显花植物器官形成激素调控的分子机理研究

本论文以显花植物水稻和拟南芥为对象，研究植物器官形成激素调控的分子机理。发现拟南芥干细胞决定基因WUS和ABA信号关键调节因子ABI3间存在相互调节关系，它们对质体和根毛发育等具有调控作用；运用细胞学手段对OsAGAP和OsRMC调控根发育的机理进行了研究。这些结果为了解ABA、生长素和JA等激素对分生组织或根等器官的形成的调控机理提供了新资料。 拟南芥WUS基因是一个重要的干细胞决定基因。在茎尖分生组织和花分生组织的动态平衡调节中各存在一个反馈调节环：WUS促进CLV3的表达，而CLV3 反馈抑制WUS表达，它们共同决定干细胞的数目；在WUS+LFY 和AG之间也存在一个类似的反馈环，负责花器官的正常启动和终止。本工作发现在外源ABA 存在下，拟南芥WUS功能获得突变体sef (stem ectopic flowers)子叶黄化过程受到抑制，即sef突变体对ABA 的敏感性降低，而且在sef突变体中ABI3转录水平下调，说明WUS 抑制ABI3的表达。另一方面，在abi3突变体中WUS转录水平下降，启动子分析发现WUS是ABI3所在的B3结构域家族基因的靶基因，酵母单杂交实验表明B3家族蛋白FUS3可以与WUS调控区结合；外源ABA 处理pWUS::GUS植株发现ABA可使WUS异位表达，暗示受ABA信号诱导的B3类转录因子可与WUS调控区结合，从而促进WUS的表达。这些结果支持ABI3/WUS间的反馈调节机理，该调节环可能参与调控拟南芥质体和根毛发育等过程。 双子叶和单子叶植物的发育和器官形成高度依赖生长素极性运输（PAT）， 生长素输入和输出载体的准确定位对于极性运输的正常进行是必要的。在双子叶模式植物拟南芥中，生长素输出载体PIN1的转运和定位受小G蛋白ARF鸟苷酸转换因子GNOM介导。本实验室克隆到一个水稻ARF GAPase激活蛋白OsAGAP， 其超表达引起PAT改变且干扰主根和侧根的发生及发育。前期生理实验显示超表达植株侧根的表型可被膜渗透性生长素NAA恢复，但不能被载体依赖型生长素IAA和2, 4-D恢复。为了解释OsAGAP过表达引起根系发育受到抑制的表型，本工作主要从细胞学角度继续深入分析OsAGAP介导生长素运输的机理。实验发现，OsAGAP超表达植株中AUX1在细胞中分布改变；生长素输出载体PIN1和PIN2的定位不受影响；该基因的超表达使囊泡聚集，形成类似囊泡运输抑制剂BFA处理后的结构；OsAGAP与细胞转运系统中的高尔基体存在部分共定位。以上结果表明OsAGAP调节小G蛋白Arf的活性，参与调控生长素极性运输过程，进而调控根系发育。通过对JA诱导的OsRMC蛋白的膜定位分析及转基因植株根中JA合成水平的测定，为研究此蛋白参与JA信号、调控根系发育提供了直接证据。 此外，论文还对拟南芥STAR2基因的功能进行了一定的初探。

克隆植物的分布及其与环境和物种多样性的关系

　　中国植被的1860个样方资料的统计结果表明，克隆植物存在于不同类型的生态系统中，并在大部分生态系统中占有重要地位。同非克隆植物相比，克隆植物大多具有更强的适应环境压力的能力。在高纬度、高海拔地区，克隆植物的丰富度较高。在寒冷、低氮含量、养分贫瘠的生境中出现频率较高。在高山草甸、冻原、高山裸岩和砾石稀疏植被带等胁迫生境中克隆植物占的比例较高。克隆植物中，具有不同克隆生长器官的植物在不同生境中出现频率不同。根起源克隆植物在低纬度、低海拔，以及较温暖、湿润的生境中丰富度较高，相反，茎起源克隆植物在高纬度、高海拔，较寒冷、干旱的生境中丰富度较高。根起源克隆植物中，根出条型植物的生境条件和根起源克隆植物的相同，出现在灌丛、阔叶林和竹林中的频率较高;茎起源克隆植物中，根茎型植物的生境条件和茎起源植物的相同，出现在水生植被、草甸和草原中的频率较高，而匍匐茎型植物在较温暖、湿润、阴蔽的生境中出现频率较高。不同克隆生长构型的植物对生境的适应性不同。密集型克隆植物在高纬度、高海拔，寒冷、养分贫瘠生境中较丰富，如高山灌丛、草原，荒漠草原;同密集型克隆植物相比，游击型克隆植物在低纬度、低海拔，相对温暖、湿润的生境中丰富度较高，如水生植被、草甸。 　　在低植物密度生境中，物种多样性随密集型和游击型克隆植物相对重要值的增加而增加。在高植物密度生境中，高度密集的密集型克隆分株，阻止其它物种的定居，容易形成局部垄断的格局，从而降低群落物种多样性。当游击型克隆植物进入高密度生境中时，它会借助于其分散分株的空间扩展优势迅速在生境中取得优势地位，排斥其它物种，导致物种多样性的降低。群落中克隆性与多样性的关系同植物的克隆生长构型和克隆植物种群内部的调节机制，以及植物的生境状况有关系。在低密度生境中，物种多样性随克隆植物重要性的增加而增加，在高密度生境中，物种多样性随克隆植物重要性的增加而降低。克隆性与多样性的关系还需要通过生态学实验深入研究。

