温﹑含氧状况是影响CH4产生的主要因素。SO42-也对湖底CH4的产生起一定抑制作用。 6.夏季，两湖湖水表层藻类的初级生产与湖水底层沉积物的降解对水体中CH4产生有影响。而热分层和两湖静水层中缺氧环境使得CH4得到积累。而到了秋冬季节，在水体混合作用下这部分CH4在水体中重新分布，并且由于氧化作用加强而被损耗。 7.两湖表层水中N2O的变化规律为：夏季N2O明显低于其他季节，但在所有采样期间内两湖都是大气N2O的“源”。从全年来看，红枫湖HF-N和HF-S两采样点表层水中N2O浓度分别为；46.31±29.65nmol/L，36.93±18.41nmol/L；百花湖BH-1和BH-2两采样点表层水中N2O浓度分别为102.13±79.53nmol/L，99.51±75.77nmol/L。硝化反应是影响两湖表层水中N2O季节变化的主要原因，并受表层水温﹑DO及NO3－等共同影响。 8.通过比较水体中NO3-﹑NH4+及N2O的分布特征，发现：春季,红枫湖水体中以硝化反应为主；夏季,两湖温跃层以上水体中以硝化反应为主，湖底以反硝化作用为主；秋﹑冬季节，虽然有个别采样点出现硝化或反硝化反应，但总体上两湖水体中N2O以水体混合作用为主。

湘南瑶岗仙钨矿床成矿流体地球化学

瑶岗仙钨矿区地处南岭中段，位于加里东隆起带与印支-燕山凹陷带的交汇地带。为了更深入地研究瑶岗仙钨矿成矿流体的性质和演化，在前人工作的基础上，本文结合流体包裹体的岩相学特征及其产出的构造特征，对瑶岗仙钨矿流体包裹体进行了显微测温和激光拉曼探针分析，从而确定了瑶岗仙钨矿成矿流体的性质，并进一步探讨了其成矿物质来源及成矿机制。 对瑶岗仙石英脉型钨矿床的石英、萤石和矽卡岩型钨矿床中石榴子石流体包裹体的岩相学特征研究表明，与成矿有关的包裹体主要有三类：富液相、富气相和含子晶多相包裹体。脉型钨矿床中石英的包裹体均一温度范围 180℃～300℃，盐度为 0.88～6.45 wt% NaCl；矽卡岩钨矿床中石榴子石包裹体均一温度范围为 190～300 ℃，盐度为 0.1～8.95 wt% NaCl，成矿溶液的密度为 0.70～1.05 g/cm3，说明形成两种类型矿床的流体均属中温、低密度、低盐度流体；两类矿床形成的压力为 32～38 MPa，成矿深度为 1～2 km，因此该矿床是在浅成、低压条件下形成的。激光拉曼探针测试表明，石榴石包裹体的气相成分以 H2O 为主，石英中包裹体的气相成分及其相对含量为 H2O＞CO2＞CH4＞N2＞H2S。由此说明，从矽卡岩型白钨矿阶段到石英脉型黑钨矿阶段，成矿流体中不断有 CH4、CO2和H2O 等挥发份的加入，此时的流体是一种介于岩浆与热液之间的过渡性流体，具有上部偏液、下部偏浆的特点。 根据前人的研究结果以及矿脉中花岗岩角砾的发现，泥盆系、寒武系岩层在花岗岩浆侵入过程中发生了混合岩化，成为成矿物质来源的基础，而真正的成矿母岩应该是深部的花岗岩体，由此推测“赋矿花岗岩并非成矿源岩”，很可能来自深部母岩浆中熔离出的流体。而 CH4 等还原组分的含量增多，推测也有可能来自相对是还原环境的地幔过渡带或软流圈中。

