Decomposition of $\rm R\times C$ contingency table chi -square: Application to binned DNA fragment size data and population structure analysis

The purpose of this research is to develop a new statistical method to determine the minimum set of rows (R) in a R x C contingency table of discrete data that explains the dependence of observations. The statistical power of the method will be empirically determined by computer simulation to judge its efficiency over the presently existing methods. The method will be applied to data on DNA fragment length variation at six VNTR loci in over 72 populations from five major racial groups of human (total sample size is over 15,000 individuals; each sample having at least 50 individuals). DNA fragment lengths grouped in bins will form the basis of studying inter-population DNA variation within the racial groups are significant, will provide a rigorous re-binning procedure for forensic computation of DNA profile frequencies that takes into account intra-racial DNA variation among populations. ^

Tiled Projector Displays Correction for Dark Scenes in Railway Simulators

Tiled projector displays are a common choice for training simulators, where a high resolution output image is required. They are cheap for the resolution that they can reach and can be configured in many different ways. Nevertheless, such kinds of displays require geometric and color correction so that the composite image looks seamless. Display correction is an even bigger challenge when the projected images include dark scenes combined with brighter scenes. This is usually a problem for railway simulators when the train is positioned inside a tunnel and the black offset effect becomes noticeable. In this paper, a method for fast photometric and geometric correction of tiled display systems where dark and bright scenes are combined is presented. The image correction is carried out in two steps. First, geometric alignment and overlapping areas attenuation for brighter scenes is applied. Second, in the event of being inside a tunnel, the brightness of the scene is increased in certain areas using light sources in order to create the impression of darkness but minimizing the effect of the black offset

El microclima urbano en los espacios abiertos : estudio de casos en Madrid

El microclima urbano juega un rol importante en el consumo energético de los edificios y en las sensaciones de confort en los espacios exteriores. La urgente necesidad de aumentar la eficiencia energética, reducir las emisiones de los contaminantes y paliar la evidente falta de sostenibilidad que afecta a las ciudades, ha puesto la atención en el urbanismo bioclimático como referente para una propuesta de cambio en la forma de diseñar y vivir la ciudad. Hasta ahora las investigaciones en temas de microclima y eficiencia energética se han concentrado principalmente en como orientar el diseño de nuevos desarrollo. Sin embargo los principales problemas de la insostenibilidad de las actuales conurbaciones son el resultado del modelo de crecimiento especulativo y altamente agotador de recursos que han caracterizado el boom inmobiliario de las últimas décadas. Vemos entonces, tanto en España como en el resto de los Países Europeos, la necesidad de reorientar el sector de la construcción hacía la rehabilitación del espacio construido, como una alternativa capaz de dar una solución más sostenible para el mercado inmobiliario. En este propósito de mejorar la calidad de las ciudades actuales, el espacio público juega un papel fundamental, sobre todo como lugar para el encuentro y la socialización entre los ciudadanos. La sensación térmica condiciona la percepción de un ambiente, así que el microclima puede ser determinante para el éxito o el fracaso de un espacio urbano. Se plantea entonces cómo principal objetivo de la investigación, la definición de estrategias para el diseño bioclimático de los entornos urbanos construidos, fundamentados en las componentes morfotipológica, climática y de los requerimientos de confort para los ciudadanos. Como ulterior elemento de novedad se decide estudiar la rehabilitación de los barrios de construcción de mediado del siglo XX, que en muchos casos constituyen bolsas de degrado en la extendida periferia de las ciudades modernas. La metodología empleada para la investigación se basa en la evaluación de las condiciones climáticas y de confort térmico de diferentes escenarios de proyecto, aplicados a tres casos de estudio situados en un barrio periurbano de la ciudad de Madrid. Para la determinación de los parámetros climáticos se han empleado valores obtenidos con un proceso de simulación computarizada, basados en los principios de fluidodinámica, termodinámica y del intercambio radioactivo en el espacio construido. A través de uso de programas de simulación podemos hacer una previsión de las condiciones microclimáticas de las situaciones actuales y de los efectos de la aplicación de medidas. La gran ventaja en el uso de sistemas de cálculo es que se pueden evaluar diferentes escenarios de proyecto y elegir entre ellos el que asegura mejores prestaciones ambientales. Los resultados obtenidos en los diferentes escenarios han sido comparados con los valores de confort del estado actual, utilizando como indicador de la sensación térmica el índice UTCI. El análisis comparativo ha permitido la realización de una tabla de resumen donde se muestra la evaluación de las diferentes soluciones de rehabilitación. Se ha podido así demostrar que no existe una solución constructiva eficaz para todas las aplicaciones, sino que cada situación debe ser estudiada individualmente, aplicando caso por caso las medidas más oportunas. Si bien los sistemas de simulación computarizada pueden suponer un importante apoyo para la fase de diseño, es responsabilidad del proyectista emplear las herramientas más adecuadas en cada fase y elegir las soluciones más oportunas para cumplir con los objetivos del proyecto. The urban microclimate plays an important role on buildings energy consumption and comfort sensation in exterior spaces. Nowadays, cities need to increase energy efficiency, reduce the pollutants emissions and mitigate the evident lack of sustainability. In reason of this, attention has focused on the bioclimatic urbanism as a reference of change proposal of the way to design and live the city. Hitherto, the researches on microclimate and energy efficiency have mainly concentrated on guiding the design of new constructions. However the main problems of unsustainability of existing conurbations are the result of the growth model highly speculative and responsible of resources depletion that have characterized the real estate boom of recent decades. In Spain and other European countries, become define the need to redirect the construction sector towards urban refurbishment. This alternative is a more sustainable development model and is able to provide a solution for the real estate sector. In order to improve the quality of today's cities, the public space plays a key role, especially in order to provide to citizens places for meeting and socializing. The thermal sensation affects the environment perception, so microclimate conditions can be decisive for the success or failure of urban space. For this reasons, the main objective of this work is focused on the definition of bioclimatic strategies for existing urban spaces, based on the morpho-typological components, climate and comfort requirements for citizens. As novelty element, the regeneration of neighborhoods built in middle of the twentieth century has been studied, because are the major extended in periphery of modern cities and, in many cases, they represent deprived areas. The research methodology is based on the evaluation of climatic conditions and thermal comfort of different project scenarios, applied to three case studies located in a suburban neighborhood of Madrid. The climatic parameters have been obtained by computer simulation process, based on fluid dynamics, thermodynamics and radioactive exchange in urban environment using numerical approach. The great advantage in the use of computing systems is the capacity for evaluate different project scenarios. The results in the different scenarios were compared with the comfort value obtained in the current state, using the UTCI index as indicator of thermal sensation. Finally, an abacus of the thermal comfort improvement obtained by different countermeasures has been performed. One of the major achievement of doctoral work is the demonstration of there are not any design solution suitable for different cases. Each situation should be analyzed and specific design measures should be proposed. Computer simulation systems can be a significant support and help the designer in the decision making phase. However, the election of the most suitable tools and the appropriate solutions for each case is designer responsibility.

