Priming for enhanced defence responses by specific inhibition of the Arabidopsis response to coronatine.

The priming agent β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) is known to enhance Arabidopsis resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 by potentiating salicylic acid (SA) defence signalling, notably PR1 expression. The molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unknown. A genome-wide microarray analysis of BABA priming during Pst DC3000 infection revealed direct and primed up-regulation of genes that are responsive to SA, the SA analogue benzothiadiazole and pathogens. In addition, BABA was found to inhibit the Arabidopsis response to the bacterial effector coronatine (COR). COR is known to promote bacterial virulence by inducing the jasmonic acid (JA) response to antagonize SA signalling activation. BABA specifically repressed the JA response induced by COR without affecting other plant JA responses. This repression was largely SA-independent, suggesting that it is not caused by negative cross-talk between SA and JA signalling cascades. Treatment with relatively high concentrations of purified COR counteracted BABA inhibition. Under these conditions, BABA failed to protect Arabidopsis against Pst DC3000. BABA did not induce priming and resistance in plants inoculated with a COR-deficient strain of Pst DC3000 or in the COR-insensitive mutant coi1-16. In addition, BABA blocked the COR-dependent re-opening of stomata during Pst DC3000 infection. Our data suggest that BABA primes for enhanced resistance to Pst DC3000 by interfering with the bacterial suppression of Arabidopsis SA-dependent defences. This study also suggests the existence of a signalling node that distinguishes COR from other JA responses.

Tolerance to preharvest sprouting and yield of wheat genotypes from different breeding programs

Abstract:The objective of this work was to characterize the performance of elite wheat genotypes from different Brazilian breeding programs for traits associated with grain yield and preharvest sprouting. The study was conducted in 2010 and 2011 in the municipality of Capão do Leão, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Thirty-three wheat genotypes were evaluated for traits related to preharvest sprouting and grain yield. The estimate of genetic distance was used to predict potential combinations for selection of plants with high grain yield and tolerance to preharvest sprouting. The combined analysis of sprouted grains and falling number shows that the TBIO Alvorada, TBIO Mestre, Frontana, Fundacep Raízes, Fundacep Cristalino, and BRS Guamirim genotypes are tolerant to preharvest sprouting. Combinations of TBIO Alvorada and TBIO Mestre with Fundacep Cristalino show high potential for recovering superior genotypes for high grain yield and tolerance to preharvest sprouting.

Personality traits are associated with acute major depression across the age spectrum.

Objectives: Psychological predictors, such as personality traits, have aroused growing interest as possible predictors of late-life depression outcome in old age. It remains, however, unclear whether the cross-sectional relationship between personality traits and depression occurrence reported in younger samples is also present in the elderly. Methods: Comparisons amongst 79 outpatients with DSM-IV major depression and 102 healthy controls included assessment of the five-factor model of personality (NEO PI-R), socio-demographic variables, physical health status, as well as depression features. Two sub-groups were considered, defined as young (25-50 years) and old (60-85 years) patients. Results: Depressed patients showed significantly higher levels of Neuroticism and lower levels of Extraversion, Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness compared to controls. Sequential logistic regression models confirmed that the combination of increased physical burden, levels of dependency, and increased Neuroticism strongly predicts the occurrence of acute depressive symptoms. In contrast, the levels of Neuroticism did not allow for differentiating late-life from young age depression. Increased physical burden and decreased depression severity were the main predictors for this distinction. Conclusion: Our data indicate that personality factors and depression are related, independently of patients' age. Differences in this relationship are mainly due to the intensity of depressive symptoms rather than the patients' life period. They also stress the need to consider physical health, level of dependency and severity of symptoms when studying the relationship between personality traits and mood disorders.

