A fast XPS study of sulphate promoted propene decomposition over Pt{111}

SO2 oxidation has been followed by Fast XPS over Pt{111}. Preadsorbed oxygen reduces the low temperature saturation coverage of SO2 with respect to the clean surface. Heating a mixed O2/SO2 adlayer results in efficient oxidation of both upright and flat-lying SO2 molecules to surface-bound SO4. Sulphate decomposes above room temperature liberating gas-phase SO2 and SO3. Propene adsorbs molecularly at 100 K over clean Pt{111} and dehydrogenates above 250 K to form a stable propylidyne adlayer, which in turn decomposes above 400 K to form graphitic carbon. Preadsorbed surface sulphate enhances the sticking probability of propene via formation of an alkyl-sulphate complex. Thermal decomposition of this complex accounts for low temperature propene combustion and is accompanied by atomic sulpur deposition. Propylidyne forms as on clean Pt but is less reactive undergoing partial oxidation above 450 K with residual surface oxygen.

A fast XPS study of propene decomposition over clean and sulphated Pt{111}

The thermal decomposition of propene over clean and sulphate precovered Pt{111} has been followed by Fast XPS. The saturation propene coverage over the clean surface is 0.21 mL at 90 K. Propene is stable up to 200 K, above which molecular desorption and dehydrogenation result in the formation of a stable propylidyne intermediate adlayer at 300 K. Propylidyne decomposes above 400 K eventually forming graphitic carbon above 800 K. Preadsorbed surface sulphate promotes room temperature propene combustion associated with the decomposition of a thermally unstable alkyl--sulphate complex. Propylidyne also forms as on clean Pt{111}, but is less reactive, its decomposition above 450 K triggering partial oxidation with residual surface oxygen to liberate gas phase CO.

Flow and water budgets in the C-111 and L-31W canals near the Everglades National Park, Dade County, Florida

Acoustic velocity meter (AVM) sites, located both distant and adjacent to canal water control structures, were constructed and calibrated in L-31W borrow canal and Canal 111 (C-111) to measure canal water velocity. Data were used to compute monthly discharge volumes and overall water budgets for several canal reaches from August 1994 to May 1996. The water budgets indicated extensive aquifer inflows in L-31W associated, in part, with S-332 pump station return flows. Canal and groundwater piezometer data showed 5 distinct hydrologic scenarios (distinguished by the direction and magnitude of hydraulic gradients) in the important Frog Pond area on the eastern boundary of the Everglades National Park. Most of the water lost from C-111 was via surface water losses near the outlet of the system, close to Florida Bay. The distribution of flows during the study suggest an alteration of the present South Dade Conveyance System modification plan to improve water deliveries to Taylor Slough and the Eastern Panhandle of the Everglades National Park. ^

Effect of an inservice on the teachers' knowledge of general school law, Section 504, and the Meta Consent Decree

It is generally assumed by educators that inservice training will make a significant difference in teacher knowledge of topics related to education. This investigation addressed that assumption by examining the effects of various factors, e.g., amount and timing of inservice training, upon teacher knowledge of educational law. Of special interest was teacher knowledge of the law as it pertained to ethnic and other characteristics of students in urban school settings. This study was deliberately designed to determine which factors should be later investigated in a more deterministic form, e.g., an experimental design.^ The investigation built upon that of Ogletree (1985), Osborne (1996) and others who focused on the importance of teacher development as a method to enhance professional abilities. The main question addressed in this study was, "How knowledgeable are teachers of school law, especially with regard to general school law, the Meta Consent Decree and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973."^ The study participants (N = 302) were from the Dade County School System, the fourth largest in the U.S. The survey design (approved by the System), specified participants from all levels and types of schools and geographic representations. A survey instrument was created, pilot tested, revised and approved for use by the district official representatives. After administration of the instrument, the resultant data was treated by several appropriate tests, e.g., multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA).^ Several findings emerged from the analysis of the data: in general, teachers did not have sufficient knowledge of school law; factors, such as amount and level of education, and status and position were positively correlated with increased knowledge; factors such as years of experience, gender, race and ethnicity were not correlated with higher levels of knowledge. The most significant, however, was that when teachers had participated in several inservice training experiences, typically workshops, and, when combined with other factors noted above, their knowledge of school law was significantly higher. Specific recommendations for future studies were made. ^

Examination of the overlap between DSM-111-R overanxious disorder and DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in childhood

Since DSM-III-R criteria for Overanxious Disorder (OAD) was subsumed under Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in DSM-IV, three studies have investigated the overlap between the diagnoses. Although two studies have identified children meeting both OAD and GAD criteria (OAD/GAD group), a third study has identified children who met criteria for OAD, but not GAD (OAD group). Based on finding these two groups of children, we examined whether children in the OAD group (n= 30) could be differentiated from children in the OAD/GAD group (n=81) based on self and parent report of anxious symptoms and level of functional impairment. Conditional probability rates were also calculated for each of the DSM anxious symptoms to determine their overall clinicalutility. Findings revealed that the OAD group of children experienced fewer anxious symptoms than children in the OAD/GAD group, though both groups showed some amount of impairment. The implications for research and practice are discussed.