Contribución al estudio del criptoanálisis y diseño de los criptosistemas caóticos

The extraordinary increase of new information technologies, the development of Internet, the electronic commerce, the e-government, mobile telephony and future cloud computing and storage, have provided great benefits in all areas of society. Besides these, there are new challenges for the protection of information, such as the loss of confidentiality and integrity of electronic documents. Cryptography plays a key role by providing the necessary tools to ensure the safety of these new media. It is imperative to intensify the research in this area, to meet the growing demand for new secure cryptographic techniques. The theory of chaotic nonlinear dynamical systems and the theory of cryptography give rise to the chaotic cryptography, which is the field of study of this thesis. The link between cryptography and chaotic systems is still subject of intense study. The combination of apparently stochastic behavior, the properties of sensitivity to initial conditions and parameters, ergodicity, mixing, and the fact that periodic points are dense, suggests that chaotic orbits resemble random sequences. This fact, and the ability to synchronize multiple chaotic systems, initially described by Pecora and Carroll, has generated an avalanche of research papers that relate cryptography and chaos. The chaotic cryptography addresses two fundamental design paradigms. In the first paradigm, chaotic cryptosystems are designed using continuous time, mainly based on chaotic synchronization techniques; they are implemented with analog circuits or by computer simulation. In the second paradigm, chaotic cryptosystems are constructed using discrete time and generally do not depend on chaos synchronization techniques. The contributions in this thesis involve three aspects about chaotic cryptography. The first one is a theoretical analysis of the geometric properties of some of the most employed chaotic attractors for the design of chaotic cryptosystems. The second one is the cryptanalysis of continuos chaotic cryptosystems and finally concludes with three new designs of cryptographically secure chaotic pseudorandom generators. The main accomplishments contained in this thesis are: v Development of a method for determining the parameters of some double scroll chaotic systems, including Lorenz system and Chua’s circuit. First, some geometrical characteristics of chaotic system have been used to reduce the search space of parameters. Next, a scheme based on the synchronization of chaotic systems was built. The geometric properties have been employed as matching criterion, to determine the values of the parameters with the desired accuracy. The method is not affected by a moderate amount of noise in the waveform. The proposed method has been applied to find security flaws in the continuous chaotic encryption systems. Based on previous results, the chaotic ciphers proposed by Wang and Bu and those proposed by Xu and Li are cryptanalyzed. We propose some solutions to improve the cryptosystems, although very limited because these systems are not suitable for use in cryptography. Development of a method for determining the parameters of the Lorenz system, when it is used in the design of two-channel cryptosystem. The method uses the geometric properties of the Lorenz system. The search space of parameters has been reduced. Next, the parameters have been accurately determined from the ciphertext. The method has been applied to cryptanalysis of an encryption scheme proposed by Jiang. In 2005, Gunay et al. proposed a chaotic encryption system based on a cellular neural network implementation of Chua’s circuit. This scheme has been cryptanalyzed. Some gaps in security design have been identified. Based on the theoretical results of digital chaotic systems and cryptanalysis of several chaotic ciphers recently proposed, a family of pseudorandom generators has been designed using finite precision. The design is based on the coupling of several piecewise linear chaotic maps. Based on the above results a new family of chaotic pseudorandom generators named Trident has been designed. These generators have been specially designed to meet the needs of real-time encryption of mobile technology. According to the above results, this thesis proposes another family of pseudorandom generators called Trifork. These generators are based on a combination of perturbed Lagged Fibonacci generators. This family of generators is cryptographically secure and suitable for use in real-time encryption. Detailed analysis shows that the proposed pseudorandom generator can provide fast encryption speed and a high level of security, at the same time. El extraordinario auge de las nuevas tecnologías de la información, el desarrollo de Internet, el comercio electrónico, la administración electrónica, la telefonía móvil y la futura computación y almacenamiento en la nube, han proporcionado grandes beneficios en todos los ámbitos de la sociedad. Junto a éstos, se presentan nuevos retos para la protección de la información, como la suplantación de personalidad