Purification and renal effects of phospholipase A(2) isolated from Bothrops insularis venom

Bothrops insularis venom contains a variety of substances presumably responsible for several pharmacological effects. We investigated the biochemical and biological effects of phospholipase A(2) protein isolated from B. insularis venom and the chromatographic profile showed 7 main fractions and the main phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymatic activity was detected in fractions IV and V. Fraction IV was submitted to a new chromatographic procedure on ion exchange chromatography, which allowed the elution of 5 main fractions designated as lV-1 to IV-5, from which lV-4 constituted the main fraction. The molecular homogeneity of this fraction was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and demonstrated by mass spectrometry (MS), which showed a molecular mass of 13984.20 Da; its N-terminal sequence presented a high amino acid identity (up to 95%) with the PLA(2) of Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops asper. Phospholipase A(2) isolated from B. insularis (Bi PLA(2)) venom (10 mu g/mL) was also studied as to its effect on the renal function of isolated perfused kidneys of Wistar rats (n = 6). Bi PLA(2) increased perfusion pressure (PP), renal vascular resistance (RVR), urinary flow (UF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Sodium (%TNa+) and chloride tubular reabsorption (%TCl-) decreased at 120 min, without alteration in potassium transport. In conclusion, PLA(2) isolated from B. insularis venom promoted renal alterations in the isolated perfused rat kidney. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Purification and characterization of the biological effects of phospholipase A(2) from sea anemone Bunodosoma caissarum

Sea anemones contain a variety of biologically active substances. Bunodosoma caissarum is a sea anemone from the Cnidaria phylum, found only in Brazilian coastal waters. The aim of the present work was to study the biological effects of PLA(2) isolated from the sea anemone B. caissarum on the isolated perfused kidney, the arteriolar mesenteric bed and on insulin secretion. Specimens of B. caissarum were collected from the Sao Vicente Channel on the southern coast of the State of S��o Paulo, Brazil. Reverse phase HPLC analysis of the crude extract of B. caissarum detected three PLA(2) proteins (named BcPLA(2)1, BCPLA(2)2 and BcPLA(2)3) found to be active in B. caissarum extracts. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of BcPLA(2)1 showed one main peak at 14.7 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of BcPLA(2)1 showed high amino acid sequence identity with PLA(2) group III protein isolated from the Mexican lizard (PA23 HELSU, HELSU, PA22 HELSU) and with the honey bee Apis mellifera (PLA(2) and 1POC_A). In addition, BcPLA(2)1 also showed significant overall homology to bee PLA(2). The enzymatic activity induced by native BCPLA(2)1 (20 mu g/well) was reduced by chemical treatment with p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB) and with morin. BcPLA(2)1 strongly induced insulin secretion in presence of high glucose concentration. In isolated kidney, the PLA(2) from B. caissarum increased the perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, urinary flow, glomerular filtration rate, and sodium, potassium and chloride levels of excretion. BcPLA(2)1, however, did not increase the perfusion pressure on the mesenteric vascular bed. In conclusion, PLA(2), a group III phospholipase isolated from the sea anemone B. caissarum, exerted effects on renal function and induced insulin secretion in conditions of high glucose concentration. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avalia����o histol��gica da pr��stata de c��es adultos sexualmente intactos

Avaliou-se histologicamente a pr��stata de 30 c��es adultos e idosos sexualmente intactos que apresentavam ou n��o sintomatologia cl��nica de doen��a prost��tica, e verificou-se a incid��ncia de poss��veis altera����es da gl��ndula. Dentre as altera����es encontradas, a hiperplasia prost��tica benigna constituiu o diagn��stico mais comum, 85,6% (n=24), seguida por prostatite cr��nica, 64,3% (n=18), displasia do epit��lio glandular, 42,8% (n=12), atrofia do epit��lio glandular, 39,3% (n=11), infiltrado inflamat��rio focal, 25% (n=7), dilata����o glandular focal, 21,4% (n=6), prostatite aguda, 7,1% (n=2), metaplasia escamosa, 3,6%, (n=1), met��stase de neoplasia sist��mica, 3,6% (n=1) e abscesso prost��tico, 3,6% (n=1). Como em muitos casos os c��es s��o assintom��ticos, ressalta-se a import��ncia da realiza����o rotineira de exames cl��nicos espec��ficos, como o toque retal e a ultrassonografia, para o diagn��stico precoce e o tratamento das afec����es prost��ticas.