骑田岭A型花岗岩成演过程中流体聚集及其对锡成矿的制约

以往研究表明锡成矿与S型花岗岩具有密切的成因联系。近年来随着大量与A型花岗岩有关的锡矿床的发现，有关锡成矿与A型花岗岩关系的研究成为地学界关注的热点。 芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床位于我国著名的南岭钨锡多金属成矿带上，锡矿体位于骑田岭A型花岗岩体的内部或者岩体与围岩的内外接触带。成岩成矿年代学研究表明，成岩与成矿为前后相继的地质事件，具有密切的时空关系。本论文以与芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床有密切时空关系的骑田岭A型花岗岩为研究对象，在详细野外地质调查的基础上，运用岩石学、矿物学、矿物化学、同位素地球化学、流体地球化学等学科的理论和方法，对骑田岭花岗岩的岩石学特征、岩石成因、成岩物理化学条件、岩浆分异的流体特征、挥发性组分特征以及成岩与成矿的关系等方面进行详细的分析，探讨骑田岭花岗岩成岩过程中流体聚集的机制及其对锡成矿的制约，初步揭示A型花岗岩与锡成矿之间的本质联系。本论文主要取得以下成果和认识： （1）通过对与锡矿有关的骑田岭花岗岩体的主量、微量、稀土元素、同位素和花岗岩中黑云母的微量、稀土元素分析研究发现：骑田岭角闪石黑云母花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩为高度分异演化的花岗岩，具有高硅、富铝、富碱、高钾的特征。随着岩体分异演化程度的增加，花岗岩总体向富硅、富碱的方向演化。岩体轻重稀土分异明显，表现为右倾型模式，Eu负异常明显，表现为中等-强烈的负Eu异常。岩体明显富集Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素，而亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti。骑田岭花岗岩两个阶段岩石有着相似的Sr、Nd同位素特征，揭示其具有相同的物质来源，是同源岩浆演化的产物，为具壳幔混合特征的A2型花岗岩。 （2）对骑田岭花岗岩体矿物学和矿物化学特征、全岩Sn含量分析研究发现：角闪石黑云母花岗岩的结晶温度为774~796℃，氧逸度（logfO2）为-15.30~-15.0。黑云母花岗岩的结晶温度为714~784℃，氧逸度（logfO2）为-17.5~-20.0。随着岩浆的演化，从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩随着结晶温度的降低，氧逸度也随之减小。随着岩浆的演化，岩体中Cl含量不断的减少，而F含量有所增加，Cl趋向分配进入流体相。随着岩浆分异演化程度的增加，岩体成岩温度降低，氧逸度减小，岩体中Sn含量不断的减少，Sn趋向分配进入富Cl流体，表明岩浆演化过程中分异出富Cl、富Sn的流体。 （3）骑田岭花岗岩石英斑晶中的包裹体研究表明：骑田岭角闪石黑云母花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩在岩浆演化过程中经历了两个阶段，即岩浆阶段和岩浆-热液阶段，分别以出现熔融包裹体、流体-熔融包裹体为特征，其中流体-熔融包裹体的出现是岩浆分异流体的直接证据。结合矿物的结构、构造特征，研究发现骑田岭花岗岩浆演化过程分异出流体。骑田岭花岗岩原生流体包裹体地球化学研究表明，岩浆分异出的流体为H2O-CO2-NaCl-KCl-CaCl2不混溶体系，具有盐度高（32.98~52.04Wt%NaCleq.），密度低（0.27~0.95g/cm3），均一温度较高（190~ 494℃）的特征，压力为600~800bar，成岩过程中发生了沸腾现象。 （4）对芙蓉超大型锡矿床和骑田岭花岗岩研究表明，锡矿与花岗岩有着密切的时间、空间和成因联系。矿体产在花岗岩体内部或者岩体与围岩的接触带，成岩与成矿时限一致，随着岩浆分异演化程度的增加，岩体成岩温度降低，氧逸度降低，岩体中的挥发性组分Cl含量减小，而F含量增加，Cl趋向分配进入流体相，这种流体萃取熔体中的成矿元素Sn，并以氯络合物形式迁移。可以认为，随着岩浆的演化，骑田岭花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的热液流体具有富Cl和Sn的特征。芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床的成矿流体应主要来源于黑云母花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的岩浆热液。

