Efeito do lodo de esgoto e nitrogênio na nutrição e desenvolvimento inicial da mamoneira

Aiming to evaluate the application effect of different sewage sludge ( SS) doses, with and without nitrogen addition, in the castorbean initial development, one experiment was installed in an entirely randomized experimental design, in split-plot scheme 5 X 2, constituted of five sewage sludge doses (0, 4, 8, 16 e 32 Mg ha(-1)) and nitrogen addition or not (15 kg ha(-1)), with five replications. The experimental unit was constituted of plastic bags with capacity of 3,5 dm(3) of soil. Fifty days after emergency it was evaluated height of plants, dry matter of the aerial part, nutrient content in the aerial part, soil electrical conductivity and soil chemical analysis. The SS doses promoted increase in the height of plants and dry matter of castorbean. The concentration of N, K, Mg and S and also the micronutrients Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the aerial part of the plants also suffered a positive effect with SS doses, the same didn't occur for the P and Ca concentrations. N addition increased the concentration of N, S, Cu and Zn in the plants. The SS did not present significant effect over pH levels, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, organic matter and soil cation exchange capacity after the experiment conduction period.

Índice relativo de clorofila e o estado nutricional em nitrogênio durante o ciclo do cafeeiro fertirrigado

O clorofilômetro (SPAD-502, Minolta) é um aparelho portátil que permite obtenção do índice relativo de clorofila (IRC) de modo simples, rápido e não destrutivo no próprio campo, o qual se correlaciona com a concentração de N em várias culturas, e que pode tornar mais rápida a correção de deficiência, otimizando a utilização da fertirrigação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar se o IRC pode ser indicativo do estado nutricional em N, podendo auxiliar no ajuste da fertirrigação nitrogenada durante o ciclo do cafeeiro. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Botucatu, SP, em área com cafeeiros do cultivar Catuaí Vermelho, com dois anos, no espaçamento de 2,5 x 0,8 m e irrigado por gotejamento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, aplicando-se um tratamento sem adubação, mas com irrigação, e mais quatro tratamentos utilizando fertirrigação com 33, 66, 100 e 133 % da dose de N recomendada, parcelada semanalmente (52,8; 105,6; 160,0; e 212,7 kg ha-1, respectivamente). O IRC aumentou linearmente com as doses de N, e a produtividade correlacionou-se significativamente com o IRC, do florescimento até a colheita, porém não com a concentração de N foliar. Os IRCs nos cafeeiros com maior produtividade foram de 81,5 a 83,2 (florescimento e início de expansão dos frutos), de 76,2 a 78,3 (expansão dos frutos), de 68,3 a 69,8 (início da granação), de 64,0 a 65,9 (na granação) e de 61,7 a 62,7 unidades SPAD (na maturação). O clorofilômetro pode ser utilizado para definir a probabilidade de resposta ao N no decorrer do ciclo do cafeeiro.

Recuperação do nitrogênio da mistura de uréia e sulfato de amônio por plantas do milho

A mistura de uréia com fertilizantes de características ácidas aplicada ao solo pode aumentar a concentração de íons H+ próximos do grânulo e promover a redução da perda de N por volatilização. O experimento foi desenvolvido em vasos com 15 kg de Latossolo Vermelho textura média, sob túnel plástico, em Botucatu (SP), nos quais foram crescidas plantas de milho (duas plantas por vaso) até o pendoamento (66 dias após a emergência - DAE). Como tratamentos foi realizada a adubação (100 mg dm-3 N), no estádio de cinco folhas (30 DAE) utilizando os seguintes fertilizantes ou misturas físicas: (1) uréia (UR), enriquecida com 15N; (2) sulfato de amônio (SA), enriquecido com 15N; (3) sulfnitro (80% de N-UR e 20% de N-SA no mesmo grânulo); (4) mistura de UR (80% N) e SA (20% N e enriquecido com 15N); (5) mistura de UR (50% N) e SA (50% N), enriquecidos com 15N; (6) mistura de UR (50% N) e SA (50% N e enriquecido com 15N), (7) mistura de UR (50% N) e SA (50% N), enriquecido com 15N, diluídos em água (solução contendo 3% de N) e mais um tratamento que não recebeu N. A mistura de UR e SA não promoveu aumento na recuperação do N da uréia na planta de milho. do total de 15N-fertilizante aplicado, aproximadamente, 67% foram recuperados pela planta de milho (29% nas folhas, 25% no caule e 13% nas raízes) e 6% no solo, com uma perda estimada de 27%. O 15N da uréia foi recuperado em menor quantidade no caule em relação ao N do sulfato de amônio.

