998 resultados para Álcool - uso de risco


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A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) é uma doença crônica, de evolução lenta e permanente, considerada como um dos principais fatores de risco modificáveis, comaltas taxas de prevalência e baixas taxas de controle, estando associada a importantes comorbidades e mortalidade cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares,sendo, portanto, um problema de saúde pública a nível mundial, incluindo o Brasil.Esta realidade está presente também em Uberlândia/MG. Este trabalho trata-se da elaboração de um Plano de Ação com o objetivo de diminuir a alta prevalência de HAS na população adstrita de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família no município de Uberlândia-MG. O método utilizado foi o Planejamento Estratégico Situacional (PES) simplificado iniciando-se pelo Diagnóstico Situacional, para a identificação dos problemas seguido da Revisão de Literatura, com o objetivo de descrever e explicar a origem do problema, seguido da Elaboração do Plano de Intervenção. Inúmeros fatores desencadeantes e/ou agravantes do problema "Alta Prevalência de Hipertensão Arterial" foram identificados e como resultado deste processo foram propostas para seu enfrentamento as operações "Cuidar Melhor", "Conhecer Melhor" e "Melhor Saúde", compondo o Plano de Intervenção apresentado, contemplando ações em todos os níveis de prevenção, do primário ao quaternário. Com a implantação deste plano de ação a equipe da Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família espera melhorar a abordagem e os cuidados aos pacientes Hipertensos, prevenindo complicações e também a prevenção de novos casos. Merece destaque a iniciativa da proposição de introduzir a meditação (Atenção Plena) como potente ferramenta para o controle do estresse, desmistificando as barreiras para seu exercício e capacitando o indivíduo para a autonomia da sua prática

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A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica é um grave problema de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo. Sua prevalência no Brasil varia entre 22% e 44% para adultos (32% em média), chegando a mais de 50% para indivíduos com 60 a 69 anos e 75% em indivíduos com mais de 70 anos. O Plano de intervenção propõe abordagem educativa sobre os fatores de risco mais relevantes como o excesso da ingestão de sal e gorduras, obesidade, sedentarismo, consumo de álcool, e hábito de fumar, planejando ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças para modificação de estilos de vida e assim diminuir a morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e cerebrovasculares; Consultas individuais e coletivas para incentivar a modificação de estilos de vida e adoção de hábitos saudáveis recomendados na prevenção primária de Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS). O método utilizado foi o de Planejamento Estratégico Situacional (PES). Espera-se que a instituição de processos de educação em saúde permita que a população de Barra de Santo Antônio, Alagoas, obtenha conhecimentos fundamentais para a compressão do problema e os motive a mudanças no seu estilo de vida assim como minimize o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e as consequências para a saúde

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A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar um projeto de intervenção educativa para adolescentes da área de abrangência pertencente à Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) no Bairro Recanto Verde na cidade de Coronel Fabriciano, Minas Gerais. Divulgar conhecimentos, consequências e complicações do uso de drogas na adolescência. Para a busca de fundamentação teórica, utilizaram-se as palavras chaves: Atenção Primária à Saúde, Drogas ilícitas, Sistema Único de Saúde. A equipe de saúde participou da análise dos problemas levantados, juntamente com a população da área de abrangência, e considerou que necessita de intervenções sobre o uso de drogas principalmente para os adolescentes. A mostra escolhida é de 50 adolescentes entre 12 a 19 anos, pertencentes às diferentes microáreas, aos quais serão realizadas ações educativas sobre o uso de drogas ilícitas. A população alvo é adstrita à ESF que leva o nome de Tereza Leopoldina, a maioria com fatores ou condições socioeconômicas de classe média e baixa. O uso de drogas, inclusive álcool e tabaco, tem relação direta e indireta com uma série de agravos à saúde dos adolescentes e jovens. Com este trabalho espera-se melhorar o conhecimento da população adolescente sobre drogas e as consequências de seu consumo, bem como contribuir para mudanças no estilo de vida. Através deste projeto e a participação ativa da equipe e membros da comunidade envolvidos, pretende-se que os adolescentes adquiram conhecimentos sobre o tema e recebam a orientação adequada que contribua com a diminuição do consumo de tais substâncias. Espera-se ainda que os adolescentes participantes tornem-se multiplicadores dos conhecimentos adquiridos na comunidade. Por essas considerações justifica-se a realização deste estudo para propor ações que possam ser implantadas ou implementadas, a fim de melhorar o processo de trabalho das equipes de saúde da família quanto ao uso de drogas na adolescência

