Development of Bio-Based Polymers for Use in Asphalt, TR-639, 2014

Asphalt binder is typically modified with poly type (styrene-butadiene-styrene or SBS) polymers to improve its rheological properties and performance grade. The elastic and principal component of SBS polymers is butadiene. For the last decade, butadiene prices have fluctuated and significantly increased, leading state highway agencies to search for economically viable alternatives to butadiene based materials. This project reports the recent advances in polymerization techniques that have enabled the synthesis of elastomeric, thermoplastic, block-copolymers (BCPs) comprised of styrene and soybean oil, where the “B” block in SBS polymers is replaced with polymerized triglycerides derived from soybean oil. These new breeds of biopolymers have elastomeric properties comparable to well-established butadiene-based styrenic BCPs. In this report, two types of biopolymer formulations are evaluated for their ability to modify asphalt binder. Laboratory blends of asphalt modified with the biopolymers are tested for their rheological properties and performance grade. Blends of asphalt modified with the biopolymers are compared to blends of asphalt modified with two commonly used commercial polymers. The viscoelastic properties of the blends show that biopolymers improve the performance grade of the asphalt to a similar and even greater extent as the commercial SBS polymers. Results shown in this report indicate there is an excellent potential for the future of these biopolymers as economically and environmentally favorable alternatives to their petrochemically-derived analogs.

Le silence comme outil thérapeutique dans la dépression : élaboration théorique basée sur une étude de cas

À l'aide d'un exemple clinique, nous élaborons les différentes fonctions que peut avoir le silence dans les thérapies cognitives et comportementales de la dépression. Les silences d'une patiente déprimée, suivie en psychothérapie, sont documentés et analysés. Le silence peut, chez la même personne, tantôt produire un apaisement ou organiser la pensée, donc s'avérer productif, tantôt représenter une tentative d'échapper à du matériel douloureux, donc s'avérer peu productif. Ainsi, le thérapeute aura fondamentalement le choix, soit de respecter ces silences soit de les rompre et de parler. Pour l'aider dans ce choix, nous repérons différentes catégories de silences et les mettons en lien avec la littérature à ce sujet, afin d'introduire le silence comme outil thérapeutique à part entière dans le traitement cognitivo-comportemental de la dépression. © 2013 Association fran4aise de thérapie comportementale et cognitive. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.

Development of Self-Cleaning Box Culvert Design – Phase II, TR-619, 2013

Culverts are common means to convey flow through the roadway system for small streams. In general, larger flows and road embankment heights entail the use of multibarrel culverts (a.k.a. multi-box) culverts. Box culverts are generally designed to handle events with a 50-year return period, and therefore convey considerably lower flows much of the time. While there are no issues with conveying high flows, many multi-box culverts in Iowa pose a significant problem related to sedimentation. The highly erosive Iowa soils can easily lead to the situation that some of the barrels can silt-in early after their construction, becoming partially filled with sediment in few years. Silting can reduce considerably the capacity of the culvert to handle larger flow events. Phase I of this Iowa Highway Research Board project (TR-545) led to an innovative solution for preventing sedimentation. The solution was comprehensively investigated through laboratory experiments and numerical modeling aimed at screening design alternatives and testing their hydraulic and sediment conveyance performance. Following this study phase, the Technical Advisory Committee suggested to implement the recommended sediment mitigation design to a field site. The site selected for implementation was a 3-box culvert crossing Willow Creek on IA Hwy 1W in Iowa City. The culvert was constructed in 1981 and the first cleanup was needed in 2000. Phase II of the TR 545 entailed the monitoring of the site with and without the selfcleaning sedimentation structure in place (similarly with the study conducted in laboratory). The first monitoring stage (Sept 2010 to December 2012) was aimed at providing a baseline for the operation of the as-designed culvert. In order to support Phase II research, a cleanup of the IA Hwy 1W culvert was conducted in September 2011. Subsequently, a monitoring program was initiated to document the sedimentation produced by individual and multiple storms propagating through the culvert. The first two years of monitoring showed inception of the sedimentation in the first spring following the cleanup. Sedimentation continued to increase throughout the monitoring program following the depositional patterns observed in the laboratory tests and those documented in the pre-cleaning surveys. The second part of Phase II of the study was aimed at monitoring the constructed self-cleaning structure. Since its construction in December 2012, the culvert site was continuously monitored through systematic observations. The evidence garnered in this phase of the study demonstrates the good performance of the self-cleaning structure in mitigating the sediment deposition at culverts. Besides their beneficial role in sediment mitigation, the designed self-cleaning structures maintain a clean and clear area upstream the culvert, keep a healthy flow through the central barrel offering hydraulic and aquatic habitat similar with that in the undisturbed stream reaches upstream and downstream the culvert. It can be concluded that the proposed self-cleaning structural solution “streamlines” the area upstream the culvert in a way that secures the safety of the culvert structure at high flows while producing much less disturbance in the stream behavior compared with the current constructive approaches.