上芒岗金矿床成矿作用过程研究

上芒岗金矿床位于三江褶皱系怒江大断裂西南段，龙陵～瑞丽大断裂(F_1)南东盘，上芒岗次级断裂(F_4)之中。赋矿地层为下二叠统沙子坡组(P_(1s))和中侏罗统勐嘎组(J_(2m))。矿石主要有两种类型，硅质矿石和粘土质矿石；前者主要由石英和少量黄铁矿所组成，金品位平均为2 * 10~(-6)；后者主要由伊利石、高岭石和黄铁矿所组成，金品位一般为2 * 10~(-6) ～ 4 * 10~(-6)。矿石中金星次显微状态，主要元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Ba。矿床以强烈的黄铁粘土岩化为特征，热液蚀变作用过程即是金矿化作用过程。根据热液蚀变的矿物共生组合及其生成序次，将金矿化作用过程分为五个阶段：黄铁矿-石英阶段(I)；镁贝得-白云石阶段(II)；辉锑矿-石英阶段(IlI)：黄铁矿-高岭石-伊利石阶段(IV)；网脉状石英阶段(V)。其中黄铁矿-高岭石-伊利石阶段(IV)是金矿化的主成矿阶段。该矿床属于卡林型金矿床。由石英流体包裹体获得不同成矿阶段的温度为，成矿阶段I：210～170 ℃、成矿阶段III：190～160 ℃、成矿阶段V：173～144 ℃。伊利石-水氢同位素温度计测得成矿阶段IV的温度为165 ℃。石英流体包裹体液相成分以K~+、Na~+和Cl~- (F~-)为主，其次为Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和HC0_3~-，由早到晚K~+、Na~+和Cl~-降低，而Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和HC0_3~-升高；气相组分以C0_2为主。石英流体包裹体成分富F，其含量高达8.03 * 10~(-3) mol／kg，正是由于成矿热液富含F，Al才可以与F形成络合物进入热液迁移，即Al成为活动组份，从而形成该矿床所独特的强烈粘土岩化蚀变。稀土元素特征方面，矿石和赋矿地层下二叠统沙子坡以及中侏罗统勐嘎组岩石的稀土配分曲线十分相似，均为右倾型，但是两者的稀土元素总量不同，前者的相对较高。矿石和蚀变岩具有相似的稀土元素配分曲线，但是矿石的稀土元素总量相对较高。与勐嘎组泥岩相比，粘土质蚀变岩和矿石更加富集轻稀土元素，并且更富Eu。这些特征表明，粘土质蚀变岩和矿石是由热液作用形成的，而不是风化作用的产物；矿石与赋矿地层在物质来源上有亲缘关系。不同矿段、不同阶段和不同类型矿石和蚀变岩的Au、Ag、As以及Sb的含量同步变化，这表明在整个成矿作用过程中，成矿流体来源统一，且在成矿体系起主导作用。不同类型的矿石及蚀变岩中Au与Al_20_3，和TFe的含量呈正相关，表明黄铁粘土岩化与成矿关系最为密切。