Uso responsable de antimicrobianos: control de la resistencia bacteriana en los hatos caprinos de la provincia de Córdoba, a través de un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológico.

La provincia de Córdoba contempla dentro de sus prioridades productivas agropecuarias al sector caprino, para favorecer el desarrollo económico y social de la región. El control y tratamiento de las diferentes enfermedades es de vital importancia tanto para maximizar la producción del hato como para cumplir con las exigencias sanitarias. Además de los antiparasitarios, los antimicrobianos constituyen el grupo de fármacos que mayormente se suelen emplear en los sistemas productivos animales, inclusive en el caprino. El uso de estos medicamentos, conlleva inevitablemente a la presentación de resistencia bacteriana, y es agravado con su utilización inadecuada o desmedida. El fenómeno de resistencia es cada vez más frecuente en las poblaciones animales y humanas, razón por la que motiva a la Organización Mundial de la Salud y a la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal a que sea una prioridad en sus políticas de promoción de salud. El seguimiento de este efecto a nivel regional, permitirá establecer medidas de control adecuadas y optimización del empleo de antimicrobianos. Proponemos establecer un sistema de vigilancia de resistencia bacteriana en cabras lecheras sanas y con infección intramamaria, de la región norte cordobesa. En la población sana se procederá al aislamiento de E. coli intestinal porque es un microorganismo indicador de riesgo, y se considera un reservorio de genes de resistencia. Por otra parte, se realizarán aislamientos de estafilococos de la leche de cabras con y sin presentación aparente de mastitis. Se utilizarán pruebas cuantitativas de susceptibilidad a diferentes antimicrobianos, obteniéndose valores de concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas (CIM). La vigilancia y el seguimiento de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos a través del valor de la CIM regional, son necesarios para observar la evolución de la resistencia, aportar datos para la realización de análisis de riesgos, proporcionar una base para formular recomendaciones sobre políticas de sanidad humana y animal, y aportar información para elaborar normas y recomendaciones de uso prudente.

Control de la reproducción en pequeños animales.

El control de la reproducción indeseada, en la especie felina, está muy lejos de ser manejado nacional e internacionalmente. Este hecho implica un problema social, medio ambiental y sanitario (mordeduras y zoonosis) grave. La comúnmente realizada, gonadectomía, es costosa, requiere personal entrenado, infraestructura, equipamiento y tiempos de ejecución y recuperación muy prolongados para el control masivo de grandes poblaciones de felinos. Por lo expuesto resulta relevante contribuir al control de la reproducción indeseada de los felinos domésticos evaluando nuevas tecnologías farmacológicas en etapas claves de la vida reproductiva. En los felinos domésticos no está descrito el efecto de los análogos de GnRH durante el periodo posnatal. En base a lo descrito en otros mamíferos y a nuestros estudios piloto en la especie, hipotetizamos que la administración de antagonistas de GnRH durante el periodo posnatal produce una severa alteración del desarrollo sexual futuro en los felinos domésticos. Estas alteraciones consistirían en postergación de la pubertad e infertilidad adulta. Por lo expuesto, nuestro objetivo específico es probar la eficacia (postergación de la pubertad e infertilidad) y la seguridad (ausencia de efectos colaterales) del antagonista GnRH, acyline en neonatos felinos para la postergación de la pubertad e infertilidad adulta.

La protección vegetal en los cultivos. Aportes desde la fitopatología para el manejo de las enfermedades. Biología, epidemiología, manejo y control de hongos y bacterias fitopatógenas asociados a cultivos.

Las enfermedades de los cultivos son uno de los factores de mayor incidencia en el rendimiento de los cultivos, sea por las pérdidas que ocasiona como en el incremento de costos que genera su control. La estrategia de manejo de enfermedades incluye una serie de medidas entre las que se cuenta el control químico. El uso indiscriminado de esta alternativa trae aparejado serios problemáticas biológicas en los organismos involucrados y puede ser factor de riesgo de la salud pública. El conocimiento de los agentes perjudiciales de los cultivos, su forma de causar enfermedad y el manejo y control de los mismos son factores fundamentales para reducir estos riesgos. Los nuevos sistemas de producción, los cambios que se generan en el agroecosistema, la generan de nuevos ingredientes activos fungicidas y la evolución de la genética en las poblaciones perjudiciales y benéficas plantean desafíos para enfrentar y la formulación de criterios y formas de manejo actualizadas. En experimentos conducidos en laboratorio, en cámaras de crecimiento, en lotes de producción y en invernaderos, se procurará desenvolver métodos de diagnóstico, cuantificación y control de los agentes causales de las principales enfermedades de cultivos, contribuyendo a la sustentabilidad de los mismos. También serán generados momentos de transmisión de conocimientos, para poder volcar a los diferentes sectores, productores, técnicos, empresas, estado y sociedad, la información generada, como recibir de ellos sus inquietudes para generar nuevos proyectos de investigación.

