Changes in Fish Communities in the Upper Patuxent River from 1966 to 1977

Ten year comparison of fish survey's with respect to diversity evenness and composition of fish communities. The upper Patuxent River was divided into Piedmont Plateau and Coastal Plain regions, not only for geographical purposes, but also because of the clustering of sewage treatment plants in the Coastal Plain region. In the Piedmont Plateau region, the fish species diversity changed very little from 1966 to 1977 ( Little Patuxent -- 2.82 to 2.66; Middle Patuxent -- 2.86 to 2.83; and main stem -- 2.46 to 2.63), except in a section of Little Patuxent River at and below the City of Columbia where the species diversity index showed a significant reduction from 2.97 to 1.99, and in a section of the main stem Patuxent River immediately downstream from the Brighton Dam of the Triadelphia Reservoir where the index increased significantly from 1.66 to 3.20. In the Coastal Plain region, a significant reduction in the fish species diversity index occurred between 1966 and 1977 below the two sewage treatment plant outfalls : Savage -- 2.69 to 0 and Patuxent-Crofton -- 3.06 to 1.33. Also, the substantial reduction in the species diversity index which had already occurred in 1966 below the six other plant: outfalls of Fort Meade No. I, Fort Meade No. 2, Maryland House of Correction, Maryland City , Parkway and Bowie, remained depressed in 1977. On the other hand, below the Horsepen Sewage Treatment Plant (a tertiary plant practicing dechlorination) the species diversity index increased from 1.91 to 2.8. (PDF contains 48 pages)

Selectivity of gillnets for Nile perch, Lates niloticus (L.), in Lake Victoria, Kenya

Four fleets of hanging coefficients 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 were used to determine size selectivity and selection factors of Nile perch populations. There was a linear relationship between mesh size and modal length of capture. Positively skewed length frequency distributions were found for smaller mesh sizes with entanglement becoming more prominent in mesh sizes above 101 mm. Nets of 114 to 141 mm stretched mesh yielded higher economic returns than small meshes, the catch consisting of few largefish.

Experimental research on the development of Ceratium hirundinella O.F.Muller [Translation from: Z.Bot. 14, 337-371, 1922]

The most important aim of this study lay in filling in the great gap in our knowledge of the processes of germination in the Ceratium cyst and the early developmental stages in the standing stock of Ceratium hirundinella. contained rich cysts, we now succeeded extraordinarily well in pursuing the consistent development of Ceratium from the cyst to the completed cell. A series of experiments were carried out on the cysts and the juvenile stages of Ceratium, which showed very interesting results. The author presents in a general descriptive part the normal processes of germination in Ceratium cysts and the development of the juvenile stages in order to show in an experimental part the changes in form of C. hirundinella under the influence of temperature, light and varying salinities.

Modelización acústica del interior de un Tren de Alta Velocidad

[ES]El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado, titulado ‘Modelización Acústica del Interior de un Tren de Alta Velocidad’, tiene como objetivo el análisis acústico a bajas frecuencias del habitáculo de un coche de un tren de alta velocidad. La temática ha sido elegida debido a la creciente presencia de trenes de alta velocidad en nuestro entorno, en los cuales el Control Acústico o de Ruidos es un aspecto muy importante para el confort del medio de transporte. Dentro de los ruidos por los que se ve afectado el tren, los de baja frecuencia son los más difíciles de tratar y controlar, y es por ello que van a constituir la línea de trabajo de este proyecto. La estructura de lo que se va a tratar en este proyecto es la siguiente: En primer lugar, se analizará el contexto en que se encuadra este proyecto y las razones que han llevado a su realización. Posteriormente, se explicarán los fundamentos teóricos que hay detrás de los análisis que se van a realizar. Más adelante se pasará al análisis del caso práctico que se ha elegido para ilustrar el proyecto: el habitáculo de un coche del tren Serie 120 de Renfe, construido por CAF [1, 2, 3]. Se realizarán tanto análisis modales como de respuesta forzada. Dicho ejemplo servirá de base para asentar las conclusiones y proponer la aplicación que se les puede dar a éstas, así como las líneas de investigación para las cuales este proyecto puede ser un punto de partida.

High-efficiency diffraction gratings in fused silica at the wavelength of 632.8 nm

We describe high-efficiency diffraction gratings fabricated in fused silica at the wavelength of 632.8 nm by rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA). High-density holographic gratings, if the groove density falls within the range of 1575-1630 lines/mm and the groove depth within the range of 1.1-1.3 microns, can realize high diffraction efficiencies at the wavelength of 632.8 nm, e.g., the first Bragg diffraction efficiency can theoretically achieve more than 93% both in TE- and TM-polarized incidences, which greatly reduces the polarization-dependent losses. Note that with different groove profiles further optimized, the maximum efficiency of more than 99.69% can be achieved for TM-polarized incidence, or 97.81% for TE-polarized incidence.

单晶集成的1×N电光开关

为了使光学系统更加紧凑化和稳定化，本文提出了一种单晶集成的1×N电光开关：它有2个折射面，4个互相垂直的全内反射面，和N-1个电光调制器．还得到了该种1×N电光开关的构成条件：发生两相邻反射的反射面必须互相垂直．并对晶体的结构进行了优化，通过调整光束输出面与光轴的夹角来改变光束出射角，使得接收端易于接收输出的光信号．给出1×3电光开关的实例．

Bragg diffraction of multilayer volume holographic gratings under ultrashort laser pulse readout

The multilayer coupled wave theory is extended to systematically investigate the diffraction properties of multilayer volume holographic gratings (MVHGs) under ultrashort laser pulse readout. Solutions for the diffracted and transmitted intensities, diffraction efficiency, and the grating bandwidth are obtained in transmission MVHGs. It is shown that the diffraction characteristics depend not only on the input pulse duration but also on the number and thickness of grating layers and the gaps between holographic layers. This analysis can be implemented as a useful tool to aid with the design of multilayer volume grating-based devices employed in optical communications, pulse shaping, and processing. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America

Negative refraction in a honeycomb-lattice photonic crystal

In this paper we theoretically investigate a photonic crystal with dielectric rods in a honeycomb lattice. Two left-handed frequency regions are found in the second and third photonic band by using the plane wave expansion method to analyze the photonic band structure and equifrequency contours. Subwavelength imaging by the photonic crystal flat lens are systematically studied by numerical simulations using the multiple scattering method. Different from the photonic crystals with noncircular dielectric rods in air, this structure is almost isotropic at the optimal frequency for superlensing. As a comparison, flat slab focusing is also demonstrated at other frequencies in the two left-handed regions. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.