Pile Design and Tests for Integral Abutment Bridges, HR-273, 1987

Expansion joints increase both the initial cost and the maintenance cost of bridges. Integral abutment bridges provide an attractive design alternative because expansion joints are eliminated from the bridge itself. However, the piles in these bridges are subjected to horizontal movement as the bridge expands and contracts during temperature changes. The objective of this research was to develop a method of designing piles for these conditions. Separate field tests simulating a pile and a bridge girder were conducted for three loading cases: (1) vertical load only, (2) horizontal displacement of pile head only, and (3) combined horizontal displacement of pile head with subsequent vertical load. Both tests (1) and (3) reached the same ultimate vertical load, that is, the horizontal displacement had no effect on the vertical load capacity. Several model tests were conducted in sand with a scale factor of about 1:10. Experimental results from both the field and model tests were used to develop the vertical and horizontal load-displacement properties of the soil. These properties were input into the finite element computer program Integral Abutment Bridge Two-Dimensional (IAB2D), which was developed under a previous research contract. Experimental and analytical results compared well for the test cases. Two alternative design methods, both based upon the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Specification, were developed. Alternative One is quite conservative relative to IAB2D results and does not permit plastic redistribution of forces. Alternative Two is also conservative when compared to IAB2D, but plastic redistribution is permitted. To use Alternative Two, the pile cross section must have sufficient inelastic rotation capacity before local buckling occurs. A design example for a friction pile and an end-bearing pile illustrates both alternatives.

Resistance to extreme strategies, rather than prosocial preferences, can explain human cooperation in public goods games.

The results of numerous economic games suggest that humans behave more cooperatively than would be expected if they were maximizing selfish interests. It has been argued that this is because individuals gain satisfaction from the success of others, and that such prosocial preferences require a novel evolutionary explanation. However, in previous games, imperfect behavior would automatically lead to an increase in cooperation, making it impossible to decouple any form of mistake or error from prosocial cooperative decisions. Here we empirically test between these alternatives by decoupling imperfect behavior from prosocial preferences in modified versions of the public goods game, in which individuals would maximize their selfish gain by completely (100%) cooperating. We found that, although this led to higher levels of cooperation, it did not lead to full cooperation, and individuals still perceived their group mates as competitors. This is inconsistent with either selfish or prosocial preferences, suggesting that the most parsimonious explanation is imperfect behavior triggered by psychological drives that can prevent both complete defection and complete cooperation. More generally, our results illustrate the caution that must be exercised when interpreting the evolutionary implications of economic experiments, especially the absolute level of cooperation in a particular treatment.

Oferta formativa en terapias alternativas y complementarias para la asistencia al parto

Las terapias complementarias y alternativas (TCA) son las intervenciones y prácticas que no forman parte del sistema sanitario convencional. En la obstetricia, su uso es cada día más frecuente. Para asesorar a las gestantes es necesario tener unos conocimientos adecuados al respecto. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la oferta formativa de las matronas en TCA para la atención al parto mediante una revisión bibliográfica y la consulta de fuentes documentales. El actual programa de formación no las contempla y su aprendizaje depende de motivaciones personales. Existe poca información al respecto. Para recomendarlas y utilizarlas con eficacia y seguridad, es necesario dedicar más recursos a la investigación e incorporarlas en los planes convencionales de estudio.