Estado nutricional em nitrogênio da grama esmeralda avaliado por meio do teor foliar, clorofilômetro e imagem digital, em área adubada com lodo de esgoto

A intensidade da cor verde da folha pode ser alternativa para estimar a concentração de N na planta, devido à relação entre o teor de clorofila e o de N no tecido foliar. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar índices da cor verde da grama esmeralda obtidos da análise da imagem digital e pelo uso do clorofilômetro para predizer o estado nutricional em N fornecido pelo lodo de esgoto. O experimento foi instalado e desenvolvido em uma propriedade comercial de grama esmeralda, localizada na cidade de Itapetininga (SP). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e cinco doses de lodo de esgoto: 0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 Mg ha-1, base seca. As doses de lodo aplicadas correspondem a 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio disponível. Foram avaliadas as concentrações de N e a intensidade de coloração verde da folha pelo uso do clorofilômetro (ICV) e por meio da análise da imagem digital (G, H e ICVE) aos 45, 105 e 165 dias após a aplicação do lodo. Os valores de intensidade obtidos foram correlacionados com a concentração de N na lâmina foliar e com a taxa de cobertura do solo determinada nas mesmas épocas. A aplicação de doses de lodo de esgoto proporcionou aumento dos índices de cor verde e da concentração de N nas folhas da grama esmeralda. A concentração de N na lâmina foliar pode auxiliar a adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, pois proporcionou altas correlações com a taxa de cobertura do solo. O matiz (H) obtido com a imagem digital e a intensidade de cor verde da folha (ICV) obtida com o clorofilômetro correlacionaram-se com a concentração de N e com a taxa de cobertura do solo e, dessa forma, podem servir como índices na recomendação da adubação nitrogenada.

Crescimento e fixação biológica do nitrogênio em soja cultivada com doses de lodo de esgoto compostado

The use of sewage sludge is a highly promising practice for the development of sustainable agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate doses of sewage sludge composted with and without Rhizobium inoculation in leaf N content, nodule number, nodule dry weight and plant during flowering. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Soil Science and Natural Resources College of Agricultural Sciences of Botucatu, using as substrate used in vessels of 30 liters a Red Yelow Latosol sandy texture with experimental design adopted was randomized blocks constituted for 10 treatments and five doses of composted sewage sludge (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 t ha(-1)) with or without inoculation Bradyrhizobium japonic with three replications. There was an increase in the number and dry weight of nodules and shoot dry mass of soybeans due to the increase of the dose of sludge up to a dose of 20 t ha(-1) and after this dose there was a decrease of these parameters. At a dose of 10 t ha(-1) sludge compost inoculated seeds showed higher for foliar concentrations of N and number of nodules compared with uninoculated seeds. At a dose of 30 t ha(-1) inoculated seeds were higher compared to uninoculated in all parameters.

Produção de tapetes de grama Santo Agostinho submetida a doses de nitrogênio

Nitrogen is the nutrient that provides the greatest turfgrass growth responses and the adequate nitrogen fertilization can provide sod formation in less time and firm to be handled after harvest. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen levels in the formation of St. Augustinegrass sod. The experiment was conducted in a sod production farm in Itapetininga, SP. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of five N doses: 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg ha(-1), split into three applications. Increased levels of nitrogen affected the soil cover rate by the St. Augustinegrass reducing the time for sod formation. The leaf N concentration and intensity of green grass were influenced by nitrogen doses, and with the rate of green coverage rate (GCR) of soil, can be used to assist in the recommendation of N doses. Rate of 430 kg ha(-1) of N provided the production of St. Augustinegrass sod resistant the harvest and transport, within ten months.

Remoção de nitrogênio em biofiltros aerado e anóxico, com alto índice de vazios e sem remoção de lodo

The improper disposal of nitrogen in receiving water courses causes problems such as toxicity to living beings through the consumption of oxygen to meet the nitrogen demand, eutrophication and nitrate contamination of aquifers. For this reason it is often necessary to be carried out complementary treatment of wastewater to eliminate or reduce the concentration of this compound in the wastewater. The objective of this study is to evaluate the biological removal of nitrogen compounds using submerged aerated and anoxic filters as post-treatment of an anaerobic system, with low cost and innovative technology, which in previous studies has shown high removal efficiency of organic matter and great potential biological nitrogen compounds removal. The simple design with perforated hoses for air distribution and filling with plastic parts proved to be very efficient in relation to organic matter removal and nitrification. The system presented, in the best stage, efficiency in converting ammonia to nitrate by 71%, and produced a final effluent concentration below 10 mg / L of NH3-N. In addition, carbon concentration was removed by 77%, producing final effluent with 24 mg/L COD. However, denitrification in anoxic filter was not effective even with the addition of an external carbon source. There was a reduction of up to 56% of nitrogen caused by the process of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). The high voids space presented by this type of support material coupled with direct aeration of the sludge, allows the respiration of biomass retained between the endogenous phase, increased cell retention time and sludge retention capacity, producing a final effluent with turbidity less than 5 UT and total suspended solids around 5.0 mg/L

