Degenerate four-wave-mixing signals from dc- and ac-driven semiconductor superlattice

Within the one-dimensional tight-binding model;rnd chi-3 approximation, we have calculated four-wave-mixing (FWM) signals for a semiconductor superlattice in the presence of both static and high-frequency electric fields. When the exciton effect is negligible, the time-periodic field dynamically delocalizes the otherwise localized Wannier-Stark states, and accordingly quasienergy band structures are formed, and manifest in the FWM spectra as a series of equally separated continua. The width of each continuum is proportional to the joint width of the valence and conduction minibands and is independent of the Wannier-Stark index. The realistic homogeneous broadening blurs the continua into broad peaks, whose line shapes, far from the Lorentzian, vary with the delay time in the FWM spectra. The swinging range of the peaks is just the quasienergy bandwidth. The dynamical delocalization (DDL) also induces significant FWM signals well beyond the excitation energy window. When the Coulomb interaction is taken into account, the unequal spacing between the excitonic Wannier-Stark levels weakens the DDL effect, and the FWM spectrum is transformed into groups of discrete lines. Strikingly, the groups are evenly spaced by the ac field frequency, reflecting the characteristic of the quasienergy states. The homogeneous broadening again smears out the line structures, leading to the excitonic FWM spectra quite similar to those without the exciton effect. However, all these features predicted by the dynamical theory do not appear in a recent experiment [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 301 (1997)], in which, by using the static approximation the observed Wannier-Stark ladder with delay-time-dependent spacing in the FWM spectra is attributed to a temporally periodic dipole field, produced by the Bloch oscillation of electrons in real space. The contradiction between the dynamical theory and the experiments is discussed. In addition, our calculation indicates that the dynamical localization coherently enhances the time-integrated FWM signals. The feasibility of using such a technique to study the dynamical localization phenomena is shown. [S0163-1829(99)10607-6].

Electronic states of a two-dimensional electron system in a lateral superlattice and a perpendicular magnetic field

The electronic state of a two-dimensional electron system (2DES) in the presence of a perpendicular uniform magnetic field and a lateral superlattice (LS) is investigated theoretically. A comparative study is made between a LS induced by a spatial electrostatic potential modulation (referred to as a PMLS) and that induced by a spatial magnetic-field modulation (referred ro asa MMLS). By utilizing a finite-temperature self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation scheme; the dependence of the electronic state on different system parameters (e.g., the modulation period, the modulation strength, the effective electron-electron interaction strength, the averaged electron density, and the system temperature) is studied in detail. The inclusion of exchange effect is found to bring qualitative changes to the electronic state of a PMLS, leading generally to a nonuniform spin splitting, and consequently the behavior of the electronic state becomes similar to that of a MMLS. The Landau-level coupling is taken into account, and is found to introduce some interesting features not observed before. It is also found that, even in the regime of intermediate modulation strength, the density dependence of the spin splitting of energy levels, either for a PMLS or a MMLS, can be qualitatively understood within the picture of a 2DES in a perpendicular magnetic field with the modulation viewed as a perturbation. [S0163-1829(97)02248-0].

Thermal test and analysis of concentrator solar cells - art. no. 684117

Under high concentration the temperature of photovoltaic solar cells is very high. It is well known that the efficiency and performance of photovoltaic solar cells decrease with the increase of temperature. So cooling is indispensable for a concentrator photovoltaic solar cell at high concentration. Usually passive cooling is widely considered in a concentrator system. However, the thermal conduction principle of concentrator solar cells under passive cooling is seldom reported. In this paper, GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple junction solar cells were fabricated using metal organic chemical vapor deposition technique. The thermal conductivity performance of monolithic concentrator GaInP/GaAs/Ge cascade solar cells under 400X concentration with a heat sink were studied by testing the surface and backside temperatures of solar cells. The tested result shows that temperature difference between both sides of the solar cells is about 1K. A theoretical model of the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of the GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple junction solar cells was built, and the calculation temperature difference between both sides of the solar cells is about 0.724K which is consistent with the result of practical test. Combining the theoretical model and the practical testing with the upper surface temperature of tested 310K, the temperature distribution of the solar cells was researched.

Evaluating the effect of dislocation on the photovoltaic performance of metamorphic tandem solar cells

The photovoltaic conversion efficiency for monolithic GaInP/GaInAs/Ge triple-junction cell with various bandgap combination (300 suns, AM1.5d) was theoretically calculated. An impressive improvement on conversion efficiency was observed for a bandgap combination of 1.708, 1.194, and 0.67 eV. A theoretical investigation was carried out on the effect of dislocation on the metamorphic structure's efficiency by regarding dislocation as minority-carrier recombination center. The results showed that only when dislocation density was less than 1.6x10(6) cm(-2), can this metamorphic combination exhibit its efficiency advantage over the fully-matched combination. In addition, we also briefly evaluated the lattice misfit dependence of the dislocation density for a group of metamorphic triple-junction system, and used it as guidance for the choice of the proper cell structure.