¿Pueden los cultivos de cobertura, que presentan características alelopáticas, ser una herramienta para el control de malezas y disminuir el uso de herbicidas, en la zona semiárida del centro de Argentina?

El incremento poblacional a nivel mundial y los intereses económicos, provoco en el sector agropecuario un aumento en la superficie destinada a la agricultura, principalmente en el cultivo de soja, desencadenando la incorporación de prácticas tecnológicas para mejorar la producción con mayor eficiencia. La herramienta que presento un fuerte impacto fue la adquisición de sojas con tecnología resistente a Glifosato, que por su uso desmedido surgieron las malezas resistentes; conjuntamente con la escasez de las precipitaciones y la falta de cultivos de invierno, provoco dificultades en el control de aquellas, y por consiguiente un aumento en los costos productivos. Se plantea de este modo la incógnita de pensar si los cultivos de cobertura que presentan características alelopáticas ¿Pueden ser una herramienta para el control de malezas y disminuir el uso de herbicidas, en la zona semiárida del centro de Argentina? Como respuesta presentamos en el presente proyecto, el análisis de los beneficios de la incorporación de prácticas agropecuarias, como el desarrollo de cultivos de cobertura con propiedades alelopáticas, con el fin de mejorar el control y manejo de malezas y lograr de este modo menores costos y contaminación ambiental. Este desafío comprende dos etapas, la primera consiste en la siembra de tres cultivos de invierno Cebada, Centeno y Avena (15 variedades) y la consiguiente selección de aquellos que presenten mejores propiedades alelopáticas para el control de malezas. En una segunda etapa, del cultivo seleccionado se estudian variedades comerciales y la posterior elección de aquel con mejor competitividad, evaluando las características optimas de densidad de siembra, a la cual se alcanzan la mayor captación de agua de lluvia y menor consumo de agua y además la fecha optima en la que debemos interferir en el desarrollo del cultivo (secado o destrucción). La investigación nos ayudara a contar con mayor información, para lograr mejores niveles productivos, preservando el suelo, ambiente y cuidado de todo el sistema productivo.

Odour nuisance in Ireland and the potential use of olfactometry for the control of odours

Odour nuisance in other European countries has led to the development of techniques which employ panels of human assessors for the determination of environmental odours. Odour measurement is not widely practised in Ireland, yet local authorities are frequently in receipt of odour derived public complaints. This dissertation examines the fundamentals of odour nuisance in terms of how we perceive odours, common sources of environmental odours, the principles of odour measurement (in particular the Sutch pre-standard on olfactometry) and the extent to which odour nuisance is a problem in Ireland. The intention is to provide a reference document for use by those interested parties in the country who may be variously involved in policy making, legislative development, enforcement of environmental law or any person who has an interest in odours and the public nuisance they can give rise to. In particular the aim was to provide previously undocumented information on the prevalence of odour nuisance in Ireland, the exercision of the available powers to control odours, and the possible value of odour measurement as part of a regulatory process. A questionnaire was circulated to all local authorities in the country and 82% responded with information on their experiences and views on the subject of odours. The results of the survey are presented in summary and detailed form.

Application of multivariate statistical process control to fuel cell manufacturing

Univariate statistical control charts, such as the Shewhart chart, do not satisfy the requirements for process monitoring on a high volume automated fuel cell manufacturing line. This is because of the number of variables that require monitoring. The risk of elevated false alarms, due to the nature of the process being high volume, can present problems if univariate methods are used. Multivariate statistical methods are discussed as an alternative for process monitoring and control. The research presented is conducted on a manufacturing line which evaluates the performance of a fuel cell. It has three stages of production assembly that contribute to the final end product performance. The product performance is assessed by power and energy measurements, taken at various time points throughout the discharge testing of the fuel cell. The literature review performed on these multivariate techniques are evaluated using individual and batch observations. Modern techniques using multivariate control charts on Hotellings T2 are compared to other multivariate methods, such as Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The latter, PCA, was identified as the most suitable method. Control charts such as, scores, T2 and DModX charts, are constructed from the PCA model. Diagnostic procedures, using Contribution plots, for out of control points that are detected using these control charts, are also discussed. These plots enable the investigator to perform root cause analysis. Multivariate batch techniques are compared to individual observations typically seen on continuous processes. Recommendations, for the introduction of multivariate techniques that would be appropriate for most high volume processes, are also covered.