Imunorreatividade da p53 associada �� aus��ncia de muta����es no gene TP53 em linfomas caninos

Sabendo-se da influ��ncia das muta����es no gene TP53 no desenvolvimento das neoplasias e da discrep��ncia entre os resultados obtidos pelas t��cnicas de sequenciamento e imunoistoqu��mica, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo relacionar a sequ��ncia do TP53 com a imunorreatividade da p53. Foram obtidas amostras de linfoma de 12 c��es. O diagn��stico histopatol��gico foi determinado pela classifica����o de Kiel. O imunofen��tipo e a imunomarca����o da p53 foram determinados por imunoistoqu��mica. Para rea����o com a p53, utilizou-se anticorpo policlonal anti-p53 (CM1) na dilui����o de 1:500. A regi��o do gene TP53 compreendida entre os exons quatro e nove foi amplificada por PCR e submetida ao sequenciamento. Apesar dos resultados obtidos pela imunoistoqu��mica, nenhuma muta����o foi encontrada nas sequ��ncias analisadas. Conclui-se que a imunorreatividade da p53 pela imunoistoqu��mica n��o pode ser atribu��da �� presen��a de muta����es no dom��nio central do gene TP53.

Planejamento em sa��de no Brasil: converg��ncias e diverg��ncias entre inst��ncias de gest��o

Trata-se de uma investiga����o que busca revelar converg��ncias e diverg��ncias no processo de planifica����o da Pol��tica P��blica de Sa��de, com foco primordial na participa����o dos organismos de representa����o social na consolida����o do Sistema ��nico (SUS), destacando a Confer��ncia Nacional de Sa��de CNS, inst��ncia que deve ter participa����o obrigat��ria na formula����o de recomenda����es para essa pol��tica estatal. Considera que a planifica����o re��ne elementos de concep����o jur��dica, t��cnica e pol��tica para a elabora����o dos documentos intitulados Planos Nacionais de Sa��de PNS. A partir de pesquisa qualitativa de base documental e argumenta����o com apoio de Cartografia Simb��lica, p��e em exame o processo de elabora����o e o teor presente nos relat��rios da 12�� (2003), 13�� (2007) e 14�� CNS (2011), alinhando seus eixos, diretrizes e prioridades nos correspondentes PNS nos quadri��nios 2004-2007, 2008-2011 e 2012-2015. A escolha desses instrumentos, na temporalidade sugerida, tem por esteio o per��odo em que a implanta����o do sistema de Planejamento do SUS PlanejaSUS, orienta normativa e tecnicamente a elabora����o do PNS, tendo como uma de suas refer��ncias o que foi emanado das confer��ncias. Prop��e-se verificar as tens��es existentes entre momentos distintos da defini����o das prioridades elencadas nas pol��ticas p��blicas de sa��de �� luz das contribui����es te��ricas sobre a concep����o do Estado, numa vis��o contempor��nea associada �� sua din��mica de atua����o vinculada ao modo de produ����o e acumula����o capitalista; sobre a metodologia do Planejamento Estrat��gico com base na participa����o de atores diversos; e ainda, na an��lise sobre a express��o desse participacionismo na ��tica dos processos democr��ticos representativos no SUS. Na confec����o dos mapas cartogr��ficos foi proposta a correla����o entre os conte��dos dos Relat��rios das 12�� a 14�� confer��ncias de sa��de com o que est�� expresso nas prioridades constantes nos Planos Nacionais de Sa��de (2004 a 2007, 2008 a 2011 e 2012 a 2015), verificando-se aproxima����es e distanciamentos existentes entre o que expressa a sociedade e a pol��tica governamental. Conclui-se que, do exame cr��tico entre as diretrizes e prioridades contidas no acervo documental existente e sua metodologia de constru����o, com fundamento na argumenta����o do aporte te��rico trabalhado, s��o verificadas tens��es e harmoniza����es que revelam pontos convergentes e dissonantes das pactua����es e consensos entre os atores sociais representantes dos segmentos, no qual crit��rio da representatividade condiciona a defesa de opini��es, interesses e prioridades, de modo diverso para os que est��o implicados nesse processo de planifica����o