Observation on the urinogenital papilla and sexual dimorphism in some Indian gobiids (Gobiidae: Teleostei)

A thorough comparative study on the urinogenital papilla and sexual dimorphism has been made for the first time in both the sexes of twelve Indian gobiids: Glassogobius giuris (Hamilton); Acentrogobius cyanomos (Bleeker); Eleotriodes muralis (Valenciennes); Parapocryptes serperaster (Richardson); Apocryptes bato (Hamilton); Scartclaos viridis (Hamilton); Boleophthalmus boddarti (Pallas), Periophthalmus schlosseri (Pallas); P. koelreuteri (Pallas); Taenioides anguillaris (Linnaeus); T. buchanani (Day); Odontamblyopus rubicundus (Hamilton). The urinogenital papilla, originating as a free muscular organ from the ventral surface of the body-wall and shortly behind anus, is present in both the sexes. It is an important organ of primary sex recognition in all species. In case of male the papilla is conical, broad at the base and in female it is either flattened, distally truncated or bluntly rounded. The presence of permanent colour mark over the specific region of the body surface is another secondary sexual character in a few species. Besides, colouration may also be a nuptial secondary sex character developed in some during peak breeding season. The enlargement and colouration of the organ is subject to seasonal variations parallel to the seasonal gonadal cycle. The histological architecture of the papilla shows a high degree of cellular specialization and an interrelationship to the urinary and genital ducts. The functional efficacy and significance of the papilla in the breeding biology of these fishes has been discussed.

New species of Monogenoidea from fishes of Ceylon

During the stay of the vessel "Ob" (Soviet Antarctic Expedition) at Colombo, May, 1957, the author received from Dr. C. H. Fernando some specimens of different species of fishes from Ceylon, preserved in formalin, as a present for the Zoological Institute (Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.) New species of Monogenoidea have been found when examining the gills of the fishes received and the present paper deals with their description. The material was preserved in strong formalin which highly condensed the tissues of the parasites. Therefore the details of the anatomical structure in most of the specimens could not be recognized even by means of phase-contrasting equipment. So the description is confined almost exclusively to the chitinoid armature of the haptor and copulatory organ. The terms and the measurements used in this paper are the same as those used previously (Gussev, 1955).

CFD-DEM simulation of propagation of sound waves in fluid particles fluidised medium

In this work, speed of sound in 2 phase mixture has been explored using CFD-DEM (Computational Fluid Dynamcis - Discrete Element Modelling). In this method volume averaged Navier Stokes, continuity and energy equations are solved for fluid. Particles are simulated as individual entities; their behaviour is captured by Newton's laws of motion and classical contact mechanics. Particle-fluid interaction is captured using drag laws given in literature.The speed of sound in a medium depends on physical properties. It has been found experimentally that speed of sound drops significantly in 2 phase mixture of fluidised particles because of its increased density relative to gas while maintaining its compressibility. Due to the high rate of heat transfer within 2 phase medium as given in Roy et al. (1990), it has been assumed that the fluidised gas-particle medium is isothermal.The similar phenomenon has been tried to be captured using CFD-DEM numerical simulation. The disturbance is introduced and fundamental frequency in the medium is noted to measure the speed of sound for e.g. organ pipe. It has been found that speed of sound is in agreement with the relationship given in Roy et al. (1990). Their assumption that the system is isothermal also appears to be valid.