Assigning and combining probabilities in single-case designs: A second study

The present study builds on a previous proposal for assigning probabilities to the outcomes computed using different primary indicators in single-case studies. These probabilities are obtained comparing the outcome to previously tabulated reference values and reflect the likelihood of the results in case there was no intervention effect. The current study explores how well different metrics are translated into p values in the context of simulation data. Furthermore, two published multiple baseline data sets are used to illustrate how well the probabilities could reflect the intervention effectiveness as assessed by the original authors. Finally, the importance of which primary indicator is used in each data set to be integrated is explored; two ways of combining probabilities are used: a weighted average and a binomial test. The results indicate that the translation into p values works well for the two nonoverlap procedures, with the results for the regression-based procedure diverging due to some undesirable features of its performance. These p values, both when taken individually and when combined, were well-aligned with the effectiveness for the real-life data. The results suggest that assigning probabilities can be useful for translating the primary measure into the same metric, using these probabilities as additional evidence on the importance of behavioral change, complementing visual analysis and professional's judgments.

Frontal g��tic de Sant Lloren�� de Morunys. Estudi del suport de fusta: t��cnica de construcci�� i estat de conservaci��

Estudi preliminar realitzat a partir de la inspecci�� visual d���un frontal d���altar a les sales de reserva del Museu Dioces�� i Comarcal de Solsona, lloc on es custodien les restes del que fou aquesta magn��fica obra policromada de tombants del segle XIII executada en l�����mbit del bisbat d���Urgell. Avui en dia, la capa pict��rica ofereix un precari estat de conservaci��, per�� encara es conserven els estats preparatoris i una gran part del suport ligni. Les dades per a l���elaboraci�� d���aquest estudi han estat recollides en diferents visites al museu durant els anys 2008-09. El suport del frontal de Sant Lloren��, de fusta de con��fera, est�� constitu��t per quatre llargues posts disposades en sentit horitzontal que formen un plaf�� perfectament encaixat dins un marc que, en origen, tancava el conjunt. Actualment, les parts superior i inferior d���aquest marc no existeixen, degut a les nombroses vicissituds sofertes per l���obra al llarg del temps.L���encadellat de totes les peces es resolgu�� mitjan��ant espigues o clavilles de fusta, no detectant-se cap uni�� amb elements met��l��lics. Observant el revers del frontal amb llum rasant, s���aprecien les marques de l���eina que va desgruixar la superf��cie del suport, l���aixa. Pel sentit dels senyals deixats en la fusta, sembla que cada post va ser desbastada per separat. Despr��s s���uniformaren els gruixos de cadascuna, tot passant un ribot per la zona que toca els cantells i es rebaix�� la fusta tocant al per��metre del plaf�� per a facilitar l���encadellat del marc. Les labors de rebaix i allisat es durien a terme un cop el panell ja estava muntat. L���estat de conservaci�� del suport ligni no ��s bo. La mancan��a de les peces superior i inferior del marc afecten l���estabilitat del conjunt que, al no quedar ben travat, acusa certs moviments de les peces amb les manipulacions i els trasllats, moviments que es transmeten tamb�� als estrats superiors, portadors de l���escassa policromia. Pel revers de l���obra es poden observar diverses p��rdues, de m��s o menys entitat, ocasionades per un antic i agressiu atac de xil��fags, de greus conseq����ncies per l���estructura l��gnia, ja que ha debilitat molt les zones perimetrals del frontal, fent-les esdevenir poroses i fr��gils.