矿石铅同位素~(208)Pb／~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb／~(204)Pb和~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为39.12～39.54、15.85～15.95、19.75～20.33；沙子坡组(P_(1s))岩石铅同位素比值分别为:38.407～37.868、15.921～15.589、22.685～22.367;孟嘎组(J_(2m))岩石铅同位素比值分别为：39.499～39.222，15.821～15.772、19.207～18.709。在铅同位素组成相关图中矿石与地层铅的投影点分别集中成群分布。矿石铅与地层铅呈线性分布，而且矿石铅的集中区位于沙子坡组铅集中区和勐嘎组铅集中区之间。这些特征表明矿石铅系由沙子坡组铅和勐嘎组铅混合而成。成矿热液的δ~(18)O由早到晚逐渐升高，I、III、IV、V阶段流体的δ~(18)O值分别为-4.2‰，+0.59‰；+0.76‰，+1.98‰，表现出明显的漂移特征；而δD则表现出高度的一致性，变化范围为-82.5 ～ 79.48‰。由此认为成矿热液系大气降水起源。成矿热液氢、氧同位素组成的这种规律性变化还说明，成矿热液的演化具有继承性和连续性。应用CHILLERR软件包，对上芒岗金矿床的成矿作用过程进行化学反应途径数字模拟。所展示的成矿作用过程为：大气降水沿断裂带下渗，加热循环，获取成矿物质(但不排除有深源成矿物质加入的可能性)；形成起始成矿热液：T = 200℃ P = 228.8bar；pH = 4.4；fs_2 = 10~(-9.89); fo_2 = 10~(-41.28)；aAu(HS)_2~- = 10~(-9.64)，aAuCl_2~- = 10~(-17.86);富含F、Al和Au，贫As、Hg、Zn、Cu和Pb。成矿热液在构造作用的驱动下，上升进入上芒岗断裂上部含水构造破碎带，并与下渗雨水混合而淬冷，形成沿上芒岗断裂呈线状分布的早期硅化石英岩(成矿阶段I)，成矿热液与下渗雨水之比为16:l(成矿阶段I)；继而热液扩散进入下盘破碎带，与白云岩反应，形成矿体下盘的白云石化，水:岩比为193:l(成矿阶段II)。此后成矿热液上升充填裂隙空间，由于热传导而缓慢冷却，成矿体系的温度由189 ℃降为165 ℃，形成含辉锑矿的梳状石英脉(成矿阶段1II)。成矿热液继续上升进入上盘碎屑岩破碎带，停积于构造揉皱的泥质岩，并与之反应，形成上芒岗矿床金矿化的主体—粘占土质矿石，水:岩比为29:1(成矿阶段IV)。最后成矿残液逐渐冷却, 同时伴随C0_2的起泡，形成晚期石英网脉(成矿阶段V)，至此热液金矿化过程结束。由上述可见上芒岗金矿床的成矿作用过程经历了：(初始)成矿热液与下渗大气降水混合(I) → 成矿热液与沙子坡组白云岩反应(II) → 成矿热液缓慢冷却(III) → 成矿热液与勐嘎组泥质岩石反应(IV) → 成矿热液冷却沸腾(V)等5个演化阶段。模拟结果进一步证实了上芒岗金矿床的热液成因。上芒岗金矿床成作用过程化学反应途径数字模拟与地质事实高度吻合，与地球化学研究结果相互印证，再现了上芒岗金矿床的成矿作用过程。由矿床的地质地球化学特征及成矿作用过程化学反应途径模拟结果，归纳出上芒岗金矿床成矿作用过程模型。