Mulheres professoras: mem��rias da organiza����o docente

Se estudia el Movimiento de las Profesoras Primarias de la Red Estadual de Ense��anza, en Salvador/BA como un movimiento social responsable por la creaci��n de la entidad representativa de la categor��a la Sociedade Unificadora de Profesores Prim��rios (SUPP). Se parte del presupuesto de que los intereses en la valorizaci��n profesional constituyen factores fundamentales para su eclosi��n. Se recurre a un referente te��rico para sedimentar la investigaci��n emp��rica realizada a trav��s de las profesoras primarias que participaron del Movimiento; una vez que re��ne recuerdos individuales y colectivos. Se abordan las condiciones sociales, pol��ticas, econ��micas y educativas que viabilizaron el surgimiento de dicho movimiento y se delimita el intervalo temporal entre 1947 al 1951. Se destaca que fueron necesarios hacer recortes hist��ricos, los cuales han antecedido y proseguido a ��se per��odo, en funci��n al relieve del contexto hist��rico-social para la comprensi��n de lo que fue y d��nde se ubicaba el objeto de la investigaci��n. Se identificaron tres marcos: el primero se refiere a las motivaciones en defensa de la valorizaci��n profesional, situado en un contexto de reformas educativas y pensamiento democr��tico; el segundo vinculado a la creaci��n de la entidad representativa, fomentando por la necesidad de creaci��n de una instituci��n representativa que pudiese resguardar la categor��a. Por lo tanto, se delinea la construcci��n hist��rica del Movimiento de las Profesoras Primarias, utilizando las categor��as de docencia y movimiento social, de forma interpretativa. Se articulan a los hechos y acontecimientos que marcaron ��se movimiento y su importancia para la Historia de la Educaci��n de Bahia. Aun que la lucha por la valoraci��n salarial haya sido el possibilitador de la creaci��n de la SUPP, se constato que fue una movilizaci��n pol��tica y social busc�� el sentido y el significado de lo que sea docencia con acciones que intentaban la integraci��n del profesorado primario baiano (del interior con los de la capital) y promover el desarrollo cultural aliado a la concientizaci��n de la categor��a

A�� eu era Ant��nio Brasil: contribui����es de situa����es did��ticas com conhecimentos hist��ricos para a constru����o da identidade pessoal da crian��a na educa����o infantil

L'objectif de cette ��tude est de comprendre la relation entre les situations didactiques faisant appel aux connaissances historiques et la construction de l'identit�� personnelle pour les enfants dans l'��ducation de la petite enfance. Sa question centrale se demande si les connaissances sont offrent des contributions �� la construction de l'identit�� personnelle par les enfants de la petite enfance. Se distingue, lui aussi, entend contribuer �� ��largir le d��bat sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage des th��mes historiques dans l'��ducation des enfants, et permettre un dialogue avec d'autres enseignants dans cette ��tape de l'��ducation. Ont ��t�� analys��s par des principes th��oriques et m��thodologiques de qualit�� et a assum�� les orientations m��thodologiques de la recherche collaborative. Il a ��t�� constat�� que la syst��matisation des situations didactiques impliquant la connaissance historique dans l'��ducation de la petite enfance contribue �� la construction de l'identit�� personnelle de l'enfant. Ceci, pour prendre possession de ces connaissances, ils recueillent des renseignements qui permet le plus large ��ventail de relations, afin de comparer les pratiques culturelles de son temps avec des pratiques �� d'autres moments. Ainsi orient��e, l'enfant cherche �� raconter son histoire avec le th��me historique �� laquelle elle a eu acc��s, d'organiser et de construire des r��ponses des explications sur leur environnement et de lui-m��me. Tout cela montre �� la r��alisation que le processus d'internalisation des connaissances historiques de l'enfant est construit comme un sujet et, par cons��quent, cette connaissance peut ��tre con��u comme un m��diateur dans la formation de l'identit�� personnelle