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O presente trabalho tem como proposta implantar um projeto de intervenção com intuito de instrumentalizar os profissionais da equipe de saúde da família para o acompanhamento dos pacientes com condições crônicas não transmissíveis. O processo de acompanhamento será por meio de uma planilha de cálculo automatizada e dinâmica da avaliação de risco dos pacientes e projeção dos cronogramas de consulta embasados nesse cálculo de risco, na área de abrangência da equipe Estratégia de Saúde da Família III, São Sebastião do Oeste, Minas Gerais. Para contribuir na elaboração do projeto de intervenção foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica nas bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde para levantar as publicações existentes sobre o tema deste trabalho. O projeto de intervenção foi elaborado seguindo os passos do Planejamento Estratégico Situacional. Pretende-se com este projeto, além de atuar com pacientes portadores de doenças crônicas, fazer a capacitação dos profissionais de saúde das outras equipes de saúde da família do município de São Sebastião do Oeste para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes no município portadores de condições crônicas não transmissíveis instrumentalizando-os para o uso da planilha de cálculo automatizada

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Resistant hypertension (RHTN) is a multifactorial disease characterized by blood pressure (BP) levels above goal (140/90 mmHg) in spite of the concurrent use of three or more antihypertensive drugs of different classes. Moreover, it is well known that RHTN subjects have high prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), which leads to increased risk of heart failure progression. This review gathers data from studies evaluating the effects of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors (administration of acute sildenafil and short-term tadalafil) on diastolic function, biochemical and hemodynamic parameters in patients with RHTN. Acute study with sildenafil treatment found that inhibition of PDE-5 improved hemodynamic parameters and diastolic relaxation. In addition, short-term study with the use of tadalafil demonstrated improvement of LVDD, cGMP and BNP-32 levels, regardless of BP reduction. No endothelial function changes were observed in the studies. The findings of acute and short-term studies revealed potential therapeutic effects of IPDE-5 drugs on LVDD in RHTN patients.A Hipertensão arterial resistente (HAR) é uma doença multifatorial caracterizada por níveis pressóricos acima das metas (140/90 mmHg), a despeito de tratamento farmacológico otimizado de 3 ou mais fármacos anti-hipertensivos de diferentes classes. Pacientes diagnosticados como hipertensos resistentes apresentam alta prevalência de disfunção diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo (DDVE) que proporciona risco aumentado para insuficiência cardíaca. Esta revisão reúne dados de estudos prévios avaliando os efeitos dos inibidores de fosfodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) (administração aguda de sildenafil e de curto prazo de tadalafil) na função diastólica e nos parâmetros bioquímicos e hemodinâmicos em pacientes com HAR. O estudo agudo com sildenafil demonstrou que a inibição da PDE-5 melhorou os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e de relaxamento diastólico. Além disso, o estudo curto prazo com o uso de tadalafil revelou melhora da DDVE e dos níveis de GMPc e BNP-32, independente de redução de pressão arterial. A função endotelial não apresentou alteração com ambos os tratamentos. Os resultados dos estudos agudo e de curto prazo sugerem efeitos terapêuticos potenciais dos fármacos inibidores da PDE-5 na disfunção diastólica em pacientes com HAR.

