Lyra Viol “Instrument de música domèstica”

El propòsit d'aquest treball és donar a conèixer la lyra viol i la seva música. Entre d'altres maneres de tocar aquest instrument, mostrar com aquest servia per acompanyar la veu, així com arranjar peces polifòniques tal i com trobem en publicacions de l'època. I serà a partir d'aquests exemples, que he fet els meus propis arranjaments per a viola de gamba i que incloc en aquest treball.

Expertise and decision making among clinicians in investigations of alleged child sexual abuse

The purpose of the present thesis was to explore different aspects of decision making and expertise in investigations of child sexual abuse (CSA) and subsequently shed some light on the reasons for shortcomings in the investigation processes. Clinicians’ subjective attitudes as well as scientifically based knowledge concerning CSA, CSA investigation and interviewing were explored. Furthermore the clinicians’ own view on their expertise and what enhances this expertise was investigated. Also, the effects of scientific knowledge, experience and attitudes on the decision making in a case of CSA were explored. Finally, the effects of different kinds of feedback as well as experience on the ability to evaluate CSA in the light of children’s behavior and base rates were investigated. Both explorative and experimental methods were used. The purpose of Study I was to investigate whether clinicians investigating child sexual abuse (CSA) rely more on scientific knowledge or on clinical experience when evaluating their own expertise. Another goal was to check what kind of beliefs the clinicians held. The connections between these different factors were investigated. A questionnaire covering items concerning demographic data, experience, knowledge about CSA, selfevaluated expertise and beliefs about CSA was given to social workers, child psychiatrists and psychologists working with children. The results showed that the clinicians relied more on their clinical experience than on scientific knowledge when evaluating their expertise as investigators of CSA. Furthermore, social workers possessed stronger attitudes in favor of children than the other groups, while child psychiatrists had more negative attitudes towards the criminal justice system. Male participants held less strong beliefs than female participants. The findings indicate that the education of CSA investigators should focus more on theoretical knowledge and decision making processes as well as the role of beliefs In Study II school and family counseling psychologists completed a Child Sexual Abuse Attitude and Belief Scale. Four CSA related attitude and belief subscales were identified: 1. The Disclosure subscale reflecting favoring a disclosure at any cost, 2. The Pro-Child subscale reflecting unconditional belief in children's reports, 3. The Intuition subscale reflecting favoring an intuitive approach to CSA investigations, and 4. The Anti Criminal Justice System subscale reflecting negative attitudes towards the legal system. Beliefs that were erroneous according to empirical research were analyzed separately. The results suggest that some psychologists hold extreme attitudes and many erroneous beliefs related to CSA. Some misconceptions are common. Female participants tended to hold stronger attitudes than male participants. The more training in interviewing children the participants have, the more erroneous beliefs and stronger attitudes they hold. Experience did not affect attitudes and beliefs. In Study III mental health professionals’ sensitivity to suggestive interviewing in CSA cases was explored. Furthermore, the effects of attitudes and beliefs related to CSA and experience with CSA investigations on the sensitivity to suggestive influences in the interview were investigated. Also, the effect of base rate estimates of CSA on decisions was examined. A questionnaire covering items concerning demographic data, different aspects of clinical experience, self-evaluated expertise, beliefs and knowledge about CSA and a set of ambiguous material based on real trial documents concerning an alleged CSA case was given to child mental health professionals. The experiment was based on a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 (leading questions: yes vs no) x (stereotype induction: yes vs no) x (emotional tone: pressure to respond vs no pressure to respond) x (threats and rewards: yes vs no) between-subjects factorial design, in which the suggestiveness of the methods with which the responses of the child were obtained were varied. There was an additional condition in which the material did not contain any interview transcripts. The results showed that clinicians are sensitive only to the presence of leading questions but not to the presence of other suggestive techniques. Furthermore, the clinicians were not sensitive to the possibility that suggestive techniques could have been used when no interview transcripts had been included in the trial material. Experience had an effect on the sensitivity of the clinicians only regarding leading questions. Strong beliefs related to CSA lessened the sensitivity to leading questions. Those showing strong beliefs on the belief scales used in this study were even more prone to prosecute than other participants when other suggestive influences than leading questions were present. Controversy exists regarding effects of experience and feedback on clinical decision making. In Study IV the impact of the number of handled cases and of feedback on the decisions in cases of alleged CSA was investigated. One-hundred vignettes describing cases of suspected CSA were given to students with no experience with investigating CSA. The vignettes were based on statistical data about symptoms and prevalence of CSA. According to the theoretical likelihood of CSA the children described were categorized as abused or not abused. The participants were asked to decide whether abuse had occurred. They were divided into 4 groups: one received feedback on whether their decision was right or wrong, one received information about cognitive processes involved in decision making, one received both, and one did not receive feedback at all. The results showed that participants who received feedback on their performance made more correct positive decisions and participants who got information about decision making processes made more correct negative decisions. Feedback and information combined decreased the number of correct positive decisions but increased the number of correct negative decisions. The number of read cases had in itself a positive effect on correct positive decision.