Indicadores geoespaciais para avaliação do impacto ambiental da suinocultura no licenciamento em âmbito municipal

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor e avaliar indicadores geoespaciais para analisar o impacto ambiental da atividade suinícola no licenciamento em âmbito municipal. O estudo foi conduzido no Município de Quinze de Novembro, RS. Foram avaliados indicadores ambientais em glebas agrícolas e bacias hidrográficas. Uma base de dados geoespacial foi criada, com uso de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas e de levantamento sistemático dos suinocultores e das glebas que recebem dejetos líquidos de suínos, o que incluiu propriedades suinícolas, uso atual das terras, tipos de solos, rede de drenagem e modelo digital do terreno. Os indicadores geoespaciais obtidos com as ferramentas de geoprocessamento foram: áreas da bacia com aplicação de dejetos suínos; áreas de preservação permanente existentes e a serem recuperadas; taxa de aplicação de dejetos; declividade; resistência à degradação; distância entre glebas com aplicação de dejetos e curso d'água; largura da faixa com potencial de amortecimento para dejetos entre glebas e curso d'água; distância entre instalação suinícola e curso d'água; conflito de instalações com área de preservação; e áreas que requerem recuperação ambiental. A interpretação desses indicadores possibilita avaliar os impactos ambientais potenciais da atividade suinícola nas propriedades rurais e nas bacias em que estão localizadas, o que permite identificar os locais de maior risco e subsidiar o licenciamento ambiental da atividade.

Low current and nadir CD4+ T-cell counts are associated with higher hepatitis C virus RNA levels in the Swiss HIV cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CD4+ T-cell counts and other characteristics of HIV-infected individuals on hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels. METHODS: All HIV-HCV-coinfected Swiss HIV Cohort Study participants with available HCV RNA levels and concurrent CD4+ T-cell counts before starting HCV therapy were included. Potential predictors of HCV RNA levels were assessed by multivariate censored linear regression models that adjust for censored values. RESULTS: The study included 1,031 individuals. Low current and nadir CD4+ T-cell counts were significantly associated with higher HCV RNA levels (P = 0.004 and 0.001, respectively). In individuals with current CD4+ T-cell counts < 200/microl, median HCV RNA levels (6.22 log10 IU/ml) were +0.14 and +0.24 log10 IU/ml higher than those with CD4+ T-cell counts of 200-500/microl and > 500/microl. Based on nadir CD4+ T-cell counts, median HCV RNA levels (6.12 log10 IU/ml) in individuals with < 200/microl CD4+ T-cells were +0.06 and +0.44 log10 IU/ml higher than those with nadir T-cell counts of 200-500/microl and > 500/microl. Median HCV RNA levels were also significantly associated with HCV genotype: lower values were associated with genotype 4 and higher values with genotype 2, as compared with genotype 1. Additional significant predictors of lower HCV RNA levels were female gender and HIV transmission through male homosexual contacts. In multivariate analyses, only CD4+ T-cell counts and HCV genotype remained significant predictors of HCV RNA levels. Conclusions: Higher HCV RNA levels were associated with CD4+ T-cell depletion. This finding is in line with the crucial role of CD4+ T-cells in the control of HCV infection.

D'une langue l'autre : l'écriture de C.F. Ramuz à travers le prisme de sa réception germanophone