扬子地块周边C、P硅岩建造中硒的富集机理对比研究-以渔塘坝、紫阳富硒区为例

在自然界中存在一套由硅质岩、泥质岩／页岩或板岩、碳酸盐岩和粉砂岩组成的沉积建造，并以富含有机质和菌藻微生物等为特征，沉积厚度较大，岩石类型以硅岩为主，称之为“硅岩建造”。硅岩建造中的硅质岩不仅是许多重要矿种（如金、硒、铀、钒、磷、锰、铂族元素、重晶石和黄铁矿等）的赋存层和含矿岩系的重要岩类，而且由于它形成于特定的地球化学条件下，能够反映出某些沉积相带特殊的地质背景，另外，硅质岩本身就是一种生物岩，对探讨生物成岩、成矿作用有重要意义。所以对硅岩建造及其内硅质岩研究具有十分重要的理论意义和实用价值。因此，本论文选择扬子地块周边寒武系（南秦岭紫阳硒富集区）、二叠系（湖北恩施双河渔塘坝硒矿床）富硒硅岩建造为研究对象。通过岩石地球化学、同位素地球化学、矿物学以及流体包裹体等方法从含硒规律、岩石成因、沉积环境、成矿流体性质等方面，分别对对两个不同时代或不同层位的富硒硅岩建造开展了系统的地球化学对比研究；并从矿物学、包裹体成分及物理化学条件等方面对渔塘坝硒矿床的成因作了探讨。通过研究，取得了以下主要认识：1渔塘坝硒矿区和紫阳硒富集区富硒硅岩建造岩石以硅质岩为主，硅质岩中5102含量范围分别为64.2％-95.84％和63.62％-95.24％。同时包括部分碳质硅质岩丫碳质页岩 和碳、硅板岩及含腐泥层的石煤；渔塘坝硒矿床硅质岩中Se含量大于80ug/g的样品均采自下二叠统茅口组的硅质岩段内，紫阳下寒武统硒富集体中硅质岩中硒的含量最高（可达278ppm）。2微量元素研究表明，两地区富硒硅质岩中均含有较高的Cu，Ni、V、As、Sb、Cr，且U／Th＞1。在U-Th、Zr-Cr和P2O5-Y相关图以及Fe-Mn-（Cu+Co+Ni）三角图上，两研究区内硅质岩样品点均落于热水沉积区。渔塘坝硒矿区硅质岩的REE总量较低，平均为38.9×10-6，紫阳硒富集区硅质岩REE总量除个别较高（达110×10-6以上）外，总体也较低（12.0-37.6）×l0-6；另外，从稀土元素配分模式看，两地区硅质岩均有较明显的Ce负异常，且Eu从无明显Eu异常到出现正Eu异常。都反映出热水沉积硅质岩的特征。从si和O同位素组成来看，两个地区硅质岩的δ3051和δ18O值也总体位于热水成因硅质岩区域内。根据隧石一水的氧同位素分馏方程计算得知，两研究区硅质岩的形成温度分别为46℃-72℃和78.6℃-126.20℃。地球化学特征表明，两地区富硒硅质岩均来自热水沉积作用。另外，渔塘坝硒矿区硅质岩中Cr含量较高，且存在腕足类生物化石；紫阳硒富集区硅质岩中Ba及有机质含量较高，且存在叶琳生物标志化合物。结合两地区碳同位素组成特征（渔塘坝地区δ13c为正值，可能和上扬子区早、晚二叠世之间多期次喷发的火山活动，造成地球史上二叠纪生物大灭绝有关；紫阳地区δ13C为负值，说明碳同位素来源于沉积有机物质），暗示两地区硅质岩的成因可能与火山沉积作用有关，且在成岩过程中有部分生物的参与。3渔塘坝赋矿硅质岩硫同位素组成具有较高的负值，表明矿床形成于缺氧的海盆内：紫阳硒富集区形成黄铁矿的硫主要来自海水硫酸盐。4系统研究了渔塘坝硒矿区硒的矿物学，显示硒以自然硒、独立矿物、类质同像及有机吸附四种形式赋存于矿床中。废弃石煤堆中的自然硒矿物，是自然因素和人为活动共同干预的结果，并非石煤的缓慢自燃的结果。5对研究区成矿流体中包裹体均一温度、盐度和密度进行了系统研究，结果显示：两地区的流体包裹体以原生包裹体为主，数量较多且形态复杂；研究区（渔塘坝硒矿和紫阳硒富集区）成矿流体处于中一低温（ 190-250）℃和（120-155）℃条件。渔塘坝硒矿区石英和方解石包裹体内的流体盐度分别为（5.9-10.l）B％和（3.9-4.5）WB％，紫阳硒富集区流体盐度为（1.2-2.8）WB％，后者流体盐度明显低于前者。流体密度经计算分别为0.79-0.79／cm3和0.69-0.969／cm3。重点对渔塘坝硒矿区的石英和方解石包裹体进行了拉曼光谱成分测试，结果显示：包裹体成分以H2O和N2为主，含少量 CH4、C2H4、C2H6、C3H5、C4H6、C4H4和C6H6等成分，说明成矿溶液介质主要为具有还原性质的水溶液，其成矿条件具还原性的特点。6渔塘坝硒矿区成矿物理化学条件的研究表明，即富硒成矿流体为中低温（190-250）℃、压力平均为60Mpa。成矿早期02、eZ相对较低，乃较高，且fS2/fSe2＞l，有利于硫化物沉淀在成矿主阶段，随着硫化物的沉淀，fS2和fSe2相应增大，且fO2较高。高的fO2阻止了硒进入硫化物，而有利于硒化物的形成。 7系统研究了富硒硅岩建造的沉积环境和构造环境特征，认为渔塘坝硒矿床中富硒硅质岩主要形成于浅海滞留的盆地沉积环境，紫阳下寒武统硅质岩沉积环境属于深水滞留沉积环境；渔塘坝硒矿床主要形成于拉张的断陷盆地中，紫阳硒富集体则形成于拉张的裂谷环境。

