Letter to Henry Nelles from Gilles Moffatt

Letter to Henry Nelles from Gilles Moffatt regarding purchases of wheat and sugar, Sept. 23, 1830.

Warrant that a complaint was presented to Edmund Riselay, Justice of the Peace in Bertie by Henry Nelles, Justice of the Peace in Niagara against William Wintermute and Benjamin Wright of Bertie by Joseph Lindeberry of Clinton

Warrant (1 page, handwritten copy) that a complaint was presented to Edmund Riselay, Justice of the Peace in Bertie by Henry Nelles, Justice of the Peace in Niagara against William Wintermute and Benjamin Wright of Bertie by Joseph Lindeberry of Clinton regarding the suspicion of Wintermute and Wright stealing wheat from the Lindeberry barn. Benjamin Wright seemed the guiltier of the two and therefore it is requested that he be brought before a Justice of the Peace to be examined. This document is stained, but this does not affect the text, April 4, 1837.

Une nouvelle stratégie de traitement de la maladie cœliaque basée sur les polymères séquestrants

La maladie cœliaque ou sprue cœliaque est une intolérance au gluten. Il s’agit d’une maladie inflammatoire de l’intestin liée à l’ingestion de gluten chez des personnes génétiquement susceptibles. Ce désordre présente une forte prévalence puisqu’il touche 1 % de la population mondiale. En l’état actuel des choses, il n’existe aucun outil pharmacologique pour traiter ou pallier à cette maladie. Cependant, grâce aux avancées dans la compréhension de sa pathogenèse, de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques ont été identifiées. À l’heure actuelle, le seul traitement efficace consiste à suspendre la consommation de l’agent pathogène, à savoir le gluten. Le gluten est un ensemble de protéines de stockage des céréales contenu dans le blé, l’orge et le seigle. Le gluten du blé se subdivise en gluténines et gliadines. Ce sont ces dernières qui semblent les plus impliquées dans la maladie cœliaque. Les gliadines et ses protéines apparentées (i.e. sécalines et hordéines, respectivement dans le seigle et l’orge) sont riches en prolines et en glutamines, les rendant résistantes à la dégradation par les enzymes digestives et celles de la bordure en brosse. Les peptides résultant de cette digestion incomplète peuvent induire des réponses immunitaires acquises et innées. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de tester un nouveau traitement d’appoint de la maladie cœliaque utile lors de voyages ou d’évènements ponctuels. Dans les années 80, une observation italienne montra l’inhibition de certains effets induits par des gliadines digérées sur des cultures cellulaires grâce à la co-incubation en présence de mannane: un polyoside naturel composé de mannoses. Malheureusement, ce traitement n’était pas applicable in vivo à cause de la dégradation par les enzymes du tractus gastro-intestinales du polymère, de par sa nature osidique. Les polymères de synthèse, grâce à la diversité et au contrôle de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques, se révèlent être une alternative attrayante à ce polymère naturel. L’objectif de cette recherche était d’obtenir un polymère liant la gliadine, capable d’interférer dans la genèse de la maladie au niveau du tube digestif, afin d’abolir les effets délétères induits par la protéine. Tout d’abord, des copolymères de type poly (hydroxyéthylméthacrylate)-co-(styrène sulfonate) (P(HEMA-co-SS)) ont été synthétisés par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée par transfert d’atome (ATRP). Une petite bibliothèque de polymères a été préparée en faisant varier la masse molaire, ainsi que les proportions de chacun des monomères. Ces polymères ont ensuite été testés quant à leur capacité de complexer la gliadine aux pH stomacal et intestinal et les meilleurs candidats ont été retenus pour des essais cellulaires. Les travaux ont permis de montrer que le copolymère P(HEMA-co-SS) (45:55 mol%, 40 kDa) permettait une séquestration sélective de la gliadine et qu’il abolissait les effets induits par la gliadine sur différents types cellulaires. De plus, ce composé interférait avec la digestion de la gliadine, suggérant une diminution de peptides immunogènes impliqués dans la maladie. Ce candidat a été testé in vivo, sur un modèle murin sensible au gluten, quant à son efficacité vis-à-vis de la gliadine pure et d’un mélange contenant du gluten avec d’autres composants alimentaires. Le P(HEMA-co-SS) a permis de diminuer les effets sur les paramètres de perméabilité et d’inflammation, ainsi que de moduler la réponse immunitaire engendrée par l’administration de gliadine et celle du gluten. Des études de toxicité et de biodistribution en administration aigüe et chronique ont été réalisées afin de démontrer que ce dernier était bien toléré et peu absorbé suite à son administration par la voie orale. Enfin des études sur des échantillons de tissus de patients souffrants de maladie cœliaque ont montré un bénéfice therapeutique du polymère. L’ensemble des travaux présentés dans cette thèse a permis de mettre en évidence le potentiel thérapeutique du P(HEMA-co-SS) pour prévenir les désordres reliés à l’ingestion de gluten, indiquant que ce type de polymère pourrait être exploité dans un avenir proche.