y la pérdida de la confidencialidad e integridad de los documentos electrónicos. La criptografía juega un papel fundamental aportando las herramientas necesarias para garantizar la seguridad de estos nuevos medios, pero es imperativo intensificar la investigación en este ámbito para dar respuesta a la demanda creciente de nuevas técnicas criptográficas seguras. La teoría de los sistemas dinámicos no lineales junto a la criptografía dan lugar a la ((criptografía caótica)), que es el campo de estudio de esta tesis. El vínculo entre la criptografía y los sistemas caóticos continúa siendo objeto de un intenso estudio. La combinación del comportamiento aparentemente estocástico, las propiedades de sensibilidad a las condiciones iniciales y a los parámetros, la ergodicidad, la mezcla, y que los puntos periódicos sean densos asemejan las órbitas caóticas a secuencias aleatorias, lo que supone su potencial utilización en el enmascaramiento de mensajes. Este hecho, junto a la posibilidad de sincronizar varios sistemas caóticos descrita inicialmente en los trabajos de Pecora y Carroll, ha generado una avalancha de trabajos de investigación donde se plantean muchas ideas sobre la forma de realizar sistemas de comunicaciones seguros, relacionando así la criptografía y el caos. La criptografía caótica aborda dos paradigmas de diseño fundamentales. En el primero, los criptosistemas caóticos se diseñan utilizando circuitos analógicos, principalmente basados en las técnicas de sincronización caótica; en el segundo, los criptosistemas caóticos se construyen en circuitos discretos u ordenadores, y generalmente no dependen de las técnicas de sincronización del caos. Nuestra contribución en esta tesis implica tres aspectos sobre el cifrado caótico. En primer lugar, se realiza un análisis teórico de las propiedades geométricas de algunos de los sistemas caóticos más empleados en el diseño de criptosistemas caóticos vii continuos; en segundo lugar, se realiza el criptoanálisis de cifrados caóticos continuos basados en el análisis anterior; y, finalmente, se realizan tres nuevas propuestas de diseño de generadores de secuencias pseudoaleatorias criptográficamente seguros y rápidos. La primera parte de esta memoria realiza un análisis crítico acerca de la seguridad de los criptosistemas caóticos, llegando a la conclusión de que la gran mayoría de los algoritmos de cifrado caóticos continuos —ya sean realizados físicamente o programados numéricamente— tienen serios inconvenientes para proteger la confidencialidad de la información ya que son inseguros e ineficientes. Asimismo una gran parte de los criptosistemas caóticos discretos propuestos se consideran inseguros y otros no han sido atacados por lo que se considera necesario más trabajo de criptoanálisis. Esta parte concluye señalando las principales debilidades encontradas en los criptosistemas analizados y algunas recomendaciones para su mejora. En la segunda parte se diseña un método de criptoanálisis que permite la identificaci ón de los parámetros, que en general forman parte de la clave, de algoritmos de cifrado basados en sistemas caóticos de Lorenz y similares, que utilizan los esquemas de sincronización excitador-respuesta. Este método se basa en algunas características geométricas del atractor de Lorenz. El método diseñado se ha empleado para criptoanalizar eficientemente tres algoritmos de cifrado. Finalmente se realiza el criptoanálisis de otros dos esquemas de cifrado propuestos recientemente. La tercera parte de la tesis abarca el diseño de generadores de secuencias pseudoaleatorias criptográficamente seguras, basadas en aplicaciones caóticas, realizando las pruebas estadísticas, que corroboran las propiedades de aleatoriedad. Estos generadores pueden ser utilizados en el desarrollo de sistemas de cifrado en flujo y para cubrir las necesidades del cifrado en tiempo real. Una cuestión importante en el diseño de sistemas de cifrado discreto caótico es la degradación dinámica debida a la precisión finita; sin embargo, la mayoría de los diseñadores de sistemas de cifrado discreto caótico no ha considerado seriamente este aspecto. En esta tesis se hace hincapié en la importancia de esta cuestión y se contribuye a su esclarecimiento con algunas consideraciones iniciales. Ya que las cuestiones teóricas sobre la dinámica de la degradación de los sistemas caóticos digitales no ha sido totalmente resuelta, en este trabajo utilizamos algunas soluciones prácticas para evitar esta dificultad teórica. Entre las técnicas posibles, se proponen y evalúan varias soluciones, como operaciones de rotación de bits y desplazamiento de bits, que combinadas con la variación dinámica de parámetros y con la perturbación cruzada, proporcionan un excelente remedio al problema de la degradación dinámica. Además de los problemas de seguridad sobre la degradación dinámica, muchos criptosistemas se rompen debido a su diseño descuidado, no a causa de los defectos esenciales de los sistemas caóticos digitales. Este hecho se ha tomado en cuenta en esta tesis y se ha logrado el diseño de generadores pseudoaleatorios caóticos criptogr áficamente seguros.