Dynamics of Multi-Stage Bladed Disks Systems

This paper presents a new and original method for dynamical analysis of multistage cyclic structures such as turbomachinery compressors or turbines. Each stage is modeled cyclically by its elementary sector and the interstage coupling is achieved through a cyclic recombination of the interface degrees of freedom. This method is quite simple to set up; it allows us to handle the finite element models of each stage's sector directly and, as in classical cyclic symmetry analysis, to study the nodal diameter problems separately. The method is first validated on a simple case study which shows good agreements with a complete 360 deg reference calculation. An industrial example involving two HP compressor stages is then presented. Then the forced response application is presented in which synchronous engine order type excitations are considered.

Effects of multistage coupling and disk flexibility on mistuned bladed disk dynamics

The effects ofdisk flexibility and multistage coupling on the dynamics of bladed disks with and without blade mistuning are investigated. Both free and forced responses are examined using finite element representations of example single and two-stage rotor models. The reported work demonstrates the importance of proper treatment of interstage (stage-to-stage) boundaries in order to yield adequate capture of disk-blade modal interaction in eigenfrequency veering regions. The modified disk-blade modal interactions resulting from interstage-coupling-induced changes in disk flexibility are found to have a significant impact on (a) tuned responses due to excitations passing through eigenfrequency veering regions, and (b) a design's sensitivity to blade mistuning. Hence, the findings in this paper suggest that multistage analyses may be required when excitations are expected to fall in or near eigenfrequency veering regions or when the sensitivity to blade mistuning is to be accounted for Conversely, the observed sensitivity to disk flexibility also indicates that the severity of unfavorable structural interblade coupling may be reduced significantly by redesigning the disk(s) and stage-to-stage connectivity. The relatively drastic effects of such modifications illustrated in this work indicate that the design modifications required to alleviate veering-related response problems may be less comprehensive than what might have been expected.

分组密码的分析与设计

分组密码作为现代密码学的一个重要组成部分，是目前最重要和流行的一种数据加密技术，有着非常广泛的应用。此外，近年来分组密码或其组件还经常作为基础模块用于构造Hash函数，MAC算法等。因此对分组密码安全性的分析以及设计安全高效的分组密码算法，在理论研究及实际应用中都有着非常重要的意义。本文的研究内容主要包括两个方面：对现有常用分组密码的安全性分析，以及分组密码及其组件的设计。这两个方面是密不可分，相互融合的。通常都是利用算法存在的弱点或算法设计特点，提出新的密码分析算法。而在算法设计过程中，正是从密码分析获取经验，掌握设计算法的技巧和避免可能存在的缺陷。 本文首先对分组密码分析方法作了大量的调查和研究，在此基础上分析了一些国内外常用和有影响的分组密码，得到了一系列有价值的分析结果。并在密码分析工作的经验基础上，结合现有密码设计理论，在分组密码及其组件的设计方面做了比较深入的研究。本文的主要成果包括： (1) DES算法的分析。DES算法是迄今最重要的分组密码算法之一，目前在一些金融领域，DES和Triple-DES仍被广泛使用着。本文考察了DES算法针对Boomerang攻击和Rectangle攻击的安全性。通过利用DES算法各轮的最优差分路径及其概率，分别给出了这两种攻击方法对DES的攻击算法。 (2) Rijndael算法的分析。Rijndael算法是高级加密标准AES的原型。本文针对大分组Rijndael算法的各个不同版本，利用算法行移位和列混淆变换的一些密码特性，改进了原有的不可能差分攻击结果，极大的降低了攻击的数据和时间复杂度。同时还分别构造了一些新的更长轮的不可能差分路径，利用这些路径给出了一系列对大分组Rijndael算法的改进的不可能差分攻击，这些结果是目前已知的对该算法的最好攻击结果。 (3) SMS4算法的分析。SMS4算法是中国公布的用于无线局域网产品保护的算法。本文首先构造了SMS4算法的一类5轮循环差分特征，利用该特征分别给出了对16轮SMS4算法的矩阵攻击和对21轮SMS4算法的差分分析。随后考察了SMS4算法抵抗差分故障攻击的能力，基于字节故障模型，结合实验指出需要32次故障诱导来恢复全部密钥。后续的工作又进一步将结果改进为只需要进行一次故障诱导再结合2^{44}次密钥搜索即可恢复全部密钥。 (4) CLEFIA密码算法的分析。CLEFIA算法是索尼公司于2007年提出的用于产品版权保护和认证的分组密码算法。针对CLEFIA算法，本文构造了一条概率为1的5轮截断差分特征，再结合其扩散矩阵的密码特性构造了一条3轮线性逼近。随后利用这两条路径组成的8轮差分-线性区分器，给出了对10轮CLEFIA算法的有效的差分-线性攻击。 (5) 分组密码结构的设计及其应用。本文提出了两种新的分组密码结构，并指出了其与原有结构相比的优势，同时分别评估了这两种结构针对差分分析和线性分析等常用密码分析方法的安全性。基于这两个密码结构，结合部分密码组件的设计和测试工作，本文还完成了两个分组密码算法的概要设计，并简要评估了它们的实现效率及针对现有的几种主要密码分析方法的安全性。