Development of a semi-automatic self learning pattern recognition system for the control of electronic boards

This project was funded under the Applied Research Grants Scheme administered by Enterprise Ireland. The project was a partnership between Galway - Mayo Institute of Technology and an industrial company, Tyco/Mallinckrodt Galway. The project aimed to develop a semi - automatic, self - learning pattern recognition system capable of detecting defects on the printed circuits boards such as component vacancy, component misalignment, component orientation, component error, and component weld. The research was conducted in three directions: image acquisition, image filtering/recognition and software development. Image acquisition studied the process of forming and digitizing images and some fundamental aspects regarding the human visual perception. The importance of choosing the right camera and illumination system for a certain type of problem has been highlighted. Probably the most important step towards image recognition is image filtering, The filters are used to correct and enhance images in order to prepare them for recognition. Convolution, histogram equalisation, filters based on Boolean mathematics, noise reduction, edge detection, geometrical filters, cross-correlation filters and image compression are some examples of the filters that have been studied and successfully implemented in the software application. The software application developed during the research is customized in order to meet the requirements of the industrial partner. The application is able to analyze pictures, perform the filtering, build libraries, process images and generate log files. It incorporates most of the filters studied and together with the illumination system and the camera it provides a fully integrated framework able to analyze defects on printed circuit boards.

Investigation into the potential for establishing a self-sustainable wetland ecosystem over pyritic mine tailings

Research was conducted to investigate the potential for ecologically engineering a sustainable wetland ecosystem over pyritic mine tailings to prevent the generation of acid mine drainage. Ecological engineering is technology with the primary goal being the creation of self-sustainable ecological systems. Work involved the design and construction of a pilot-scale wetland system comprising three wetland cells, each covering 100 m2. Approximately forty tonnes of pyritic mine tailings were deposited on the base of the first cell above a synthetic liner, covered with peat, flooded and planted with emergent wetland macrophytes Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, and Juncus effusus. The second cell was constructed as a conventional free water surface wetland, planted identically, and used as a reference wetland/experimental control. Wetland monitoring to determine long-term sustainability focused on indicators of ecosystem health including ecological, hydrological, physico-chemical, geochemical, and biotic metrics. An integrated assessment was conducted that involved field ecology in addition to ecological risk assessment. The objective of the field ecology study was to use vegetative parameters as ecological indicators for documenting wetlands success or degradation. The goal of the risk assessment was to determine if heavy-metal contamination of the wetland sediments occurred through metal mobilisation from the underlying tailings, and to evaluate if subsequent water column chemistry and biotic metal concentrations were significantly correlated with adverse wetland ecosystem impacts. Data were used to assess heavy metal bioavailability within the system as a function of metal speciation in the wetland sediments. Results indicate hydrology is the most important variable in the design and establishment of the tailings wetland and suggest a wetland cover is an ecologically viable alternative for pyritic tailings which are feasible to flood. Ecological data indicate that in terms of species richness and diversity, the tailings-wetland was exhibiting the ecological characteristics of natural wetlands within two years. Ata indicate that pH and conductivity in the tailings-wetland were not adversely impacted by the acid-generating potential or sulphate concentration of the tailings substrate and its porewater. Similarly, no enhanced seasonal impacts from sulphate or metals in the water column, nor adverse impacts on the final water quality of the outflows, were detected. Mean total metal concentrations in the sediments of the tailings-wetland indicate no significant adverse mobilisation of metals into the peat substrate from the tailings. Correlation analyses indicate a general increase in sediment metal concentration in this wetland with increasing water depth and pH, and a corresponding decrease in the metal concentrations of the water column. Sediment extractions also showed enrichment of Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn in the oxidisable fraction (including sulphides and organic matter) of the tailings-wetland sediments. These data suggest that adsorption and coprecipitation of metals is occurring from the water column of the tailings wetland with organic material at increasing depths under reducing conditions. The long-term control of metal bioavailability in the tailings wetland will likely be related to the presence and continual build-up of organic carbon binding sites in the developing wetland above the tailings. Metal speciation including free-metal ion concentration and the impact of physico-chemical parameters particularly pH and organic matter, were investigated to assess ecotoxicological risk. Results indicate that potentially bioavailable metals (the sum of the exchangeable and reducible fractions) within the tailings wetland are similar to values cited for natural wetlands. Estimated free-metal ion concentrations calculated from geochemical regression models indicate lower free-metal ion concentrations of Cd in the tailings wetland than natural wetlands and slightly higher free-metal ion concentrations of Pb and Zn. Increased concentrations of metals in roots, rhizomes and stems of emergent macrophytes did not occur in the tailings wetland. Even though a substantial number of Typha latifolia plants were found rooting directly into tailings, elevated metals were not found in these plant tissues. Phragmites also did not exhibit elevated metal concentrations in any plant tissues. Typha and Phragmites populations appear to be exhibiting metal-tolerant behaviour. The chemistry of the water column and sediments in Silvermines wetland were also investigated and were much more indicative of a wetland system impacted by heavy metal contamination than the tailings-wetland. Mean Dc, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations in the water column and sediments of Silvermines wetlands were substantially higher than in the pilot wetlands and closely approximate concentrations in these matrices contaminated with metals from mining. In addition, mean sulphate concentration in Silvermines wetland was substantially higher and is closer to sulphate concentrations in waters associated with mining. Potentially bioavailable metals were substantially elevated in Silvermines wetland in comparison to the pilot wetlands and higher than those calculated for natural rive sediments. However, Fe oxy-hydroxide concentrations in Silvermines sediments are also much higher than in the pilot wetlands and this significantly impacts the concentration of free-metal ions in the sediment porewater. The free-metal ion concentrations for Pb and Zn indicate that Silvermines wetland is retaining metals and acting as a treatment wetland for drainage emanating from Silvermines tailings dam.