Detection and Isolation of Simultaneous Additive and Parametric Faults in Nonlinear Stochastic Dynamical Systems

This paper presents a new fault detection and isolation scheme for dealing with simultaneous additive and parametric faults. The new design integrates a system for additive fault detection based on Castillo and Zufiria, 2009 and a new parametric fault detection and isolation scheme inspired in Munz and Zufiria, 2008 . It is shown that the so far existing schemes do not behave correctly when both additive and parametric faults occur simultaneously; to solve the problem a new integrated scheme is proposed. Computer simulation results are presented to confirm the theoretical studies.

A molecular dynamics study of swift heavy ion irradiation of amorphous silica: the role of thermal effects

Irradiation with swift heavy ions (SHI), roughly defined as those having atomic masses larger than 15 and energies exceeding 1 MeV/amu, may lead to significant modification of the irradiated material in a nanometric region around the (straight) ion trajectory (latent tracks). In the case of amorphous silica, SHI irradiation originates nano-tracks of higher density than the virgin material (densification). As a result, the refractive index is increased with respect to that of the surroundings. Moreover, track overlapping leads to continuous amorphous layers that present a significant contrast with respect to the pristine substrate. We have recently demonstrated that SHI irradiation produces a large number of point defects, easily detectable by a number of experimental techniques (work presented in the parallel conference ICDIM). The mechanisms of energy transfer from SHI to the target material have their origin in the high electronic excitation induced in the solid. A number of phenomenological approaches have been employed to describe these mechanisms: coulomb explosion, thermal spike, non-radiative exciton decay, bond weakening. However, a detailed microscopic description is missing due to the difficulty of modeling the time evolution of the electronic excitation. In this work we have employed molecular dynamics (MD) calculations to determine whether the irradiation effects are related to the thermal phenomena described by MD (in the ps domain) or to electronic phenomena (sub-ps domain), e.g., exciton localization. We have carried out simulations of up to 100 ps with large boxes (30x30x8 nm3) using a home-modified version of MDCASK that allows us to define a central hot cylinder (ion track) from which heat flows to the surrounding cold bath (unirradiated sample). We observed that once the cylinder has cooled down, the Si and O coordination numbers are 4 and 2, respectively, as in virgin silica. On the other hand, the density of the (cold) cylinder increases with respect to that of silica and, furthermore, the silica network ring size decreases. Both effects are in agreement with the observed densification. In conclusion, purely thermal effects do not explain the generation of point defects upon irradiation, but they do account for the silica densification.