对DES的Rectangle攻击和Boomerang攻击

作为加密标准，DES（data encryption standard）算法虽然已被AES（advanced encryption standard）算法所取代，但其仍有着不可忽视的重要作用．在一些领域，尤其是金融领域，DES和Triple DES仍被广泛使用着．而近年来又提出了一些新的密码分析方法，其中，Rectangle攻击和Boomerang攻击已被证明是非常强大而有效的．因此，有必要重新评估DES算法抵抗这些新分析方法的能力．研究了DES算法针对Rectangle攻击和Boomerang攻击的安全性．利用DES各轮最优差分路径及其概率，分别得到了对12轮DES的Rectangle攻击和对11轮DES的Boomerang攻击．攻击结果分别为：利用Rectangle攻击可以攻击到12轮DES，数据复杂度为2~(62)。个选择明文，时间复杂度为2~(42)次12轮加密；利用Boomerang攻击可以攻击到11轮DES，数据复杂度为2~(58)个适应性选择明密文，时间复杂度为2~(38)次11轮加密．由于使用的都是DES各轮的最优差分路径，所以可以相信，该结果是Rectangle攻击和Boomerang攻击对DES所能达到的最好结果．

Four-wave mixing self-stability based on photonic crystal fiber and its applications on erbium-doped fiber lasers

The analytic solutions of coupled-mode equations of four-wave mixings (FWMs) are achieved by means of the undepleted approximation and the perturbation method. The self-stability mechanism of the FWM processes is theoretically proved and is applicable to design a new kind of triple-wavelength erbium-doped fiber lasers. The proposed fiber lasers with excellent stability and uniformity are demonstrated by using a flat-near-zero-dispersion high-nonlinear photonic-crystal-fiber. The significant excellence is analyzed in theory and is proved in experiment. Our fiber lasers can stably lase three waves with the power ripple of less than 0.4 dB. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Multi-wavelength erbium-doped fibre lasers on assistance of high-nonlinear photonic-crystal fibres

On the basis of self-stability effect of four-wave mixings (FWMs) in high-nonlinear photonic-crystal fibres, a novel multi-wavelength erbium-doped fibre (EDF) laser is proposed and demonstrated experimentally at room temperature. The proposed lasers have the capacity of switching and tuning with excellent uniformity and stability. By means of adjusting the attenuators, the triple-, four-, or five-wavelength EDF lasers can be lasing simultaneously. With the assistance of the FWM self-stability function, the multi-wavelength spectrum is excellently stabilized with uniformity less than 0.9 dB.

Coherent laser control in attosecond sum-frequency polarization beats using twin noisy driving fields

Based on the phase-conjugate polarization interference between two-pathway excitations, we obtained an analytic closed form for the second-order or fourth-order Markovian stochastic correlation of the V three-level sum-frequency polarization beat (SFPB) in attosecond scale. Novel interferometric oscillatory behavior is exposed in terms of radiation-radiation, radiation-matter, and matter-matter polarization beats. The phase-coherent control of the light beams in the SFPB is subtle. When the laser has broadband linewidth, the homodyne detected SFPB signal shows resonant-nonresonant cross correlation, a drastic difference for three Markovian stochastic fields, and the autocorrelation of the SFPB exhibits hybrid radiation-matter detuning terahertz damping oscillation. As an attosecond ultrafast modulation process, it can be extended intrinsically to any sum frequency of energy levels. It has been also found that the asymmetric behaviors of the polarization beat signals due to the unbalanced controllable dispersion effects between the two arms of interferometer do not affect the overall accuracy in case using the SFPB to measure the Doppler-free energy-level sum of two excited states.

Lateral periodicity in highly-strained (GaIn)As/Ga(PAs) superlattices investigated by X-ray scattering techniques

In this work we investigate the lateral periodicity of symmetrically strained (GaIn)As/GaAs/Ga(PAs)/GaAs superlattices by means of X-ray scattering techniques. The multilayers were grown by metalorganic Vapour phase epitaxy on (001)GaAs substrates, which were intentionally off-oriented towards the [011]-direction. The substrate off-orientation and the strain distribution was found to affect the structural properties of the superlattices inducing the generation of laterally ordered macrosteps. Several high-resolution triple-crystal reciprocal space maps, which were recorded for different azimuth angles in the vicinity of the (004) Bragg diffraction and contour maps of the specular reflected beam collected in the vicinity of the (000) reciprocal lattice point, are reported and discussed. The reciprocal space maps clearly show a two-dimensional periodicity of the X-ray peak intensity distribution which can be ascribed to the superlattice periodicity in the direction of the surface normal and to a lateral periodicity in a crystallographic direction coinciding with the miscut orientation. The distribution and correlation of the vertical as well as of the lateral interface roughness was investigated by specular reflectivity and diffuse scattering measurements. Our results show that the morphology of the roughness is influenced by the off-orientation angle and can be described by a 2-dimensional waviness.