Sexual foraging segregation in South American sea lions increases during the pre-breeding period in the La Plata River plume

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in skin and bone of South American sea lions from Brazil and Uruguay were analysed to test the hypothesis that trophic overlap between the sexes is lower during the pre-breeding season than throughout the rest of the year. The isotopic values of skin and bone were used to infer the trophic relationships between the sexes during the pre-breeding period and year round, respectively. Prey species were also analysed to establish a baseline necessary for interpreting the stable isotope ratios of skin and bone. Standard ellipse areas, estimated using Bayesian inference in the SIBER routine of the SIAR package in R, suggested that males and females used a wide diversity of foraging strategies throughout the year and that no differences existed between the sexes. However, the diversity of foraging strategies was largely reduced during the pre-breeding period, with all the individuals of each sex adopting similar strategies, but with the two sexes differing considerably in stable isotope values and the ellipse areas of males and females not overlapping at all. Nevertheless, the results revealed a general increase in the consumption of pelagic prey by both sexes during the pre-breeding period. The progressive crowding of individuals in the areas surrounding the breeding rookeries during the pre-breeding period could lead to an increase in the local population density, which could explain the above reported changes.

Sexual dimorphism of sonic apparatus and extreme intersexual variation of sounds in Ophidion rochei (Ophidiidae): first evidence of a tight relationship between morphology and sound characteristics in Ophidiidae

Many Ophidiidae are active in dark environments and display complex sonic apparatus morphologies. However, sound recordings are scarce and little is known about acoustic communication in this family. This paper focuses on Ophidion rochei which is known to display an important sexual dimorphism in swimbladder and anterior skeleton. The aims of this study were to compare the sound producing morphology, and the resulting sounds in juveniles, females and males of O. rochei.Results: Males, females, and juveniles possessed different morphotypes. Females and juveniles contrasted with males because they possessed dramatic differences in morphology of their sonic muscles, swimbladder, supraoccipital crest, and first vertebrae and associated ribs. Further, they lacked the ‘rocker bone’ typically found in males. Sounds from each morphotype were highly divergent. Males generally produced non harmonic, multiple-pulsed sounds that lasted for several seconds (3.5 ± 1.3 s) with a pulse period of ca. 100 ms. Juvenile and female sounds were recorded for the first time in ophidiids. Female sounds were harmonic, had shorter pulse period (±3.7 ms), and never exceeded a few dozen milliseconds (18 ± 11 ms). Moreover, unlike male sounds, female sounds did not have alternating long and short pulse periods. Juvenile sounds were weaker but appear to be similar to female sounds.Conclusions: Although it is not possible to distinguish externally male from female in O. rochei, they show a sonic apparatus and sounds that are dramatically different. This difference is likely due to their nocturnal habits that may have favored the evolution of internal secondary sexual characters that help to distinguish males from females and that could facilitate mate choice by females. Moreover, the comparison of different morphotypes in this study shows that these morphological differences result from a peramorphosis that takes place during the development of the gonads

Col·loqui amb Laura Mora, Marco Deriu, Núria Beitia i Clara Jourdan sobre les ponències del Seminari La democràcia igualitària i la violència contra les dones / La democracia igualitaria y la violencia contra las mujeres

Transcripció del col·loqui amb Laura Mora, Marco Deriu, Núria Beitia i Clara Jourdan sobre les ponències del Seminari 'La democràcia igualitària i la violència contra les dones'

La Violència contra les dones: una realitat política = La violencia contra las mujeres: una realidad política

Aquest any al seminari que organitzem al Centre de Recerca en Estudis de les Dones Duoda de la Universitat de Barcelona, ens hem proposat interrogar-nos, una vegada més, sobre una de les realitats humanes i polítiques mes crues en què es concreta el desordre que causa en alguns homes, en el present, el que anomenem el "final del patriarcat": la violència contra les dones. Aquesta violència, que ha existit des que va sorgir el patriarcat per a intentar apoderar-se de la paraula i del sentit del ser dona en el món, és ja expressable per a moltes dones a Occident i també a Orient

Detecció de problemes en l’atenció a dones víctimes de violència de gènere durant el procés judicial a Catalunya