MMonCa: A flexible and powerful new Kinetic Monte Carlo simulator

Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) is a widely used technique to simulate the evolution of radiation damage inside solids. Despite de fact that this technique was developed several decades ago, there is not an established and easy to access simulating tool for researchers interested in this field, unlike in the case of molecular dynamics or density functional theory calculations. In fact, scientists must develop their own tools or use unmaintained ones in order to perform these types of simulations. To fulfil this need, we have developed MMonCa, the Modular Monte Carlo simulator. MMonCa has been developed using professional C++ programming techniques and has been built on top of an interpreted language to allow having a powerful yet flexible, robust but customizable and easy to access modern simulator. Both non lattice and Lattice KMC modules have been developed. We will present in this conference, for the first time, the MMonCa simulator. Along with other (more detailed) contributions in this meeting, the versatility of MMonCa to study a number of problems in different materials (particularly, Fe and W) subject to a wide range of conditions will be shown. Regarding KMC simulations, we have studied neutron-generated cascade evolution in Fe (as a model material). Starting with a Frenkel pair distribution we have followed the defect evolution up to 450 K. Comparison with previous simulations and experiments shows excellent agreement. Furthermore, we have studied a more complex system (He-irradiated W:C) using a previous parametrization [1]. He-irradiation at 4 K followed by isochronal annealing steps up to 500 K has been simulated with MMonCa. The He energy was 400 eV or 3 keV. In the first case, no damage is associated to the He implantation, whereas in the second one, a significant Frenkel pair concentration (evolving into complex clusters) is associated to the He ions. We have been able to explain He desorption both in the absence and in the presence of Frenkel pairs and we have also applied MMonCa to high He doses and fluxes at elevated temperatures. He migration and trapping dominate the kinetics of He desorption. These processes will be discussed and compared to experimental results. [1] C.S. Becquart et al. J. Nucl. Mater. 403 (2010) 75

Effect of ion flux on helium retention in helium-irradiated tungsten

Helium retention in irradiated tungsten leads to swelling, pore formation, sample exfoliation and embrittlement with deleterious consequences in many applications. In particular, the use of tungsten in future nuclear fusion plants is proposed due to its good refractory properties. However, serious concerns about tungsten survivability stems from the fact that it must withstand severe irradiation conditions. In magnetic fusion as well as in inertial fusion (particularly with direct drive targets), tungsten components will be exposed to low and high energy ion (helium) irradiation, respectively. A common feature is that the most detrimental situations will take place in pulsed mode, i.e., high flux irradiation. There is increasing evidence on a correlation between a high helium flux and an enhancement of detrimental effects on tungsten. Nevertheless, the nature of these effects is not well understood due to the subtleties imposed by the exact temperature profile evolution, ion energy, pulse duration, existence of impurities and simultaneous irradiation with other species. Physically based Kinetic Monte Carlo is the technique of choice to simulate the evolution of radiation-induced damage inside solids in large temporal and space scales. We have used the recently developed code MMonCa (Modular Monte Carlo simulator), presented in this conference for the first time, to study He retention (and in general defect evolution) in tungsten samples irradiated with high intensity helium pulses. The code simulates the interactions among a large variety of defects and impurities (He and C) during the irradiation stage and the subsequent annealing steps. In addition, it allows us to vary the sample temperature to follow the severe thermo-mechanical effects of the pulses. In this work we will describe the helium kinetics for different irradiation conditions. A competition is established between fast helium cluster migration and trapping at large defects, being the temperature a determinant factor. In fact, high temperatures (induced by the pulses) are responsible for large vacancy cluster formation and subsequent additional trapping with respect to low flux irradiation.