Suplementacao de zinco orgânico na racão de frangos de corte alojados em cama nova ou reutilizada

Abstract: Several factors can affect the development of the broiler, among them we can highlight nutrition and management. In the context nutritional, mineral supplementation is a necessary practice because, in general, the diets did not contain these elements in sufficient quantity to meet the needs of poultry. Zinc is a trace mineral essential to life, participating in several important functions in the body. Generally zinc is added to diets of birds in inorganic forms (oxides, carbonates or sufatos), however in its organic form or chelated presents more bioavailable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of levels of organic zinc (ZnO) in the diet of broilers from 1 to 42 days, housed in new or reused litter. The experiment was conducted in the poultry sector of the Special Unit for Agricultural Sciences EAJ / UFRN. 576 chicks were used 1 day of commercial strain Cobb, distributed in a completely randomized in a 4x2 factorial arrangement with four levels of ZnO 0, 40, 80 and 120 ppm and two environments, new bed (COn) and reused litter (CRE) resulting in eight treatments with six replications of 12 birds. In the pre-initial responses were linearly increasing levels of ZnO on feed intake and quadratic effect on body weight and weight gain. The levels of 72.41 and 70.05 ppm of ZnO in the diet of chicks improved body weight and weight gain, respectively. There was interaction between ZnO and the type of bedding used. The ZnO did not affect broiler performance in the growing phase. There was an interaction between levels of ZnO and type of bed used. The levels of 61.50 and 85.30 ppm organic zinc improves immunity and increases the deposition of zinc in tibia of broilers at 42 days, respectively. ZnO also increases the resistance of the skin of broilers at 42 days of age. Using Cre improves performance of broilers from 1 to 42 days old

Agricultura familiar: uma perspectiva da qualidade de vida do produtor rural orgânico da Paraíba

Knowledge of quality of life is a very complex and rich in cultural and subjective dimensions, understood in a broad sense and multivariate theme. Considering the rural areas from agriculture, it is observed that the production standard defines significant changes in the environmental context and the quality of life of rural workers. To explain the relationship between quality of life and Family Organic Agriculture, we sought to analyze the quality of life of the organic family farmer, after change in agricultural management. The research, based on a procedure exploratory study supported the articulation theoretically constructed, showed their relevance and allowed to delimit with greater security, the central question of work. The WHOQOL - 100 treated the instrument of research on quality of life that directed the field study with organic farmers from the town of Lagoa Seca / PB. Farmers and family members are from rural regions Almeida, Alvinho, Lagoa de Barro, Lagoa Gravatá, Oiti and Pau Ferro. The average time is 39 years farming and organic family farm is 16 years. In the analysis work was found that the process of production of vegetables and fruits is divided into 08 steps and with respect to workloads observations showed the presence of: physical loads, mechanical stresses, psychological burden and ergonomic factors. Most farmers reported symptoms were fatigue and cramps in the legs . Regarding the quality of life was noticed that the Psychological Domain contributed positively to the quality of life with mean and standard deviation (17.83 ± 12.78) and Domain Environment negatively contributing to the quality of life of this group (9.00 ± 6.82). We conclude that the practice of Family Organic Agriculture should be seen as an effective strategy in promoting quality of life and social values in between, since it presents environmental sustainability with regard to life and socio-cultural diversity of populations

Estudo da regeneração de aditivos para catalisadores de craqueamento aluminofosfatos (ALPO s)e silicoaluminofosfatos (SAPO s)