Aquesta recerca té per finalitat aproximar-se a la percepció que tenen les víctimes de violència masclista del tracte que reben dels diferents operadors en seu judicial, i mostrar com aquestes actuacions les han afectat no només a nivell personal, sinó també a nivell processal. L’objectiu principal és copsar l’experiència de les dones víctimes de violència de gènere en referència al seu pas pels jutjats especialitzats de Catalunya. Per la consecució de l’objectiu s’ha treballat, d’una banda, amb la revisió i actualització teòrica i contextual del tema d’investigació i, per l’altra i principalment, amb la realització de més de 40 entrevistes als diferents operadors judicials i a dones víctimes de violència masclista i a entitats que treballen amb elles. Els resultats ens demostren que existeixen múltiples mancances en l’abordatge de la violència masclista als jutjats, que es reflecteixen en temes com: la manca d’informació, la valoració del risc, l’existència de mites i prejudicis vers les dones, la manca de formació, ... Aquestes mancances són generadores de l’anomenada victimització secundària. La situació descrita posa de manifest la necessitat de fer un veritable abordatge dels problemes detectats per tal de fer realment efectiva i eficient la lluita contra la violència masclista sobre les dones a seu judicial.

El pacient agredeix el professional? La violència laboral de tipus II: un fenomen existent

Aquest article de caràcter descriptiu té la finalitat d’exposar un fenomen existent com és la violència laboral. La violència laboral, un constructe amb pocs anys d’estudi, afecta totes les professions i les diferents categories professionals. S’estructura en cinc apartats. En el primer, es defineix pròpiament l’objecte d’estudi; en el segon, les dades de l’abast del fenomen; en el tercer, la tipologia; en el quart les teories que expliquen el perquè es produeix i en l’últim els factors de risc.

La desigualdad en el consumo familiar. Diferencias de género en la España contemporánea (1850-1930)

In the last few years, Economic Theory has revised two basic ideas around the economics of the household: that family income is the result of the individual income of each of its members (income pooling), and that all family members living in the household have equal access to its resources. Unequal access to family resources (among women and men, on the one hand, and among the elderly, adults and children, on the other), is now understood as an input (for instance, that women eat less food and of worst quality than men), and as an output (for instance that women have poorer health, higher epidemic mortality, or are less tall than men as a result, among other things, of having received less food and poorer medical care, and/or of a heavier workload). Despite the fact that inequality in intra‐family consumption has become the center of attention in academic and international agencies, it can still not be found in the agenda of Economic History. In this paper we look at some of the resources consumed by Spanish families in the 19th century: food, alcoholic beverages, clothes and shoes. Medical topographies, our main source, suggest that unequal access to family resources among household members had a strong impact on their health and wellbeing.

Més violència XY

A l'article anterior (AVUI, 14 de febrer) plantejava la necessitat d'entendre les arrels biològiques de la violència de gènere com a pas necessari per eliminar-la. De manera molt resumida, deia que cal rebuscar entre els instints evolutius més primaris de qualsevol ésser viu: la supervivència, que ha afavorit comportaments agressius; i la reproducció, entesa com la transmissió de les formes gèniques pròpies als descendents [...].

Violència XY

Una enquesta realitzada per l'Institut de la Dona ha posat de manifest que a l'Estat espanyol hi ha 1,8 milions de dones que són víctimes de maltractaments tècnics, que inclouen agressions físiques, verbals i menyspreus sistemàtics, i arriben al paroxisme amb els assassinats de dones per les seves parelles o ex-parelles (68 víctimes mortals el 2006). Una de les preguntes que tot sovint em faig és sobre el perquè de la violència en els humans, i en concret la de gènere [...].

¿Qué entienden los jóvenes universitarios por monogamia y sexo sin penetración, como estrategias preventivas de la transmisión sexual del virus del SIDA? = What university students understand by monogamy and sex without penetration as preventive strategies of sexual transmission of AIDS virus?

Monogamy and sex without penetration are behaviors recommended by the WHO to avoid AIDS virus sexual transmission. Seven hundred and fifty university students from 18 to 25 years (67.7% women) were surveyed and they were asked to give a maximum of three free definitions of the words monogamy and sex without penetration to prevent AIDS virus sexual transmission. Their participation was voluntary and anonymous. Although the majority of the answers was correct, there was a considerable percentage of wrong answers, either for monogamy (3.7% masturbation; 2.1% to have many partners; 0.9% homosexual relations), or for sex without penetration (20.5% oral sex; 1.1% anal coitus; 0.8% coitus without orgasm; 0.4% coitus interruptus). Some definitions or examples differ by gender. The amount of wrongs or incomplete answers put researchers on the alert about insufficient preventive knowledge in a population with a high educational level

Transdermal formulations containing human sexual steroids: development and validation of methods and in vitro drug release

In vitro release of bioidentical hormones in four different liposomal transdermal emulsions (containing testosterone, progesterone, estradiol, or estradiol and estriol) was assessed. For this purpose, novel high-performance liquid chromatography methods were developed and validated in an eco-friendly manner and used to determine the in vitro release of such products. The methods were suitable for our intended goal, and the emulsions employed were found to be effective as transporting candidates for the efficient release of hormones in the transdermal delivery of human sexual steroids.