Diversité des champignons endophytes mycorhiziens et de classe II chez le pois chiche, et influence du génotype de la plante

réalisé en cotutelle avec la Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar.

Mise au point d'un modèle d'infection expérimentale d'entérite nécrotique clinique chez le poulet de chair par des facteurs prédisposants

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

An investigation into observational characteristics of rainfall and temperature in Central Northeast India—a historical perspective 1889–2008

Mann–Kendall non-parametric test was employed for observational trend detection of monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation of five meteorological subdivisions of Central Northeast India (CNE India) for different 30-year normal periods (NP) viz. 1889–1918 (NP1), 1919–1948 (NP2), 1949–1978 (NP3) and 1979–2008 (NP4). The trends of maximum and minimum temperatures were also investigated. The slopes of the trend lines were determined using the method of least square linear fitting. An application of Morelet wavelet analysis was done with monthly rainfall during June– September, total rainfall during monsoon season and annual rainfall to know the periodicity and to test the significance of periodicity using the power spectrum method. The inferences figure out from the analyses will be helpful to the policy managers, planners and agricultural scientists to work out irrigation and water management options under various possible climatic eventualities for the region. The long-term (1889–2008) mean annual rainfall of CNE India is 1,195.1 mm with a standard deviation of 134.1 mm and coefficient of variation of 11%. There is a significant decreasing trend of 4.6 mm/year for Jharkhand and 3.2 mm/day for CNE India. Since rice crop is the important kharif crop (May– October) in this region, the decreasing trend of rainfall during themonth of July may delay/affect the transplanting/vegetative phase of the crop, and assured irrigation is very much needed to tackle the drought situation. During themonth of December, all the meteorological subdivisions except Jharkhand show a significant decreasing trend of rainfall during recent normal period NP4. The decrease of rainfall during December may hamper sowing of wheat, which is the important rabi crop (November–March) in most parts of this region. Maximum temperature shows significant rising trend of 0.008°C/year (at 0.01 level) during monsoon season and 0.014°C/year (at 0.01 level) during post-monsoon season during the period 1914– 2003. The annual maximum temperature also shows significant increasing trend of 0.008°C/year (at 0.01 level) during the same period. Minimum temperature shows significant rising trend of 0.012°C/year (at 0.01 level) during postmonsoon season and significant falling trend of 0.002°C/year (at 0.05 level) during monsoon season. A significant 4– 8 years peak periodicity band has been noticed during September over Western UP, and 30–34 years periodicity has been observed during July over Bihar subdivision. However, as far as CNE India is concerned, no significant periodicity has been noticed in any of the time series.

Unraveling a Benchmark for Sulphur Akin in the Cochin Estuarine System

The thesis deals with a benchmark study of dissolved and sedimentary sulphur compounds which play prominent roles in the prevailing redox conditions in the selected sites of Cochin estuarine system. Sulphur and its analogues play prominent roles in estuarine biochemical processes. A complete knowledge on the sulphur involvement in these processes is restricted due to the lacking of data on the organic sulphur compounds. Sulphate and sulphide in surface and bottom water and Sulphate, acid volatile sulphide and total sulphur in sediments were studied and correlated to know their interrelations in determining the redox condition of the environment. It also characterises the sediments of the sites on the basis of total organic carbon: total sulphur ratio. The study had attempted to decrease the concentration levels of sulphur in the sedimentary environment by the application of a remedial measure. Knowledge of sulphur uptake by plants from prior literatures has prompted to use phytoremediation for decreasing the sulphur concentration. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants to clean up or remediate contaminated soil, sludges, sediments, and ground water through contaminant removal, degradation or containment. The plant selected was wheat grass since earlier studies have shown that wheat grass is effective in remediating pollutants particularly trace metals. So reduction in the concentration of selected trace metals was also focussed.

Drought Climatology of Indo-Gangetic Region of India Using Remote Sensing and Crop Growth Simulation Models

Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Extracellular beta-Glucosidase production by marine Aspergillus sydowii BTMFS 55

The beta-glucosidase enzyme purified from the marine fungus, Aspergillus sydowii BTMFS 55 showed a good yield of enzyme production under solid state fermentation. The statistical optimization of the media components revealed that moisture content, concentration of peptone and inoculum are the major parameters which supported the maximal enzyme production. The purified enzyme showed low pH activity and stability, glucose tolerance and activation by ethanol. It could produce ethanol from wheat bran and rice straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with yeast.The glucosidase purified from Aspergillus sydowii BTMFS 55 shows great potential for several biotechnological applications such as the production of bio-ethanol from agricultural biomass and improvement in the aromatic character of wines and fruit juices through the hydrolysis of flavour glucosidic precursors. There is immense scope for the application of this marine fungus in the biofuel production besides in other industries provided further studies are pursued in exploiting this enzyme and the organism particularly scale up studies with respect to application. There is also ample scope for cloning of the gene encoding beta-glucosidase in domesticated hosts such as Pichia pastoris or S. cerevisiae that can produce ethanol directly from cellulosic biomass.