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BACKGROUND: The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) was developed to predict short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis. There are few reports studying the correlation between MELD and long-term posttransplantation survival. AIM: To assess the value of pretransplant MELD in the prediction of posttransplant survival. METHODS: The adult patients (age >18 years) who underwent liver transplantation were examined in a retrospective longitudinal cohort of patients, through the prospective data base. We excluded acute liver failure, retransplantation and reduced or split-livers. The liver donors were evaluated according to: age, sex, weight, creatinine, bilirubin, sodium, aspartate aminotransferase, personal antecedents, brain death cause, steatosis, expanded criteria donor number and index donor risk. The recipients' data were: sex, age, weight, chronic hepatic disease, Child-Turcotte-Pugh points, pretransplant and initial MELD score, pretransplant creatinine clearance, sodium, cold and warm ischemia times, hospital length of stay, blood requirements, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT >1,000 UI/L = liver dysfunction). The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test was used for the univariable analyses of posttransplant patient survival. For the multivariable analyses the Cox proportional hazard regression method with the stepwise procedure was used with stratifying sodium and MELD as variables. ROC curve was used to define area under the curve for MELD and Child-Turcotte-Pugh. RESULTS: A total of 232 patients with 10 years follow up were available. The MELD cutoff was 20 and Child-Turcotte-Pugh cutoff was 11.5. For MELD score > 20, the risk factors for death were: red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. For the patients with hyponatremia the risk factors were: negative delta-MELD score, red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. The regression univariated analyses came up with the following risk factors for death: score MELD > 25, blood requirements, recipient creatinine clearance pretransplant and age donor >50. After stepwise analyses, only red cell requirement was predictive. Patients with MELD score < 25 had a 68.86%, 50,44% and 41,50% chance for 1, 5 and 10-year survival and > 25 were 39.13%, 29.81% and 22.36% respectively. Patients without hyponatremia were 65.16%, 50.28% and 41,98% and with hyponatremia 44.44%, 34.28% and 28.57% respectively. Patients with IDR > 1.7 showed 53.7%, 27.71% and 13.85% and index donor risk <1.7 was 63.62%, 51.4% and 44.08%, respectively. Age donor > 50 years showed 38.4%, 26.21% and 13.1% and age donor <50 years showed 65.58%, 26.21% and 13.1%. Association with delta-MELD score did not show any significant difference. Expanded criteria donors were associated with primary non-function and severe liver dysfunction. Predictive factors for death were blood requirements, hyponatremia, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. CONCLUSION: In conclusion MELD over 25, recipient's hyponatremia, blood requirements, donor's sodium were associated with poor survival.

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The chronic treatment with phenytoin or the acute intoxication by this drug may cause permanent cerebellar injury with atrophy of cerebellum vermis and hemispheres, which can be detected by neuroimaging studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between the dosage and duration of treatment with phenytoin and the occurrence of cerebellar atrophy. Sixty-six patients were studied and had their tomographies analyzed for cerebellar atrophy. Of the 66 patients studied, 18 had moderate/severe atrophy, 15 had mild atrophy and 33 were considered to be normal. The patients with moderate/severe atrophy were those with higher exposure to phenytoin (longer duration of treatment and higher total dosage) showing statistically significant difference when compared to patients with mild atrophy or without atrophy (p=0.02). Further, the patients with moderate/severe atrophy had serum levels of phenytoin statistically higher than those of patients with mild atrophy or without atrophy (p = 0.008). There was no association between other antiepileptic drugs dosage or duration of treatment and degree of cerebellar atrophy. We also found that older patients had cerebellar atrophy more frequently, indicating that age or duration of the seizure disorder may also be important in the determination of cerebellar degeneration in these patients. We conclude that although there is a possibility that repeated seizures contribute to cerebellar damage, long term exposure to phenytoin, particularly in high doses and toxic serum levels, cause cerebellar atrophy.

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We report on two epileptic patients who developed acute psychosis after the use of topiramate (TPM). One patient exhibited severe psychomotor agitation, heteroaggressiveness, auditory and visual hallucinations as well as severe paranoid and mystic delusions. The other patient had psychomotor agitation, depersonalization, derealization, severe anxiety and deluded that he was losing his memory. Both patients had to be taken to the casualty room. After interruption of TPM in one patient and reduction of dose in the other, a full remission of the psychotic symptoms was obtained without the need of antipsychotic drugs. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of development of acute psychotic symptoms in patients undergoing TPM treatment.

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The behaviour of Nafion® polymeric membranes containing acid-base dyes, bromothymol blue (BB) and methyl violet (MV), were studied aiming at constructing an optical sensor for pH measurement. BB revealed to be inadequate for developing sensing phases due to the electrostatic repulsion between negative groups of their molecules and the negative charge of the sulfonate group of the Nafion®, which causes leaching of the dye from the membrane. On the other hand, MV showed to be suitable due to the presence of positive groups in its structure. The membrane prepared from a methanolic solution whose Nafion®/dye molar ratio was 20 presented the best analytical properties, changing its color from green to violet in the pH range from 0.6 to 3.0. The membrane can be prepared with good reproducibility, presenting durability of ca. 6 months and response time of 22 s, making possible its use for pH determination in flow analysis systems.