Le temps partagé dans la jouissance de la propriété par étages : étude de la copropriété spatio-temporelle sur une part d'étage

Introduction : Depuis plusieurs années, la pratique a développé une nouvelle forme d'utilisation de la propriété immobilière : le time-sharing, que l'on appelle aussi couramment propriété en temps partagé ou multipropriété. Son objectif est de permettre à plusieurs personnes de bénéficier du même logement de vacances en prévoyant une répartition temporelle de leur usage. Actuellement, il n'existe dans le système juridique suisse aucune disposition légale qui traite expressément du time-sharing, mais ce concept peut être valablement établi sur la base du droit en vigueur en ayant recours à différentes constructions. En effet, le droit contractuel, le droit des sociétés et les droits réels sont autant de moyens utilisés par la pratique pour atteindre le but fixé. Le choix entre ces diverses alternatives n'est toutefois pas anodin, car il détermine de manière directe la position juridique du time-sharer vis-à-vis des tiers et des personnes qui font partie de la même structure que lui. Le système du time-sharing a suscité un véritable engouement auprès des consommateurs, mais il a également donné lieu à de nombreux abus dont la presse s'est faite l'écho. Pour ces raisons, le législateur envisage aujourd'hui d'introduire des dispositions légales protectrices permettant de délimiter précisément les droits et obligations dont le time-sharer acquiert la titularité. Cette intervention législative ne consiste toutefois pas en une réglementation du time-sharing, mais uniquement en l'élaboration de normes générales qui doivent s'appliquer lors de la conclusion du contrat d'acquisition et qui se veulent compatibles avec les différentes constructions juridiques possibles. Nous avons choisi, pour la présente étude, d'examiner les possibilités qu'offrent les droits réels pour établir le partage de la jouissance d'un appartement et d'analyser la construction qui assure au consommateur la position la plus stable : celle de copropriétaire d'une part de propriété par étages. Les caractéristiques propres au time-sharing qui nous intéresse sont ainsi les suivantes : 1) Le time-sharer est un véritable propriétaire immobilier. Le droit de propriété assure une position forte à son titulaire qui bénéficie alors de tous les attributs et toutes les garanties de ce droit absolu. Mais le fait que plusieurs personnes acquièrent le même objet, nous met en présence du concept de propriété collective qu'il faut analyser afin d'expliquer la construction juridique du time-sharing en droits réels. 2) L'appartement reste toujours le même. L'objectif principal du consommateur est d'acquérir un droit de propriété sur un logement qu'il a lui-même choisi. Nous excluons ainsi les sociétés qui mettent à disposition de leurs membres un choix d'appartements que ce soit contre le versement d'une somme d'argent, par le biais d'un système d'acquisition de points-vacances, ou proportionnellement à l'investissement dans le capital social et le parc immobilier de la société. En outre, bien qu'il soit loisible à tout propriétaire d'entrer en relation avec une société d'échange afin de bénéficier d'un autre appartement, nous n'examinerons pas les rapports juridiques ainsi créés, car ils relèvent du droit contractuel et du droit des sociétés et non des droits réels. 3) L'immeuble est situé en Suisse et il est organisé en propriété par étages avant que les différents appartements qui le constituent ne soient vendus. Malgré le succès connu par le time-sharing hors de nos frontières, nous avons décidé de nous intéresser uniquement au statut réel du time-sharing en droit suisse et non aux divers problèmes qui peuvent surgir en droit international privé face aux contrats passés sous l'empire d'un droit étranger. En outre, comme nous le verrons, la structure de la propriété par étages se révèle être parfaitement adaptée au time-sharing en offrant une organisation élaborée et une communauté bénéficiant de la quasi-personnalité juridique. 4) Il n'y a aucun lien préexistant entre les différents acquéreurs et il n'est, par conséquent, pas nécessaire que l'acquisition de l'appartement se fasse simultanément et de manière collective. Dans la plupart des cas, les acquisitions seront échelonnées dans le temps et les personnes entreront en contact uniquement par le biais de leur logement commun. Le système permet donc une grande indépendance entre les différents membres du time-sharing, autant lors de l'achat que de la revente du droit de jouissance. 5) L'appartement étant vendu à de nombreuses personnes, il est nécessaire de fixer des périodes cycliques de jouissance. Celles-ci sont l'élément essentiel du time-sharing et déterminent le prix de vente par leur durée et par leur situation annuelle en haute saison ou en concordance avec les vacances scolaires. Toutefois, bien d'autres éléments nécessitent d'être règlés au niveau de l'organisation interne pour établir avec précision les droits et obligations de chacun. Le plan de notre étude comporte quatre parties principales qui portent respectivement sur la théorie de la propriété collective, sur les différentes constructions envisageables dans le domaine des droits réels, sur l'organisation de la copropriété fondant le time-sharing et sur l'examen des projets de révisions législatives à la lumière de la copropriété.