Heterogeneous catalysts such as aluminophosphate and silicoaluminophosphate, molecular sieves with AEL of ALPO-11 and SAPO-11, were synthesized by the hydrothermal method with the following molar composition: 2.9 Al +3.2 P + 3.5 DIPA +32.5 H20 (ALPO-11); 2.9 Al +3.2 P + 0.5 Si + 3.5 DIPA +32.5 H20 (SAPO-11) starting from silica (only in the SAPO-11), pseudoboehmite, orthophosphoric acid (85%) and water, in the presence of a di-isopropylamine organic template. The crystallization process occurred when the reactive hydrogel was charged into a vessel and autoclaved at 170ºC for a period of 48 hours under autogeneous pressure. The obtained materials were washed, dried and calcined to remove the molecular sieves of DIPA. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermo gravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and nitrogen adsorption (BET). The acidic properties were determined using adsorption of n-butylamine followed by programmed thermodessorption. This method revealed that ALPO-11 has weaker acid sites due to structural defects, while SAPO-11 shows an acidity that ranges from weak to moderate. However, a small quantity of strong acid sites could be detected there. The deactivation of the catalysts was conducted by the cracking of the n-hexane in a fixed bed continuous flow microrreator coupled on line to a gas chromatograph. The main products obtained were: ethane, propane, isobutene, n-butane, n-pentane and isopentane. The Vyazovkin (model-free) kinetics method was used to determine the regeneration and removal of the organic template

Síntese, caracterização e aplicação do MCM-41 e A1-MCM-41 na pirólise do resíduo atmosférico de petróleo

In present work, mesoporous materials of the M41S family were synthesized, which were discovered in the early 90s by researchers from Mobil Oil Corporation, thus allowing new perspectives in the field of catalysis. One of the most important members of this family is the MCM-41, which has a hexagonal array of mesopores with pore diameters ranging from 2 to 10 nm and a high surface area, enabling it to become very promising for the use as a catalyst in the refining of oil in the catalytic cracking process, since the mesopores facilitate the access of large hydrocarbon molecules, thereby increasing the production of light products, that are in high demand in the market. The addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 increases the acidity of the material, making it more beneficial for application in the petrochemical industry. The mesoporous materials MCM-41 and Al-MCM-41 (ratio Si / Al = 50) were synthesized through the hydrothermal method, starting with silica gel, NaOH and distilled water. CTMABr was used as template, for structural guiding. In Al-MCM-41 the same reactants were used, with the adding of pseudoboehmite (as a source of aluminum) in the synthesis gel. The syntheses were carried out over a period of four days with a daily adjustment of pH. The optimum conditions of calcination for the removal of the organic template (CTMABr) were discovered through TG / DTG and also through analysis by XRD, FTIR and Nitrogen Adsorption. It was found that both the method of hydrothermal synthesis and calcination conditions of the studies based on TG were promising for the production of mesoporous materials with a high degree of hexagonal array. The acidic properties of the materials were determined by desorption of n-butylamine via thermogravimetry. One proved that the addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 promoted an increase in the acidity of the catalyst. To check the catalytic activity of these materials, a sample of Atmospheric Residue (RAT) that is derived from atmospheric distillation of oil from the Pole of Guamaré- RN was used. This sample was previously characterized by various techniques such as Thermogravimetry, FTIR and XRF, where through thermal analysis of a comparative study between the thermal degradation of the RAT, the RAT pyrolysis + MCM-41 and RAT + Al- MCM-41. It was found that the Al-MCM-41 was most satisfactory in the promotion of a catalytic effect on the pyrolysis of the RAT, as the cracking of heavy products in the waste occurred at temperatures lower than those observed for the pyrolysis with MCM-41, and thereby also decreasing the energy of activation for the process and increasing the rates of conversion of residue into lighter products

Avaliação da síntese e caracterização de zeólita ZSM-5 ausente de direcionador orgânico estrutural

The catalytic processes play a vital role in the worldwide economy, a business that handles about US$ 13 billion per year because the value of products depends on the catalytic processes, including petroleum products, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, synthetic rubbers and plastics, among others. The zeolite ZSM-5 is used as catalyst for various reactions in the area petrochemical, petroleum refining and fine chemicals, especially the reactions of cracking, isomerization, alkylation, aromatization of olefins, among others. Many researchers have studied the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 free template and they obtained satisfactory results, so this study aims to evaluate the hydrothermal synthesis and the physicochemical properties of ZSM-5 with the presence and absence of template compared with commercial ZSM-5. The methods for hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 are of scientific knowledge, providing the chemical composition required for the formation of zeolitic structure in the presence and absence of template. Samples of both zeolites ZSM-5 in protonic form were obtained by heat treatment and ion exchange, according to procedures reported in the literature. The sample of commercial ZSM-5 was acquired by the company Sentex Industrial Ltda. All samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TG / DTG / DSC, N2 adsorption and desorption and study of acidity by thermo-desorption of probe molecule (n-butylamine), in order to understand their physicochemical properties. The efficiency of the methods applied in this work and reported in the literature has been proved by well-defined structure of ZSM-5. According as the evaluation of physicochemical properties, zeolite ZSM-5 free template becomes promising for application in the refining processes or use as catalytic support, since its synthesis reduces environmental impacts and production costs