Nonlinear analysis and control of PEM fuel cells

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Diss., 2010

Financial structure choice in owner-managed firms : entrepreneurial characteristics, utility of control, and the competitive context

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Wirtschaftswiss., Diss., 2011

Synthesis of plantwide control strategies using mixed integer optimization

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Diss., 2012

Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients in the "Hiperdia Program": A Territory-Based Study

Background:Systemic hypertension is highly prevalent and an important risk factor for cardiovascular events. Blood pressure control in hypertensive patients enrolled in the Hiperdia Program, a program of the Single Health System for the follow-up and monitoring of hypertensive patients, is still far below the desired level.Objective:To describe the epidemiological profile and to assess blood pressure control of patients enrolled in Hiperdia, in the city of Novo Hamburgo (State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil).Methods:Cross-sectional study with a stratified cluster random sample, including 383 adults enrolled in the Hiperdia Program of the 15 Basic Health Units of the city of Porto Alegre, conducted between 2010 and 2011. Controlled blood pressure was defined as ≤140 mmHg × 90 mmHg. The hypertensive patients were interviewed and their blood pressure was measured using a calibrated aneroid device. Prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence interval, Wald's χ2 test, and simple and multiple Poisson regression were used in the statistical analysis.Results:The mean age was 63 ± 10 years, and most of the patients were females belonging to social class C, with a low level of education, a sedentary lifestyle, and family history positive for systemic hypertension. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was observed in 31%; adherence to the antihypertensive treatment in 54.3%; and 33.7% had their blood pressure controlled. DM was strongly associated with inadequate BP control, with only 15.7% of the diabetics showing BP considered as controlled.Conclusion:Even for hypertensive patients enrolled in the Hiperdia Program, BP control is not satisfactorily reached or sustained. Diabetic hypertensive patients show the most inappropriate BP control.

C allele of the IL-1B-511 SNP is associated with higher risk for Gastric Cancer and its premalignant lesion : a prospective case-control study in Peru

Magdeburg, Univ., Medizin. Fakultät, Diss., 2008

Stochastic effects and uncertainties in assessing electromagnetic interactions with control systems

Electromagnetic compatibility, lightning, crosstalk surge voltages, Monte Carlo simulation, accident initiator

Control of spiral wave dynamics by feedback mechanism via a triangular sensory domain

Spiral wave,feedback mechanism, photosensitive BZ reaction, excitable media, drift vetor field plot, planewave approximation, BZ, nonlinear