Studying Memory Encoding to Promote Reliable Engagement of the Medial Temporal Lobe at the Single-subject Level

The medial temporal lobe (MTL)-comprising hippocampus and the surrounding neocortical regions-is a targeted brain area sensitive to several neurological diseases. Although functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to assess brain functional abnormalities, detecting MTL activation has been technically challenging. The aim of our study was to provide an fMRI paradigm that reliably activates MTL regions at the individual level, thus providing a useful tool for future research in clinical memory-related studies. Twenty young healthy adults underwent an event-related fMRI study consisting of three encoding conditions: word-pairs, face-name associations and complex visual scenes. A region-of-interest analysis at the individual level comparing novel and repeated stimuli independently for each task was performed. The results of this analysis yielded activations in the hippocampal and parahippocampal regions in most of the participants. Specifically, 95% and 100% of participants showed significant activations in the left hippocampus during the face-name encoding and in the right parahippocampus, respectively, during scene encoding. Additionally, a whole brain analysis, also comparing novel versus repeated stimuli at the group level, showed mainly left frontal activation during the word task. In this group analysis, the face-name association engaged the HP and fusiform gyri bilaterally, along with the left inferior frontal gyrus, and the complex visual scenes activated mainly the parahippocampus and hippocampus bilaterally. In sum, our task design represents a rapid and reliable manner to study and explore MTL activity at the individual level, thus providing a useful tool for future research in clinical memory-related fMRI studies.

Advancing towards inclusive social research: visual methods as opportunities for people with severe mental illness to participate in research

This article explores the possibilities offered by visual methods in the move towards inclusive research, reviewing some methodological implications of said research and reflecting on the potential of visual methods to meet these methodological requirements. A study into the impact of work on social inclusion and the social relationships of people suffering from severe mental illness (SMI) serves to illustrate the use of visual methods such as photo elicitation and graphic elicitation in the context of in-depth interviews with the aim of improving the aforementioned target group���s participation in research, participation understood as one of the basic elements of inclusive approaches. On the basis of this study, we reflect on the potential of visual methods to improve the inclusive approach to research and conclude that these methods are open and flexible in awarding participantsa voice, allowingpeople with SMI to express their needs, and therefore adding value to said approach

C��lcul estructural per a l���estabilitzaci�� de la plataforma a reurbanitzar del c/ Sant Francesc d���Ass��s al barri de les Planes. Sant Cugat del Vall��s

Estudi estructural per reurbanitzar el carrer Sant Francesc d���Ass��s de Les Planes, que s���assenta en una configuraci�� de mitja vessant sobre un conjunt triple d���estrats de terreny. Al llarg dels anys s���han produ��t esllavissaments que han afectat l�����mbit de reblert i algun fins i tot activant els sols quaternaris. La soluci�� proposada ��s basa en una pantalla curta encastada al substrat roc��s, situat al voltant dels 5m. de profunditat, i superiorment lligada per una nova llosa solid��ria amb l���existent (fregament), per�� fonamentalment vinculada a un petit mort costat muntanya que, per empenta passiva del terreny, acaba conformant el suport fix de l���esquema estructural en ���T���.

Seasonality of net radiation in two sub-basins of Paracatu by the use of modis sensor products

The net radiation (Rn) represents the main source of energy for physical and chemical processes that occur in the surface-atmosphere interface, and it is used for air and soil heating, water transfer, in the form of vapor from the surface to the atmosphere, and for the metabolism of plants, especially photosynthesis. If there is no record of net radiation in certain areas, the use of information is important to help determine it. Among them we can highlight those provided by remote sensing. In this context, this work aims to estimate the net radiation, with the use of products of MODIS sensor, in the sub-basins of Entre Ribeiros creek and Preto River, located between the Brazilian states of Goi��s and Minas Gerais. The SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) was used to obtain the Rn in four different days in the period of July to October, 2007. The Rn results obtained were consistent with others cited in the literature and are important because the orbital information can help determine the Rn in areas where there are not automatic weather stations to record the net radiation.