Obtenção de diesel verde por craqueamento termocatalítico de óleo de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) sobre materiais nanoestruturados do tipo LaSBA-15

In order to obtain a biofuel similar to mineral diesel, lanthanum-incorporated SBA- 15 nanostructured materials, LaSBA-15(pH), with different Si/La molar ratios (75, 50, 25), were synthesized in a two-steps hydrothermal procedure, with pH-adjusting of the synthesis gel at 6, and were used like catalytic solids in the buriti oil thermal catalytic cracking. These solids were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen porosimetry and ethanol dehydration, aiming to active sites identify. Taken together, the analyses indicated that the synthesis method has employed to obtain materials highly ordered mesostructures with large average pore sizes and high surface area, besides suggested that the lanthanum was incorporated in the SBA-15 both into the framework as well as within the mesopores. Catalytic dehydration of ethanol over the LaSBA-15(pH) products has shown that they have weak Lewis acid and basic functionalities, indicative of the presence of lanthanum oxide in these samples, especially on the La75SBA-15(pH) sample, which has presented the highest selectivity to ethylene. The buriti oil thermal and thermal catalytic cracking, realized from the room temperature to 450 ºC in a simple distillation system, has allowed obtaining two liquid fractions, each consisting of two phases, one aqueous and another organic, organic liquid (OL). The OL obtained from first fractions has shown high acid index, even in the thermal catalytic process. One the other hand, OL coming from second ones, called green diesel (GD), have presented low acid index, particularly that one obtained from the thermal catalytic process realized over LaSBA-15(pH) samples. The acid sites presence in these samples, associated to their large average pore sizes and high surface areas, have allowed them, especially the La75SBA-15(pH), to present deoxygenating activity in the buriti oil thermal catalytic cracking, providing an oxygenates content reduction, particularly carboxylic acids, in the GD. Furthermore, the GD comes from the second liquid fraction obtained in the buriti oil thermal catalytic cracking over this latest solid sample has shown hydrocarbons composition and physic-chemical properties similar to that mineral diesel, beyond sulfur content low

Coberturas vegetais, doses de nitrogênio e inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense em arroz de terras altas no sistema plantio direto

O arroz é importante fonte de energia e proteínas para a população mundial, principalmente na Ásia e Oceania. No Brasil, juntamente com o feijão, constitui a base da alimentação. Tecnologias sustentáveis que reduzam custos da produção e aumentem a produtividade do arroz podem garantir seu suprimento em períodos de alta demanda. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes coberturas vegetais antecessoras (milheto [Pennisetum americanum], crotalária [Crotalaria juncea], guandu [Cajanus cajan], braquiária [Brachiaria ruziziensis], milheto + crotalária e milheto + guandu), doses de nitrogênio (N) em cobertura (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1) e o efeito da inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense no arroz de terras altas em sistema plantio direto no desenvolvimento e na produtividade. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 6x4x2 com quatro repetições. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um Latossolo Vermelho, em Selvíria, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, em 2011/2012. O cultivo do guandu antecedendo o arroz proporcionou maior produtividade do arroz somente em comparação a B. ruziziensi. A produtividade do arroz em função das doses de N em cobertura se ajustou a uma função quadrática. Não houve influência da inoculação de sementes com A. brasilense sobre a produtividade do arroz, porém houve interação entre a inoculação e as coberturas vegetais sobre o teor de N foliar, número de panículas por m², matéria seca de plantas de arroz e a massa de cem grãos.

Preparo do solo e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura em arroz de terras altas

As influências do sistema de preparo do solo e da adubação nitrogenada não estão bem definidas para o arroz de terras altas. Assim, com o objetivo de avaliar os componentes da produtividade e o rendimento industrial do arroz de terras altas irrigado por aspersão, em função do preparo do solo e de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura, conduziu-se o experimento em condições de campo, em Selvíria (MS), por duas safras consecutivas: 2003/2004 (cultivar BRS Talento) e 2004/2005 (cultivar IAC 202). Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, constituído pela combinação de três manejos de solo (grade aradora + grade niveladora, escarificador + grade niveladora e plantio direto) e seis doses de N em cobertura (0 kg ha-1, 25 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 75 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1 e 125 kg ha-1), com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a concentração de N na folha, altura de plantas, componentes de produção, produtividade e o rendimento industrial dos grãos. O preparo do solo com escarificador + grade niveladora propiciou a obtenção de maiores produtividades das duas cultivares, enquanto a adubação nitrogenada em cobertura interferiu apenas na produtividade da cultivar IAC 202, sem afetar o rendimento industrial de grãos.