Synchronizing chaotic optically-programmable digital circuits

In this paper an approach to the synchronization of chaotic circuits has been reported. It is based on an optically programmable logic cell and the signals involved are fully digital. It is based on the reception of the same input signal on sender and receiver and from this approach, with a posterior correlation between both outputs, an identical chaotic output is obtained in both systems. No conversion from analog to digital signals is needed. The model here presented is based on a computer simulation.

Chaos synchronization in optically programmable logic cells

A possible approach to the synchronization of chaotic circuits is reported. It is based on an Optically Programmable Logic Cell and the signals are fully digital. A method to study the characteristics of the obtained chaos is reported as well as a new technique to compare the obtained chaos from an emitter and a receiver. This technique allows the synchronization of chaotic signals. The signals received at the receiver, composed by the addition of information and chaotic signals, are compared with the chaos generated there and a pure information signal can be detected. Its application to cryptography in Optical Communications comes directly from these properties. The model here presented is based on a computer simulation.

Procedure for verification of sound source coverage over façades according to the International Standard ISO 140-5

This paper presents a new verification procedure for sound source coverage according to ISO 140?5 requirements. The ISO 140?5 standard applies to the measurement of façade insulation and requires a sound source able to achieve a sufficiently uniform sound field in free field conditions on the façade under study. The proposed method involves the electroacoustic characterisation of the sound source in laboratory free field conditions (anechoic room) and the subsequent prediction by computer simulation of the sound free field radiated on a rectangular surface equal in size to the façade being measured. The loudspeaker is characterised in an anechoic room under laboratory controlled conditions, carefully measuring directivity, and then a computer model is designed to calculate the acoustic free field coverage for different loudspeaker positions and façade sizes. For each sound source position, the method provides the maximum direct acoustic level differences on a façade specimen and therefore determines whether the loudspeaker verifies the maximum allowed level difference of 5 dB (or 10 dB for façade dimensions greater than 5 m) required by the ISO standard. Additionally, the maximum horizontal dimension of the façade meeting the standard is calculated and provided for each sound source position, both with the 5 dB and 10 dB criteria. In the last section of the paper, the proposed procedure is compared with another method used by the authors in the past to achieve the same purpose: in situ outdoor measurements attempting to recreate free field conditions. From this comparison, it is concluded that the proposed method is able to reproduce the actual measurements with high accuracy, for example, the ground reflection effect, at least at low frequencies, which is difficult to avoid in the outdoor measurement method, and it is fully eliminated with the proposed method to achieve the free field requisite.

Variance and covariance of actual relationship between relatives at one locus.

The relationship between pairs of individuals is an important topic in many areas of population and quantitative genetics. It is usually measured as the proportion of thegenome identical by descent shared by the pair and it can be inferred from pedigree information. But there is a variance in actual relationships as a consequence of Mendelian sampling, whose general formula has not been developed. The goal of this work is to develop this general formula for the one-locus situation,. We provide simple expressions for the variances and covariances of all actual relationships in an arbitrary complex pedigree. The proposed method relies on the use of the nine identity coefficients and the generalized relationship coefficients; formulas have been checked by computer simulation. Finally two examples for a short pedigree of dogs and a long pedigree of sheep are given.

Analysis and Modelling of the Structural Components of the Elbow Joint

A recent application of computer simulation is its use for the human body, which resembles a mechanism that is complemented by torques in the joints that are caused by the action of muscles and tendons. Among others, the application can be used to provide training in surgical procedures or to learn how the body works. Some of the other applications are to make a biped walk upright, to build robots that are designed on the human body or to make prostheses or robot arms to perform specific tasks. One of the uses of simulation is to optimise the movement of the human body by examining which muscles are activated and which should or should not be activated in order to improve a person?s movements. This work presents a model of the elbow joint, and by analysing the constraint equations using classic methods we go on to model the bones, muscles and tendons as well as the logic linked to the force developed by them when faced with a specific movement. To do this, we analyse the reference bibliography and the software available to perform the validation.