Targeted Public Distribution System in Food Grains:Extent of Utlization by the Tribal Population in Kerala

In India, Food Security meant supply of food grains and the medium was Public Distribution System. Public Distribution System (PDS) is a rationing mechanism that entitles households to specified quantities of selected commodities at subsidized prices. The Objectives of PDS are maintaining Price Stability, rationing during times of scarcity, welfare of the poor, and keeping a check on private trade. Kerala has registered remarkable improvement in poverty reduction in general over the years among all social sections, including scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population. As part of the structural adjustment intended to reduce public expenditure, PDS has been modified as Revamped PDS (RPDS) during 1992 and later on as Targeted PDS (TPDS) in 1997, intended to target households on the basis of income criterion, classifying people as Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Above Poverty Line (APL). TPDS provides 25Kg. of food gra.ins through the Fair Price Shops per month @ Rs.3/- per Kg. of rice/ wheat to the BPL category and @Rs.8.90 and Rs.6.7O for rice and wheat respectively to the APL category of people. Since TPDS is intended to target the poor people, the subsidy spent by the government for the scheme should be beneficial to the poor people and naturally they should utilize the benefits by purchasing the food grains allotted under the scheme. Several studies have shown that there is underutilization of the allotments under TPDS. Therefore, the extent of utilization of TPDS in food grains, how and why remains as a major hurdle, in improving the structure and system of PDS. Livelihood of the tribal population being under threat due to increasing degradation of the resources, the targeting system ought to be effective among the tribal population. Therefore, performance of the TPDS in food grains, in terms of the utilization by the tribal population in Kerala, impact thereof and the factors, if any, affecting proper utilization were considered as the research problem in this study. The study concentrated on the pattern of consumption of food grains by the tribal people, whether their hunger needs are met by distribution of food grains through the TPDS, extent to which TPDS in food grains reduce their share of expenditure on food in the total household expenditure, and the factors affecting the utilization of the TPDS in food grains by the tribal population. Going through the literature, it has been noted that only few studies concentrated on the utilization of TPDS in food grains among the tribal population in Kerala.The Research Design used in this study is descriptive in nature, but exploratory in some aspects. Idukki, Palakkad and Wayanad have more than 60% of the population of the tribals in the state. Within the three districts mentioned above, 14 villages with scheduled tribe concentration were selected for the study. 95 tribal colonies were selected from among the various tribal settlements. Collection of primary data was made from 1231 households with in the above tribal colonies. Analysis of data on the socio-economic factors of the tribal people, pattern of food consumption, extent of reduction in the share of expenditure on food among the household expenditure of the tribal people and the impact of TPDS on the tribal families etc. and testing of hypotheses to find out the relation/association of each of the six variables, using the data on BPL and APL categories of households separately have resulted in findings such as six percent of the tribal families do not have Ration Cards, average per capita consumption of food grains by the tribal people utilizing TPDS meets 62% of their minimum requirement, whereas the per capita consumption of food grains by the tribal people is higher than the national average per capita consumption, 63% deficiency in food grains may be felt by tribal people in general, if TPDS is withdrawn, and the deficit for BPL tribal people may be 82%, TPDS facilitates a reduction of 9.71% in the food expenditure among the total household expenditure of the tribal people in general, share of food to non-food among BPL category of tribals is 55:45 and 40:60 among the APL, Variables, viz. household income, number of members in the family and distance of FPS from tribal settlements etc. have influence on the quantity of rice being purchased by the tribal people from the Fair Price Shops, and there is influence of household income and distance of FPS from tribal settlements on the quantity of rice being purchased by the tribal people from the open market. Rationing with differential pricing on phased allotments, rectification of errors in targeting, anomalies in norms and procedures for classifying tribal people as BPL/APL, exclusive Income Generation for tribal population, paddy cultivation in the landholdings possessed by the tribal people, special drive for allotment of Ration Cards to the tribal people, especially those belonging to the BPL category, Mobile Fair Price Shops in tribal settlements, ensure quality of the food grains distributed through the TPDS, distribution of wheat flour in packed condition instead of wheat through the Fair Price Shops are recommended to address the shortcomings and weaknesses of the TPDS vis-avis the tribal population in Kerala.

Chitinase production by.marine fungi

In this thesis an attempt is made to explore the potential of marine fungi for the production of chitinolytic enzymes and to recognize the ability to hydrolyse native chitin through submerged as well as solid substrate fermentation culture conditions, using wheat bran and shellfish processing waste such as ‘prawn waste’ as solid substrates. Attempt was made to isolate a potential chitinase producing fungus from marine environment and to develop an ideal bioprocess for the production ofchitolytic enzymes.Present study indicate scope for utilization of B. bassiana for industrial production of chitinase using prawn waste as solid substrate employing solid substrate fermentation.