A representa����o social de disciplinas did��tico-pedag��gicas no contexto da forma����o inicial docente: um entremear de saberes

We seek, through this study, to analyze about social representation that the students of licentiate degree course of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte - IFRN - have about didactic-pedagogical subjects. We utilize the Social Representations Theory (MOSCOVICI, 2009; 2012; JODELET, 2001) as a theoretical and methodological contribution and as aim, we identify this social representation and understand how it is influenced by the formation of these undergraduates. So we developed the research under the seven undergraduate classroom courses offered by IFRN, namely: Biology, Spanish, Physics, Geography, Computer Science, Mathematics and Chemistry, covering units located both in the capital and in the countryside. While methodological approach we used the Procedure of Multiple Classification (PMC) - (ROAZZI, 1995), whose realization requires a set of words achieved through of Free Technique of Words Association - FTWA - (ABRIC, 1998). For this realization we have a total of one hundred twenty (120) participants, with thirty (30) in FTWA and other stage in the realization of free classification and directed that correspond to the MPR. Achieved the empirical data, we use the analysis of content (BARDIN, 2011; FRANCO, 2007) and multidimensional (ROAZZI, 1995) for the course of his interpretation. Finally, we identify the social representation of didactic and pedagogical subjects centered around the idea that it is through these subjects that can achieve the profile of "good professional" as one who gathers knowledge and attributes required for the full development of teaching involving capabilities it and characteristics that mark the sense of professionalism. Furthermore, we found that the anchoring social representation on the understanding that these disciplines "teach the teacher to be" in the image and its objectification of the "good teacher", ie, one that reaches through the training process and experiences, qualities that make it unique and able to carry full professional. Still see that the actions of the teacher trainer affects the way students perceive, assume and engage in the study of teaching and pedagogical subjects and it reflects significantly the social representation then created

Estudo representacional da participa����o familiar nas atividades dos centros de aten����o psicossocial no munic��pio de Natal-RN

Comprehending social representations of users relatives of Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS) from Natal-RN, about their participation in the activities of these services, was the purpose of this study. The research instrument used was a semi-structured interview, led to 28 relatives of users of East and West CAPS II, East and North CAPS-ad, involved in the Relative Therapeutic Group, in Relative Meeting, in the Assembly of Users, Technicians and Relatives, according to the therapeutic schedule of each health services, between August to November 2007. Data obtained in family and users identification were characterized with the aid of charts and boards in absolute and/or percentage values. The discursive material from the guide from interviews was submitted to the informational resource ALCESTE (Analyse Lexicale par Contexte d'un Ensemble of Segments of Texte), and analyzed on the basis of the Theory of Social Representations and Central Nucleus Theory. Most of the relatives were women, married, aged over 50 years, who participated for more than two years in CAPS activities, and a coexistence of more than 11 years with the user. From the classification system of ALCESTE were selected categories, identified by: Category 1, Treatment Improvements and Expectations; Category 2, Living User Before and After; Category 3, Activities Relevance, Contradictions and Suggestions; Category 4, Guidelines -- Psychopharmacology and Medicalization; Category 5, Family Participation and Activities; and Category 6, Therapeutic Conditions Thanks, Tips and Vulnerability. The social representation of the family exists in the desire for change, identifying that we need to promote change by the continuity of therapeutic activities and overcome the detected inconsistencies, targeted by strengthening and by the stability of improvements in living and health conditions of users, experienced in CAPS treatment. The central nucleus had corresponded to positive changes in health and living conditions of users, and the peripheral elements were constituted by family conducts before and during treatment, and the expectations of changes in activities, especially in workshops. Despite this family participation be considered important, it still does not meet conditions to promote the inclusion of family, under an emancipating point of view, capable of causing in subject the hope for autonomy, initiative, individual and collective growths, a closer and active involvement in therapeutic activities, in workshops and discussions

Chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of elephant grass silage with biodiesel industry co-products

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of three concentrations (3, 6, and 9%) of forage turnip (Raphanus sativus) and physic nut (Jatropha curcas) cakes on dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen contents, in vitro dry matter digestibility, pH values and concentrations of N-NH3 in elephant grass silages. It was used an entirely randomized design in factorial arrangement [(2x3)+1]. Experimental PVC silos were used and ensiled material was kept for 62 days. The addition of cakes increased the dry matter contents (P<0.05). The fibrous fractions were reduced (P<0.05) with the inclusion of cakes during the grass ensilage and the CP contents increased (P<0.05). The forage turnip cake provided the same pH and N-NH3 values in ideal levels and the physic nut, added to 9%, increased those values (P<0.05). IVDMD was reduced (P<0.05) when the cakes were added. These co-products can be used in small amounts for elephant grass ensilage in order to provide improvement in chemical and fermentation characteristics of the silages. Nevertheless, physic nut cake shows limitations for its use in animal feeding due to the presence of toxic compounds, making necessary studies for their identification and elimination.

Implanta����o de um sistema de detec����o de vazamentos em oleodutos com tratamento de alarmes falsos

The pumping of fluids in pipelines is the most economic and safe form of transporting fluids. That explains why in Europe there was in 1999 about 30.000 Km [7] of pipelines of several diameters, transporting mill��ons of cubic meters of crude oil end refined products, belonging to COCAWE (assaciation of companies of petroleum of Europe for health, environment and safety, that joint several petroleum companies). In Brazil they are about 18.000 Km of pipelines transporting millions of cubic meters of liquids and gases. In 1999, nine accidents were registered to COCAWE. Among those accidents one brought a fatal victim. The oil loss was of 171 m3, equivalent to O,2 parts per million of the total of the transported volume. Same considering the facts mentioned the costs involved in ao accident can be high. An accident of great proportions can br��ng loss of human lives, severe environmental darnages, loss of drained product, loss . for dismissed profit and damages to the image of the company high recovery cost. In consonance with that and in some cases for legal demands, the companies are, more and more, investing in systems of Leak detection in pipelines based on computer algorithm that operate in real time, seeking w��th that to minimize still more the drained volumes. This decreases the impacts at the environment and the costs. In general way, all the systems based on softWare present some type of false alarm. In general a commitment exists betWeen the sensib��lity of the system and the number of false alarms. This work has as objective make a review of th�� existent methods and to concentrate in the analysis of a specific system, that is, the system based on hydraulic noise, Pressure Point Analyzis (PPA). We will show which are the most important aspects that must be considered in the implementation of a Leak Detection System (LDS), from the initial phase of the analysis of risks passing by the project bases, design, choice of the necessary field instrumentation to several LDS, implementation and tests. We Will make na analysis of events (noises) originating from the flow system that can be generator of false alarms and we will present a computer algorithm that restricts those noises automatically

Roteamento em Redes de Sensores Sem Fios Com Base Em Aprendizagem Por Refor��o

The use of wireless sensor and actuator networks in industry has been increasing past few years, bringing multiple benefits compared to wired systems, like network flexibility and manageability. Such networks consists of a possibly large number of small and autonomous sensor and actuator devices with wireless communication capabilities. The data collected by sensors are sent directly or through intermediary nodes along the network to a base station called sink node. The data routing in this environment is an essential matter since it is strictly bounded to the energy efficiency, thus the network lifetime. This work investigates the application of a routing technique based on Reinforcement Learning s Q-Learning algorithm to a wireless sensor network by using an NS-2 simulated environment. Several metrics like energy consumption, data packet delivery rates and delays are used to validate de proposal comparing it with another solutions existing in the literature