Data compilation on the biological response to ocean acidification: environmental and experimental context of data sets and related literature

The exponential growth of studies on the biological response to ocean acidification over the last few decades has generated a large amount of data. To facilitate data comparison, a data compilation hosted at the data publisher PANGAEA was initiated in 2008 and is updated on a regular basis (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.149999). By January 2015, a total of 581 data sets (over 4 000 000 data points) from 539 papers had been archived. Here we present the developments of this data compilation five years since its first description by Nisumaa et al. (2010). Most of study sites from which data archived are still in the Northern Hemisphere and the number of archived data from studies from the Southern Hemisphere and polar oceans are still relatively low. Data from 60 studies that investigated the response of a mix of organisms or natural communities were all added after 2010, indicating a welcomed shift from the study of individual organisms to communities and ecosystems. The initial imbalance of considerably more data archived on calcification and primary production than on other processes has improved. There is also a clear tendency towards more data archived from multifactorial studies after 2010. For easier and more effective access to ocean acidification data, the ocean acidification community is strongly encouraged to contribute to the data archiving effort, and help develop standard vocabularies describing the variables and define best practices for archiving ocean acidification data.

Stomach content records for pelagic fish (herring, mackerel, blue whiting, albacore and bluefin tuna) in the northeast Atlantic

Fish stomach content records extracted from the DAPSTOM 4.5 database (held at the UK Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science - CEFAS). Data collated as part of the EU Euro-Basin project and specifically concerning herring (Clupea harengus), mackerel (Scomber scombrus), blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou), albacore (Thunnus alalunga) and bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). The data set consist of 20720 records - collected throughout the northeast Atlantic, between 1906 and 2011 - mostly during routine fisheries monitoring research cruises.

(Table 2) Relative abundance of planktonic foraminifera species in Pliocene - Early Quaternary sediments from ODP Hole 111-677A

Planktonic foraminifera from Pliocene - Early Quaternary sediments of ODP Hole 111-677A were studied in detail. It was shown that the majority of detected zonal taxa are reliable biostratigraphic reference points. Between 30 and 210 m in the core zones of planktonic foraminifera from PL1b to Pt1 (according to the W.A. Berggren scale) were distinguished. Changes of planktonic foraminifera complexes from sediments of Hole 111-677A are closely associated with climate-controlled development of surface water masses of the Eastern Equatorial Pacific during 4.6-0.65 million years ago. Sharp decrease in equatorial-tropical species about 3.4 million years ago correlated with cessation of surface water exchange between tropical regions of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans due to formation of the Central American isthmus. The paleotemperature method of M.S Barash was used for reconstructing surface temperatures. Maximum temperatures were reconstructed in late Early Pliocene (26.4°C) and in Late Pliocene (26.6°C) and minimum ones - in the beginning of Early Pliocene (18.4°C), in the middle of Late Pliocene (19.6°C). Cold events occurred: 4.6-4.3, 2.8-2.5, and 1.7-1.2 million years ago, and warm: 4.3, 4.18-3.4, 2.5-2.3, and 1 million years ago. In general, the middle of Early Pliocene, the middle of late Pliocene and early Pleistocene are characterized by cold-water conditions, and the end of Early and the end of Late Pliocene - by warm-water conditions.

Metallization of cyanide-modified Pt(111) electrodes with copper

Date of Acceptance: 12/07/2015 The support of the University of Aberdeen is gratefully acknowledged. CW acknowledges a summer studentship from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.

Metallization of cyanide-modified Pt(111) electrodes with copper

Date of Acceptance: 12/07/2015 The support of the University of Aberdeen is gratefully acknowledged. CW acknowledges a summer studentship from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.

In-situ examination of the selective etching of an alkanethiol monolayer covered Au{111} surface

An examination of the selective etching mechanism of a 1-alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) covered Au{111} surface using in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and molecular resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) is presented. The monolayer self-assembles on a smooth Au{111} surface and typically contains nanoscale non-uniformities such as pinholes, domain boundaries and monatomic depressions. During etching in a ferri/ferrocyanide water-based etchant, selective and preferential etching occurs at SAM covered Au(111) terrace and step edges where a lower SAM packing density is observed, resulting in triangular islands being relieved. The triangular islands are commensurate with the Au(111) lattice with their long edges parallel to its [11-0] direction. Thus, SAM etching is selective and preferential attack is localized to defects and step edges at sites of high molecular density contrast.

Mechanism that dictates pore width and <111>a pore propagation in InP

We report a mechanism for pore growth and propagation based on a three-step charge transfer model. The study is supported by electron microscopy analysis of highly doped n-InP samples anodised in aqueous KOH. The model and experimental data are used to explain propagation of pores of characteristic diameter preferentially along the <111>A directions. We also show evidence for deviation of pore growth from the <111>A directions and explain why such deviations should occur. The model is self-consistent and predicts how carrier concentration affects the internal dimensions of the porous structures.

Dissociative adsorption of methane on the Cu and Zn doped (111) surface of CeO2

The development of economical heterogeneous catalysts for the activation of methane is a major challenge for the chemical industry. Screening potential candidates becomes more feasible using rational catalyst design to understand the activity of potential catalysts for CH4 activation. The focus of the present paper is the use of density functional theory to examine and elucidate the properties of doped CeO2. We dope with Cu and Zn transition metals having variable oxidation state (Cu), and a single oxidation state (Zn), and study the activation of methane. Zn is a divalent dopant and Cu can have a +1 or +2 oxidation state. Both Cu and Zn dopants have an oxidation state of +2 after incorporation into the CeO2 (111) surface; however a Hubbard +U correction (+U = 7) on the Cu 3d states is required to maintain this oxidation state when the surface interacts with adsorbed species. Dissociation of methane is found to occur locally at the dopant cations, and is thermodynamically and kinetically more favorable on Zn-doped CeO2 than Cu-doped CeO2. The origins of this lie with the Zn(II) dopant moving towards a square pyramidal geometry in the sub surface layer which facilitates the formation of two-coordinated surface oxygen atoms, that are more beneficial for methane activation on a reducible oxide surface. These findings can aid in rational experimental catalyst design for further exploration in methane activation processes.