Résumé de thèseC.F. Ramuz (1878-1947) compte parmi les auteurs de Suisse française les plus traduits au cours du XXe siècle. Ses romans, nouvelles, poèmes et essais ont circulé à travers le monde entier dans une trentaine de langues, totalisant plus de trois cents documents traduits. Malgré cette très large diffusion, aucune étude détaillée n'a permis à ce jour de présenter les enjeux de sa réception en dehors de l'aire francophone. Cette recherche vise à combler en partie cette lacune, en s'attachant à l'analyse de la réception germanophone de Ramuz. Comme celle-ci se concentre essentiellement sur un espace de production, de circulation et de discussion alémanique, ce travail aborde aussi une histoire des échanges littéraires en Suisse. Les aspects développés dans ce travail permettent d'identifier les facteurs qui ont conféré à Ramuz, dans le contexte spécifiquement suisse, la stature d'un écrivain national.C'est en 1921 que paraissent les premières traductions allemandes en volume, sous l'égide du traducteur bâlois Albert Baur. Werner Johannes Guggenheim, un homme de théâtre très engagé dans la vie culturelle suisse, lui emboîte le pas pour devenir dès 1927 le traducteur attitré de Ramuz. Entre 1927 et 1945, il signe vingt et une traductions qui feront l'objet de nombreuses rééditions. Durant cette large période, la lecture des textes de Ramuz est placée sous le sceau de la Défense spirituelle et le travail du traducteur contribue à renforcer les valeurs fondatrices du pays, par-delà les barrières linguistiques. Mais les textes de Ramuz prêtent aussi le flanc à un autre type de lecture idéologique : l'attachement de l'auteur au sol qui l'a vu naître fournit un terreau propice aux thèses du IIIe Reich et plusieurs travaux universitaires allemands investiguent la mystique paysanne de Ramuz pour le rattacher au canon de la littérature « Blut-und-Boden ». Il faut attendre les années 1970 pour qu'un vaste projet éditorial s'engage dans une réévaluation de l'oeuvre ramuzienne : entre 1972 et 1978, la maison Huber Verlag à Frauenfeld confie à différents traducteurs le soin de traduire les grands romans et les principaux essais de Ramuz sous le titre des Werke in sechs Bänden. La modernité de son écriture, son rythme et sa narration polyphonique ressortent alors à travers ces retraductions. Parallèlement, la réception germanophone de Ramuz est animée à la fin des années 1970 par une série de traductions en dialecte bernois réalisées par Hans Ulrich Schwaar. Depuis le début des années 1980, l'oeuvre de Ramuz se trouve toujours au catalogue des éditeurs de langue allemande, mais principalement en réédition. Pastorale, un recueil de nouvelles traduit par Peter Sidler en 1994 chez Limmat Verlag, représente toutefois une exception et semble ranimer dans l'aire germanophone la discussion autour des oeuvres de Ramuz.La recherche souligne ainsi les dynamiques particulières qui ont conditionné le transfert des textes de Ramuz en langue allemande. Elle révèle comment les traductions peuvent être le miroir des différentes politiques culturelles qui ont régi les échanges littéraires au sein de la Suisse durant tout le siècle passé. Cette étude permet aussi d'explorer la façon dont les instances littéraires suisses ont négocié le passage vers l'Allemagne, notamment sous le régime nazi. Enfin, sur le plan littéraire, l'analyse des textes traduits invite à une relecture des explorations stylistiques de l'écrivain romand : le regard transversal des traducteurs éclaire sous un jour différent les débats qui animent la réception de Ramuz en langue française, en même temps qu'il y apporte des réponses nouvelles et parfois inattendues.

Coping with an HIV infection. A multicenter qualitative survey on HIV positive adolescents' perceptions of their disease, therapeutic adherence and treatment.

HIV-positive adolescents face a number of challenges in dealing with their disease and its treatment. In this qualitative study, twenty-nine HIV-positive adolescents aged 13 to 20 years (22 girls), who live in Switzerland, were asked, in a semi-structured interview (duration of 40-110 minutes), to describe their perceptions and experiences with the disease itself and with therapeutic adherence. While younger adolescents most often thought of their disease as fate, older adolescents usually knew that they had received it through vertical transmission, although the topic appeared to be particularly difficult to discuss for those living with their HIV-positive mothers. Based on their attending physician's assessment, 18 subjects were judged highly adherent, 4 fairly and 7 poorly adherent. High adherence appeared linked with adequate psychological adjustment and effective coping mechanisms, as well as with the discussion and adoption of explicit medication-taking strategies. The setting and organisation of health care teams should allow for ongoing discussions with HIV-positive adolescents that focus on their perceptions of their disease, how they cope with it and with the treatment, and how they could improve their adherence.

Contribution of genetic background, traditional risk factors, and HIV-related factors to coronary artery disease events in HIV-positive persons.

BACKGROUND: Persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have increased rates of coronary artery disease (CAD). The relative contribution of genetic background, HIV-related factors, antiretroviral medications, and traditional risk factors to CAD has not been fully evaluated in the setting of HIV infection. METHODS: In the general population, 23 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were shown to be associated with CAD through genome-wide association analysis. Using the Metabochip, we genotyped 1875 HIV-positive, white individuals enrolled in 24 HIV observational studies, including 571 participants with a first CAD event during the 9-year study period and 1304 controls matched on sex and cohort. RESULTS: A genetic risk score built from 23 CAD-associated SNPs contributed significantly to CAD (P = 2.9 × 10(-4)). In the final multivariable model, participants with an unfavorable genetic background (top genetic score quartile) had a CAD odds ratio (OR) of 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-2.04). This effect was similar to hypertension (OR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.06-1.73), hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.16-1.96), diabetes (OR = 1.66; 95% CI, 1.10-2.49), ≥ 1 year lopinavir exposure (OR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.06-1.73), and current abacavir treatment (OR = 1.56; 95% CI, 1.17-2.07). The effect of the genetic risk score was additive to the effect of nongenetic CAD risk factors, and did not change after adjustment for family history of CAD. CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of HIV infection, the effect of an unfavorable genetic background was similar to traditional CAD risk factors and certain adverse antiretroviral exposures. Genetic testing may provide prognostic information complementary to family history of CAD.