Validation of Design Recommendations for Integral Abutment Piles, HR-292, 1989

Since integral abutment bridges decrease the initial and maintenance costs of bridges, they provide an attractive alternative for bridge designers. The objective of this project is to develop rational and experimentally verified design recommendations for these bridges. Field testing consisted of instrumenting two bridges in Iowa to monitor air and bridge temperatures, bridge displacements, and pile strains. Core samples were also collected to determine coefficients of thermal expansion for the two bridges. Design values for the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete are recommended, as well as revised temperature ranges for the deck and girders of steel and concrete bridges. A girder extension model is developed to predict the longitudinal bridge displacements caused by changing bridge temperatures. Abutment rotations and passive soil pressures behind the abutment were neglected. The model is subdivided into segments that have uniform temperatures, coefficients of expansion, and moduli of elasticity. Weak axis pile strains were predicted using a fixed-head model. The pile is idealized as an equivalent cantilever with a length determined by the surrounding soil conditions and pile properties. Both the girder extension model and the fixed-head model are conservative for design purposes. A longitudinal frame model is developed to account for abutment rotations. The frame model better predicts both the longitudinal displacement and weak axis pile strains than do the simpler models. A lateral frame model is presented to predict the lateral motion of skewed bridges and the associated strong axis pile strains. Full passive soil pressure is assumed on the abutment face. Two alternatives for the pile design are presented. Alternative One is the more conservative and includes thermally induced stresses. Alternative Two neglects thermally induced stresses but allows for the partial formation of plastic hinges (inelastic redistribution of forces). Ductility criteria are presented for this alternative. Both alternatives are illustrated in a design example.

Analysis of experiments in square lattice with emphasis on variance components. i. Individual analysis

This paper focused on four alternatives of analysis of experiments in square lattice as far as the estimation of variance components and some genetic parameters are concerned: 1) intra-block analysis with adjusted treatment and blocks within unadjusted repetitions; 2) lattice analysis as complete randomized blocks; 3) intrablock analysis with unadjusted treatment and blocks within adjusted repetitions; 4) lattice analysis as complete randomized blocks, by utilizing the adjusted means of treatments, obtained from the analysis with recovery of interblock information, having as mean square of the error the mean effective variance of this same analysis with recovery of inter-block information. For the four alternatives of analysis, the estimators and estimates were obtained for the variance components and heritability coefficients. The classification of material was also studied. The present study suggests that for each experiment and depending of the objectives of the analysis, one should observe which alternative of analysis is preferable, mainly in cases where a negative estimate is obtained for the variance component due to effects of blocks within adjusted repetitions.