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This paper presents an easy and practical procedure to obtain silica-based C-8 type sorbents for use in solid-phase extraction. The materials are prepared by depositing poly(methyloctylsiloxane), PMOS, on the silica support. Two different treatments for immobilization were used: thermal treatment or gamma irradiation. Suitable recoveries were obtained after pre-concentration of dilute solutions, at the ng/L level, of a mixture of pesticides, indicating the good performance of the materials.

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High-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) is a technique that presents a series of advantages in liquid phase separations, such as: reduced analysis time, reduced pressure drop, reduced asymmetry factors, modified retentions, controlled selectivities, better efficiencies and improved detectivities, as well as permitting green chromatography. The practical limitations that relate to instrumentation and to stationary phase instability are being resolved and this technique is now ready to be applied for routine determinations.

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In this work, the volatile chromatographic profiles of roasted Arabica coffees, previously analyzed for their sensorial attributes, were explored by principal component analysis. The volatile extraction technique used was the solid phase microextraction. The correlation optimized warping algorithm was used to align the gas chromatographic profiles. Fifty four compounds were found to be related to the sensorial attributes investigated. The volatiles pyrrole, 1-methyl-pyrrole, cyclopentanone, dihydro-2-methyl-3-furanone, furfural, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-pyrazine, 2-etenyl-n-methyl-pyrazine, 5-methyl-2-propionyl-furan compounds were important for the differentiation of coffee beverage according to the flavour, cleanliness and overall quality. Two figures of merit, sensitivity and specificity (or selectivity), were used to interpret the sensory attributes studied.

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The gravimetric and electrochemical tests are the most common techniques used in determining the corrosion rate. However, the use of electrochemical polarization is limited to electrolytes with sufficient conductivity for which Tafel curves are linear. In this study, we investigated a technique in which working microelectrodes of AISI 1020 steel were used to obtain the Tafel curves in diesel oil. The strategy was to reduce the electrode area and hence the ohmic drop. The diameter of the microelectrode was reduced to a value where the compensation of the Tafel curves became unnecessary. The results showed that for electrodes with diameters below 50 μm, the ohmic drop tends to a minimum and independent of the microelectrode diameter.

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Nowadays the consumer market demands a gradually increase in the products' quality control. The manual control that exits, used in animal production, shows ineficiency in warrating an increasing percentual of the desirable quality, so this can only be reached when an effective animal tracebility system is applied, from birth to slaughter. Individual electronic identification presents high importance in this focus, providing information recorded directly from the animal. Electronic traceability uses electronic devices that emit a signal activated by a fixed reader placed where it is needed to record a certain event, or uses a manual reader which allows a higher independence of the operator. Knowing the importance of the electronic identification as a tool for applying traceability in animal production, this research had as objective to evaluate the use of transponders in order to garantee the manual reading as well as the fixed antenna reading. The following implant places were analized in piglet, just after their birth: 1) forehead, 2) external ear lobule, 3) the posterior auricular base, and 4) a transponder inserted in a earing implanted in the ear lobule. The factors of skin damage and migration were analized, as well as the reading efficiency. It was found that the best implant place was the posterior ear base.

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This study presents the results of a cost-effectiveness analysis in a controlled clinical trial on the effectiveness of a modified glass ionomer resin sealant ( Vitremer, 3M ESPE) and the application of fluoride varnish (Duraphat, Colgate) on occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars in children 6-8 years of age (N = 268), according to caries risk (high versus low). Children were examined semiannually by the same calibrated dentist for 24 months after allocation in six groups: high and low risk controls (oral health education every three months); high and low risk with varnish (oral health education every three months + varnish biannually); and high and low risk with sealant (oral health education every three months + a single application of sealant). Economic analysis showed that sealing permanent first molars of high-risk schoolchildren showed a C/E ratio of US$ 119.80 per saved occlusal surface and an incremental C/E ratio of US$ 108.36 per additional saved occlusal surface. The study concluded that sealing permanent first molars of high-risk schoolchildren was the most cost-effective intervention.