Treatment modification in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals starting combination antiretroviral therapy between 2005 and 2008.

BACKGROUND: Adverse effects of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) commonly result in treatment modification and poor adherence. METHODS: We investigated predictors of toxicity-related treatment modification during the first year of CART in 1318 antiretroviral-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study who began treatment between January 1, 2005, and June 30, 2008. RESULTS: The total rate of treatment modification was 41.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.6-45.8) per 100 person-years. Of these, switches or discontinuations because of drug toxicity occurred at a rate of 22.4 (95% CI, 19.5-25.6) per 100 person-years. The most frequent toxic effects were gastrointestinal tract intolerance (28.9%), hypersensitivity (18.3%), central nervous system adverse events (17.3%), and hepatic events (11.5%). In the multivariate analysis, combined zidovudine and lamivudine (hazard ratio [HR], 2.71 [95% CI, 1.95-3.83]; P < .001), nevirapine (1.95 [1.01-3.81]; P = .050), comedication for an opportunistic infection (2.24 [1.19-4.21]; P = .01), advanced age (1.21 [1.03-1.40] per 10-year increase; P = .02), female sex (1.68 [1.14-2.48]; P = .009), nonwhite ethnicity (1.71 [1.18-2.47]; P = .005), higher baseline CD4 cell count (1.19 [1.10-1.28] per 100/microL increase; P < .001), and HIV-RNA of more than 5.0 log(10) copies/mL (1.47 [1.10-1.97]; P = .009) were associated with higher rates of treatment modification. Almost 90% of individuals with treatment-limiting toxic effects were switched to a new regimen, and 85% achieved virologic suppression to less than 50 copies/mL at 12 months compared with 87% of those continuing CART (P = .56). CONCLUSIONS: Drug toxicity remains a frequent reason for treatment modification; however, it does not affect treatment success. Close monitoring and management of adverse effects and drug-drug interactions are crucial for the durability of CART.

Efeito de bactérias diazotróficas na produção de abacaxizeiro 'Cayenne Champac', sob irrigação, em dois níveis de adubação nitrogenada

Avaliou-se o efeito de bactérias diazotróficas na produção de abacaxizeiro cv. Cayenne Champac (Champaka), sob irrigação, em dois níveis de adubação nitrogenada. Os tratamentos constaram dos níveis de N de 180 kg ha-1 ano-1 e 300 kg ha-1 ano-1, nas parcelas e subparcelas de mudas micropropagadas inoculadas com bactéria relacionada a Burkholderia cepacia AB213, de bactéria Asaia bogorensis AB219 e controles sem inoculação bacteriana, utilizando-se de três repetições. A inoculação bacteriana foi realizada no laboratório (10(8) células planta-1) e a aclimatação das mudas, em casa de vegetação. Após 5 meses, as mudas foram transplantadas no campo, utilizando-se de 0,9 m entre as linhas e 0,3 m entre as plantas. A cultivar apresentou bom desempenho sob irrigação no solo arenoso de Pacajus, Estado do Ceará, quando adubado com o maior nível de N. Para cada quilograma do elemento fornecido, houve incremento de 124,3 kg ha-1 na massa fresca dos frutos com coroa, entre os níveis da adubação nitrogenada. Na dose maior de N, plantas inoculadas do AB219 produziram frutos maiores e massas frescas 19,4% e 17,3% superiores aos controles, respectivamente, para frutos sem e com coroa. O efeito do AB213 na produção foi menor (9,9%) no nível mais baixo de N. A evidência do efeito de bactérias diazotróficas na cultivar Cayenne Champac foi demonstrada.