Unidad de efectos de audio en Simulink

La tecnología moderna de computación ha permitido cambiar radicalmente la investigación tecnológica en todos los ámbitos. El proceso general utilizado previamente consistía en el desarrollo de prototipos analógicos, creando múltiples versiones del mismo hasta llegar al resultado adecuado. Este es un proceso costoso a nivel económico y de carga de trabajo. Es por ello por lo que el proceso de investigación actual aprovecha las nuevas tecnologías para lograr el objetivo final mediante la simulación. Gracias al desarrollo de software para la simulación de distintas áreas se ha incrementado el ritmo de crecimiento de los avances tecnológicos y reducido el coste de los proyectos en investigación y desarrollo. La simulación, por tanto, permite desarrollar previamente prototipos simulados con un coste mucho menor para así lograr un producto final, el cual será llevado a cabo en su ámbito correspondiente. Este proceso no sólo se aplica en el caso de productos con circuitería, si bien es utilizado también en productos programados. Muchos de los programas actuales trabajan con algoritmos concretos cuyo funcionamiento debe ser comprobado previamente, para después centrarse en la codificación del mismo. Es en este punto donde se encuentra el objetivo de este proyecto, simular algoritmos de procesado digital de la señal antes de la codificación del programa final. Los sistemas de audio están basados en su totalidad en algoritmos de procesado de la señal, tanto analógicos como digitales, siendo estos últimos los que están sustituyendo al mundo analógico mediante los procesadores y los ordenadores. Estos algoritmos son la parte más compleja del sistema, y es la creación de nuevos algoritmos la base para lograr sistemas de audio novedosos y funcionales. Se debe destacar que los grupos de desarrollo de sistemas de audio presentan un amplio número de miembros con cometidos diferentes, separando las funciones de programadores e ingenieros de la señal de audio. Es por ello por lo que la simulación de estos algoritmos es fundamental a la hora de desarrollar nuevos y más potentes sistemas de audio. Matlab es una de las herramientas fundamentales para la simulación por ordenador, la cual presenta utilidades para desarrollar proyectos en distintos ámbitos. Sin embargo, en creciente uso actualmente se encuentra el software Simulink, herramienta especializada en la simulación de alto nivel que simplifica la dificultad de la programación en Matlab y permite desarrollar modelos de forma más rápida. Simulink presenta una completa funcionalidad para el desarrollo de algoritmos de procesado digital de audio. Por ello, el objetivo de este proyecto es el estudio de las capacidades de Simulink para generar sistemas de audio funcionales. A su vez, este proyecto pretende profundizar en los métodos de procesado digital de la señal de audio, logrando al final un paquete de sistemas de audio compatible con los programas de edición de audio actuales. ABSTRACT. Modern computer technology has dramatically changed the technological research in multiple areas. The overall process previously used consisted of the development of analog prototypes, creating multiple versions to reach the proper result. This is an expensive process in terms of an economically level and workload. For this reason actual investigation process take advantage of the new technologies to achieve the final objective through simulation. Thanks to the software development for simulation in different areas the growth rate of technological progress has been increased and the cost of research and development projects has been decreased. Hence, simulation allows previously the development of simulated protoypes with a much lower cost to obtain a final product, which will be held in its respective field. This process is not only applied in the case of circuitry products, but is also used in programmed products. Many current programs work with specific algorithms whose performance should be tested beforehand, which allows focusing on the codification of the program. This is the main point of this project, to simulate digital signal processing algorithms before the codification of the final program. Audio systems are entirely based on signal processing, both analog and digital systems, being the digital systems which are replacing the analog world thanks to the processors and computers. This algorithms are the most complex part of every system, and the creation of new algorithms is the most important step to achieve innovative and functional new audio systems. It should be noted that development groups of audio systems have a large number of members with different roles, separating them into programmers and audio signal engineers. For this reason, the simulation of this algorithms is essential when developing new and more powerful audio systems. Matlab is one of the most important tools for computer simulation, which has utilities to develop projects in different areas. However, the use of the Simulink software is constantly growing. It is a simulation tool specialized in high-level simulations which simplifies the difficulty of programming in Matlab and allows the developing of models faster. Simulink presents a full functionality for the development of algorithms for digital audio processing. Therefore, the objective of this project is to study the posibilities of Simulink to generate funcional audio systems. In turn, this projects aims to get deeper into the methods of digital audio signal processing, making at the end a software package of audio systems compatible with the current audio editing software.

Digital chaos synchronization in optical networks

A possible approach to the synchronization of chaotic circuits is reported. It is based on an Optically Programmable Logic Cell and as a consequence its output is digital, its application to cryptography in Optical Communications comes directly from its properties. The model here presented is based on a computer simulation.