New progress in R&D of lower olefin synthesis

This paper gives a brief review of R&D researches for light olefin synthesis directly and indirectly from synthesis gas in the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP). The first pilot plant test was on methanol to olefin (MTO) reaction and was finished in 1993, which was based on ZSM-5-type catalyst and fixed bed reaction. In the meantime, a new indirect method designated as SDTO (syngas via dimethylether to olefin) was proposed. In this process, metal-acid bifunctional catalyst was applied for synthesis gas to dimethylether(DME) reaction, and modified SAPO-34 catalyst that was synthesized by a new low-cost method with optimal crystal size was used to convert DME to light olefin on a fluidized bed reactor. The pilot plant test on SDTO was performed and finished in 1995. Evaluation of the pilot plant data showed that 190-200 g of DME were yielded by single-pass for each standard cubic meter of synthesis gas. For the second reaction, 1.880 tons of DME or 2.615 tons of methanol produced 1 ton of light olefins, which constitutes of 0.533 ton of ethylene, 0.349 ton of propylene and 0.118 ton of butene. DICP also paid some attention on direct conversion of synthesis gas to light olefins. A semi-pilot plant test (catalyst 1.8 1) was finished in 1995 with a CO conversion > 70% and a C(2)(=)-C(4)(=) olefin selectivity 71-74% in 1000 h. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Capillary electrochromatography using a strong cation-exchange column with a dynamically modified cationic surfactant

A novel mode of capillary electrochromatography (CEC), called dynamically modified strong cation-exchange CEC (DMSCX-CEC), is described in this paper. A column packed with a strong cation-exchange (SCX) packing material was dynamically modified with a long-chain quaternary ammonium salt, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which was added to the mobile phase. CTAB ions were adsorbed onto the surface of the SCX packing material, and the resulting hydrophobic layer on this packing was used as the stationary phase. Using the dynamically modified SCX column, neutral solutes were separated with the CEC mode. The highest number of theoretical plates obtained was about 190 000/m, and the relative standard deviations (RSD's) for migration times and capacity factors of alkylbenzenes were less than 1.0% and 2.0% for five consecutive runs, respectively. The effects of CTAB and methanol concentrations and the pH value of the mobile phase on the electroosmotic flow and the separation mechanism were investigated. Excellent simultaneous separation of the basic and neutral solutes in DMSCX-CEC with a high-pH mobile phase was obtained, A mixture containing the acidic, basic, and neutral compounds was well separated in this mode with a low-pH mobile phase; however, peak tailing for basic compounds was observed in this mobile phase.

Alignment determination of symmetric top molecule using rotationally resolved LIF

This payer presents a concrete theoretical treatment which can be used for transforming the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) intensity into the population and alignment parameters of a symmetric top molecule, The molecular population and alignment are described by molecular state multipoles. The results are presented in a general excitation-detection geometry and then specialized in some special geometries. The problem how to extract the initial molecular state multipoles from the rotationally resolved LIF intensity is discussed in detail. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