Face à l'insoutenable. Vivre et se construire avec des souvenirs d'abus sexuels

L'objectif de cette recherche est d'explorer l'impact des abus sexuels tel que perçu par des personnes adultes ayant été victimes dans leur enfance. Une attention particulière est portée sur l'évolution de cette perception. A cette fin, deux groupes de personnes ont été sollicités : des patients suivis en thérapie de groupe dans un centre spécialisé et des personnes ayant terminé une thérapie centrée sur les abus sexuels depuis au moins cinq ans.Des entretiens semi-structurés ont été menés tous les six mois pendant deux ans avec six femmes en thérapie, ainsi qu'avec trois femmes et un homme ayant terminé leur travail thérapeutique à ce sujet.L'analyse qualitative, inspirée de l'IPA, a révélé huit thèmes. A la recherche de la normalité, Vie intime et sexualité, et Du secret à la reconnaissance sont trois des problématiques majeures présentées par les femmes aux premiers entretiens. L'analyse révèle l'évolution de ces thèmes au cours des deux ans et les « témoins de l'après-thérapie » donnent des pistes quant aux suites possibles. Les participants témoignent également de leurs diverses Démarches thérapeutiques. Question de survie est un thème faisant trait à la dissociation structurelle de la personnalité telle qu'elle apparaît dans le discours des participants et telle qu'ils la décrivent. De la réviviscence au souvenir, Attribution de sens et Vivre après amènent chacun des aspects spécifiques liés à la résilience et ultimement à l'épanouissement.Ces résultats font ressortir des thématiques qui se révèlent être particulièrement difficiles pour ces personnes ayant été abusées sexuellement dans leur enfance, tout en soulignant l'évolution possible au fil du temps et à l'aide des thérapies. Ils révèlent également les manières dont le traumatisme est peu à peu intégré par les participants dans leur histoire de vie.This study's aim is to explore how survivors perceive the impact on their adult life of child sexual abuse and how it changes over time. To this effect, two groups of people were solicited: patients involved in group therapy in a specialised treatment centre and people who had finished therapy focused on the trauma caused by the abuse at least five years prior to this study.Semi-structured interviews were conducted at 6-month intervals over two years with six women in therapy. Three women and one man who had finished therapy accepted to share their experience.Qualitative analysis inspired by IPA revealed eight themes. Searching for normality, Tuning feelings with sexual life, and From secrecy to acknowledgment are three of the main issues presented by the women at the initial interviews. The analysis reveals how these themes evolve over the two years, while the participants who have finished their therapy give insights of possible futures. Participants also reflected on their various Therapeutical experiences. A matter of survival relates to structural dissociation of the personality as it appears in the participants' discourse and as they describe it. Placing the memory in the past, Making meaning, and And life goes on each bring out specific aspects linked to resiliency and finally to thriving.These results highlight the issues that are particularly difficult in dealing with the aftermaths of child sexual abuse and underline their possible transformation with time and therapy. They also reveal the ways in which the trauma is gradually integrated by the participants into their life-history.

Retaining principal components for discrete variables

The present study discusses retention criteria for principal components analysis (PCA) applied to Likert scale items typical in psychological questionnaires. The main aim is to recommend applied researchers to restrain from relying only on the eigenvalue-than-one criterion; alternative procedures are suggested for adjusting for sampling error. An additional objective is to add evidence on the consequences of applying this rule when PCA is used with discrete variables. The experimental conditions were studied by means of Monte Carlo sampling including several sample sizes, different number of variables and answer alternatives, and four non-normal distributions. The results suggest that even when all the items and thus the underlying dimensions are independent, eigenvalues greater than one are frequent and they can explain up to 80% of the variance in data, meeting the empirical criterion. The consequences of using Kaiser"s rule are illustrated with a clinical psychology example. The size of the eigenvalues resulted to be a function of the sample size and the number of variables, which is also the case for parallel analysis as previous research shows. To enhance the application of alternative criteria, an R package was developed for deciding the number of principal components to retain by means of confidence intervals constructed about the eigenvalues corresponding to lack of relationship between discrete variables.