Environmental adaptation of the source of the subbasin of Rico Stream, Monte Alto - SP, Brazil

The aim of this study was to define the photographic patterns that represent the use and occupation of the landcover of the "spring" of the Rico Stream subbasin, located at Monte Alto, state of S��o Paulo (SP), Brazil, for environmental adaptation regarding the Brazilian Forest Law. The mapping was performed using remote sensing techniques and visual interpretation of the World View image, followed by the digitalization of the net of drainage and vegetation (natural and agricultural) at the AutoCad software with documents and field work. The study area has 2141.53 ha and the results demonstrated that the main crop is sugarcane with 546.34 ha, followed by 251.22 ha of pastures, 191.71 ha of perennial crops, 57.31 ha of Eucalyptus and 49.52 ha of onion, confirming the advance of sugarcane culture in the region. The region has 375.04 ha of areas of permanent preservation (APPs), and of this area it was found that only 72.17 ha (19.24%) has arboreal vegetation or natural forest, and 302.87 ha of these areas need to be enriched and reforested with native vegetation from the region, according to the current legislation. The data of the area enable future proposals of models for environmental adaptation to the microbasin according to the current environmental legislation.

Controle de Commelina benghalensis, C. erecta e Tripogandra diuretica na cultura do caf��

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes herbicidas/misturas no controle de tr��s esp��cies de trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis, C. erecta e Tripogandra diuretica) e a toler��ncia de plantas jovens de caf�� aos herbicidas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repeti����es. Os tratamentos foram constitu��dos por dez diferentes herbicidas/misturas e uma testemunha, associados a tr��s esp��cies de trapoeraba. As avalia����es foram realizadas aos 21 e 50 dias ap��s a aplica����o (DAP) dos herbicidas, por meio de an��lise visual, seguindo-se escala de n��vel de controle. Avaliou-se a toler��ncia das mudas de caf�� aos herbicidas (escala de avalia����o visual da fitotoxicidade) e as caracter��sticas de crescimento (di��metro, n��mero de folhas e estatura) das mudas de caf��. A esp��cie C. benghalensis foi melhor controlada quando se utilizaram os herbicidas: diuron, 2,4-D + picloram, atrazine + metolachlor, metribuzin, glyphosate WG e acetochlor. A esp��cie C. erecta foi controlada pelos herbicidas diuron, 2,4-D + picloram, atrazine + metolachlor, glyphosate CS e acetochlor. Os herbicidas diuron, 2,4-D + picloram, atrazine + metolachlor, metribuzin, glyphosate WG e paraquat + diuron foram os que melhor controlaram T. diuretica. Metribuzin, diuron e acetochlor mostraram-se mais fitot��xicos para a cultura do caf��. O diuron reduziu a massa da mat��ria seca e o n��mero de folhas do cafeeiro. O di��metro do caule e a estatura foram afetados pelos herbicidas metribuzin e 2,4-D. O metribuzin foi o herbicida que maior preju��zo causou ��s caracter��sticas de crescimento da planta de caf��.

Effects of iron-ore particles on propagule release, growth and photosynthetic performance of Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh (Phaeophyta, Fucales)

The effect of iron-ore particles on the propagule release and growth of Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh was tested under treatments with different concentrations of iron-ore particles: 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 g.L-1 and a solution of 10.0 g.L-1 of filtered iron-ore. Filtered seawater was used as control. Photosynthesis vs. irradiance (P-I) curves were calculated for S. vulgare in the presence of iron-ore and in seawater. There was no significant difference in the number of propagules released by the receptacles or in the percentage of zygote formation among the treatments. The released propagules acted like aggregation centers for the particles, those more heavily coated with iron (10.0 g.L-1) exhibiting the highest sinking velocity (32.6 �� 9.8 mm.s-1). No difference in the percentage of embryo survival was detected during the first week in culture. After four weeks the embryos grew in all treatments. Maximum frond development (5.3 �� 0.8 mm) was observed in treatment of seawater enriched with Provasoli's medium (PES) while initial filoids did not develop in three treatments without PES and with iron-ore (0.1 g.L-1, 1.0 g.L-1 and 10.0 g.L-1). The values for Pmax, alpha and respiration showed no significant differences between the P-I curves. The calculated value for I K was 106.26 ��mol.m-2.s-1 to the control curve and 981.49 ��mol.m-2.s-1 to the iron-ore curve. The results indicate that the iron-ore particles in high concentration reduce the growth of S. vulgare as they recovered the embryos, juveniles and young plants. In contrast, the presence of the particles did not affect the release of gametes, percentage of zygote formation or the percentage of embryo survival.