汉字形音义加工时间进程的事件相关电位（ERP）研究

The time-courses of orthographic, phonological and semantic processing of Chinese characters were investigated systematically with multi-channel event-related potentials (ERPs). New evidences concerning whether phonology or semantics is processed first and whether phonology mediates semantic access were obtained, supporting and developing the new concept of repetition, overlapping, and alternating processing in Chinese character recognition. Statistic parameter mapping based on physiological double dissociation has been developed. Seven experiments were conducted: I) deciding which type of structure, left-right or non-left-right, the character displayed on the screen was; 2) deciding whether or not there was a vowel/a/in the pronunciation of the character; 3) deciding which classification, natural object or non-natural object, the character was; 4) deciding which color, red or green, the character was; 5) deciding which color, red or green, the non-character was; 6) fixing on the non-character; 7) fixing on the crosslet. The main results are: 1. N240 and P240:N240 and P240 localized at occipital and prefrontal respectively were found in experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, but not in experiments 5, 6, or 7. The difference between the former 4 and the latter 3 experiments was only their stimuli: the former's were true Chinese characters while the latter's were non-characters or crosslet. Thus Chinese characters were related to these two components, which reflected unique processing of Chinese characters peaking at about 240 msec. 2. Basic visual feature analysis: In comparison with experiment 7 there was a common cognitive process in experiments 1, 2, 4, and 6 - basic visual feature analysis. The corresponding ERP amplitude increase in most sites started from about 60 msec. 3. Orthography: The ERP differences located at the main processing area of orthography (occipital) between experiments 1, 2, 3, 4 and experiment 5 started from about 130 msec. This was the category difference between Chinese characters and non-characters, which revealed that orthographic processing started from about 130 msec. The ERP differences between the experiments 1, 2, 3 and the experiment 4 occurred in 210-250, 230-240, and 190-250 msec respectively, suggesting orthography was processed again. These were the differences between language and non-language tasks, which revealed a higher level processing than that in the above mentioned 130 msec. All the phenomena imply that the orthographic processing does not finished in one time of processing; the second time of processing is not a simple repetition, but a higher level one. 4. Phonology: The ERPs of experiment 2 (phonological task) were significantly stronger than those of experiment 3 (semantic task) at the main processing areas of phonology (temporal and left prefrontal) starting from about 270 msec, which revealed phonologic processing. The ERP differences at left frontal between experiment 2 and experiment 1 (orthographic task) started from about 250 msec. When comparing phonological task with experiment 4 (character color decision), the ERP differences at left temporal and prefrontal started from about 220 msec. Thus phonological processing may start before 220 msec. 5. Semantic: The ERPs of experiment 3 (semantic task) were significantly stronger than those of experiment 2 (phonological task) at the main processing areas of semantics (parietal and occipital) starting from about 290 msec, which revealed semantic processing. The ERP differences at these areas between experiment 3 and experiment 4 (character color decision) started from about 270 msec. The ERP differences between experiment 3 and experiment 1 (orthographic task) started from about 260 msec. Thus semantic processing may start before 260 msec. 6. Overlapping of phonological and semantic processing: From about 270 to 350 msec, the ERPs of experiment 2 (phonological task) were significantly larger than those of experiment 3 (semantic task) at the main processing areas of phonology (temporal and left prefrontal); while from about 290-360 msec, the ERPs of experiment 3 were significantly larger than those of experiment 2 at the main processing areas of semantics (frontal, parietal, and occipital). Thus phonological processing may start earlier than semantic and their time-courses may alternate, which reveals parallel processing. 7. Semantic processing needs part phonology: When experiment 1 (orthographic task) served as baseline, the ERPs of experiment 2 and 3 (phonological and semantic tasks) significantly increased at the main processing areas of phonology (left temporal and frontal) starting from about 250 msec. The ERPs of experiment 3, besides, increased significantly at the main processing areas of semantics (parietal and frontal) starting from about 260 msec. When experiment 4 (character color decision) served as baseline, the ERPs of experiment 2 and 3 significantly increased at phonological areas (left temporal and frontal) starting from about 220 msec. The ERPs of experiment 3, similarly, increased significantly at semantic areas (parietal and frontal) starting from about270 msec. Hence, before semantic processing, a part of phonological information may be required. The conclusion could be got from above results in the present experimental conditions: 1. The basic visual feature processing starts from about 60 msec; 2. Orthographic processing starts from about 130 msec, and repeats at about 240 msec. The second processing is not simple repetition of the first one, but a higher level processing; 3. Phonological processing begins earlier than semantic, and their time-courses overlap; 4. Before semantic processing, a part of phonological information may be required; 5. The repetition, overlapping, and alternating of the orthographic, phonological and semantic processing of Chinese characters could exist in cognition. Thus the problem of whether phonology mediates semantics access is not a simple, but a complicated issue.

Patologia de sementes: ilustração das estruturas dos principais fungos em soja.

Material necessário para o Blotter Test; Procedimentos; Alternaria sp.; Aspergillus sp.; Cercospora kikuchii; Cercospora sojina; Chaetomium sp.; Colletotrichum truncatum; Curvularia sp.; Diaporthe sp.; Fusarium sp.; Glomerella glycines; Helminthosporium sp.; Macrophomina phaseolina; Myrothecium sp.; Nematospora corylli; Penicillium sp.; Peronospora manshurica; Pestalotia sp.; Phomopsis sp.; Rhizoctonia solani; Rosellinea sp.; Septoria glycines; Trichothecium roseum.

Informações meteorológicas de Passo Fundo, RS: fevereiro de 2006.

2006

An Hysteresis-Habituation mechanism for Sensorimotor Scaffolding

R. Gunstone and M.H. Lee ?An Hysteresis-Habituation Mechanism for Sensorimotor Scaffolding?, Proc. AISB?03 Second International Symposium on Imitation in Animals and Artifacts, 189-190, 2003.