Avalia����o da Qualidade da ��gua do rio Pitimbu

The Pitimbu River Basin is concern reason, therefore this is one of the mains freshwater sources for the Natal city supplying. The Pitimbu waters river flow into Jiqui pond, as the main supplier of this, that supplies 16% of Natal population and there is a bigger importance despite the supplying of a parcel of Natal city made joining underground waters with the water proceeding from the Jiqui pond, being used for dilution waters of contaminated wells with nitrate. Even with the importance of the Pitimbu, there is a strong pressure of occupation of its edge according to a critical urban growth, becoming the situation worse and increasing the necessity of management of the use and occupation of the ground and keeping the control of the prompt pollution, as punctual as diffuse. There are many studies about Pitimbu River Basin, however they summarize themselves to some months or even in a few years. This work, that gathers these information, increasing the amplitude and making possible an evaluation of the attitude of the water in a period extended for an evaluation of values of variable quality of water referring to the standards, that usually happens about the variable frequency distribution, central tendency and measures of dispersion, as the coefficient of variation, coefficient of skewness and the coefficient of determination of certain variable on another one. This work to evaluates the quality conditions of the Pitimbu river waters by analyzing thirty five (35) variables Physical, chemical and biological in eight (8) points of water course since 1993 to 2007. Given this situation, all knowledge about the waters quality conditions obtained in this work, is a strong subsidy for management of use and ground occupation, considering the river basin as territorial unit of management, and as the water is public good domain, being a priority human use, It is necessary to guarantee to current and the future generations available water resources in appropriate standards of quality as the established standard and identifying possible reasons of pollution through statistics analysis

Reestrutura����o da disciplina "F��sica I" do Curso de Tecn��logo em Ger��ncia de Obras de Edifica����es do CEFET/PB

The aim of the present paper is to reorganize a discipline on technological physics so that the construction site of civil engineering becomes a natural environment of learning, providing the learner with the association between theory and practice as well as allowing the subject to process, in real time, information generated from his cognitive constructions and his contextualizations. Thus, a sequence of actions was taken into account: firstly, the programme was developed in the classroom, sharing with its contextualized information through experiments done under supervision by the learners in laboratories; secondly, the data which associate physics with construction were collected and, to do so, technical visits to construction sites were realized, providing the learner the association between the theory and the practice in a suitable site to the constructivist approach. As a result, the first discipline on physics of the Curso de Tecn��logos em Ger��ncia de Obras de Edifica����es do CEFET/PB was re-structured in terms of syllabus, methodology, application and evaluation. In fact, this work deals with a dynamic process that gathers and gives emphasis to teaching, learning, technology, information, creativity, competence and abilities in a constructivist learning process and, as a consequence, having allowed institutional engagement

As Filhas do Arco-��ris, de Eul��cio Farias de Lacerda : mitos, lendas e contos populares como elementos estruturantes do romance

The corpus of this work constitutes an analysis the literary work As Filhas do Arco-��ris, by Eul��cio Farias de Lacerda, considering object of study myths, legends and popular stories as estruturant elements of the romance. The unchainment of this reading considers aspects of the oral tradition as starting point for the rupture tradition. In that perspective, it became fundamental to describe aspects of the popular culture that consolidated the Brazilian Literature during the 20th century. Like this, it was necessary to understand the development of oral elements and the structuring of the folk-tales, pointing out that As Filhas do Arco-��ris was built in a especial way with regionalist characteristics, following the parameters of the romances published among the years 1930 and 1950. In the researched work, it was noticed a narrative that gathers stories, legends, myths, proverbs and oral locutions. In this, it reveals that the Brazilian literary production grew in aesthetics and thematic. Like this, As Filhas do Arco-��ris is an exercise of the experience regionalist inserted in the contemporary novel, because even with your first publication in 1980, the narrative is configured to the molds of a Romance de 30