Oferta formativa en terapias alternativas y complementarias para la asistencia al parto

Las terapias complementarias y alternativas (TCA) son las intervenciones y prácticas que no forman parte del sistema sanitario convencional. En la obstetricia, su uso es cada día más frecuente. Para asesorar a las gestantes es necesario tener unos conocimientos adecuados al respecto. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la oferta formativa de las matronas en TCA para la atención al parto mediante una revisión bibliográfica y la consulta de fuentes documentales. El actual programa de formación no las contempla y su aprendizaje depende de motivaciones personales. Existe poca información al respecto. Para recomendarlas y utilizarlas con eficacia y seguridad, es necesario dedicar más recursos a la investigación e incorporarlas en los planes convencionales de estudio.

Field Data Collection and Reporting Study, HR-377, 1997

A review of the Iowa Department of Transportation's field data collection and reporting system has been performed. Included were several systems used by the Office of Construction and Local Jurisdictions. The entire field data collection and reporting systems for asphalt cement concrete (ACC) paving, portland cement concrete (PCC) paving, and PCC structures were streamlined and computerized. The field procedures for materials acceptance were also reviewed. Best practices were identified and a method was developed to prioritize materials so transportation agencies could focus their efforts on high priority materials. Iowa State University researchers facilitated a discussion about Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) and Affirmative Action (AA) procedures between the Office of Construction field staff and the Office of Contracts. A set of alternative procedures was developed. Later the Office of Contracts considered these alternatives as they developed new procedures that are currently being implemented. The job close-out package was reviewed and two unnecessary procedures were eliminated. Numerous other procedures were reviewed and flowcharted. Several changes have been recommended that will increase efficiency and allow staff time to be devoted to higher priority activities. It is estimated the improvements in ACC paving, PCC paving and structural concrete will by similar to three full time equivalent (FTE) positions to field construction, field materials and Office of Materials. Elimination of EEO interviews will be equivalent to one FTE position. It is estimated that other miscellaneous changes will be equivalent to at least one other FTE person. This is a total five FTEs. These are conservative estimates based on savings that are easily quantified. It is likely that total positive effect is greater when items that are difficult to quantify are considered.

NFκB activation by modified vaccinia virus as a novel strategy to enhance neutrophil migration and HIV-specific T-cell responses.

Neutrophils are antigen-transporting cells that generate vaccinia virus (VACV)-specific T-cell responses, yet how VACV modulates neutrophil recruitment and its significance in the immune response are unknown. We generated an attenuated VACV strain that expresses HIV-1 clade C antigens but lacks three specific viral genes (A52R, K7R, and B15R). We found that these genes act together to inhibit the NFκB signaling pathway. Triple ablation in modified virus restored NFκB function in macrophages. After virus infection of mice, NFκB pathway activation led to expression of several cytokines/chemokines that increased the migration of neutrophil populations (Nα and Nβ) to the infection site. Nβ cells displayed features of antigen-presenting cells and activated virus-specific CD8 T cells. Enhanced neutrophil trafficking to the infection site correlated with an increased T-cell response to HIV vector-delivered antigens. These results identify a mechanism for poxvirus-induced immune response and alternatives for vaccine vector design.

Macadam Base Shoulders, HR-181, 1977

Highway safety and pavement performance can be directly influenced by the type of shoulders that are constructed. Shoulder design alternatives have always been rather limited. Moreover, the use of some of the alternatives has always been restricted by funding limitations. This research project seeks to explore the use of modified macadam base construction for shoulders. This type of shoulder design could offer the designer another option when paved or stabilized shoulders are being considered. Macadam base construction has in the past been shown to be quite strong and freedraining. Two macadam base shoulder designs were developed and constructed for this research project. A new roadway embankment and P.C.C. pavement were constructed on a section of US 6 east of Adel in Dallas County. The macadam base shoulders were constructed adjacent to the pavement as part of the project. The north shoulder was finished with a choke stone course and bituminous surface treatment and the south shoulder was finished with a two (2) inch layer of Type B Class II asphalt concrete. The initial results are considered satisfactory. Follow-up performance evaluation and load bearing tests are planned.