Vulnerabilidade ao HIV/AIDS e a prevenção da transmissão sexual entre casais sorodiscordantes

Este estudo descritivo e exploratório objetivou descrever e analisar a vulnerabilidade de casais sorodiscordantes ao HIV, e foi realizado em um Serviço Ambulatorial Especializado em aids de um município do estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas individuais com 11 portadores do HIV/AIDS, que convivem com parceria sabidamente sorodiscordante. Para organização e análise dos dados, empregamos o método de análise de Prosa e o conceito de vulnerabilidade como referencial teórico. A naturalização da infecção do HIV/aids como doença controlável por medicamentos, crença na impossibilidade de transmissão do HIV relacionadas com carga viral indetectável, sentimento de invencibilidade que surge com o tempo de convívio entre o casal, e sua influência na manutenção do sexo seguro são fatores de vulnerabilidade para a parceria sexual soronegativa. Serviços especializados no atendimento a indivíduos com HIV/aids necessitam incluir a parceria sexual nas ações educativas/preventivas promovidas pelos profissionais de saúde.

Do plants adjust their sex allocation and secondary sexual morphology in response to their neighbours?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Changes in the sex allocation (i.e. in pollen versus seed production) of hermaphroditic plants often occur in response to the environment. In some homosporous ferns, gametophytes choose their gender in response to chemical cues sent by neighbours, such that spores develop as male gametophytes if they perceive a female or hermaphrodite nearby. Here it is considered whether a similar process might occur in the androdioecious angiosperm species Mercurialis annua, in which males co-occur with hermaphrodites; previous work on a Spanish population of M. annua found that individuals were more likely to develop as males at high density. METHODS: Using a novel approach to treat plants with leachate from pots containing males or hermaphrodites of M. annua, the hypothesis that individuals assess their mating opportunities, and adjust their sex expression accordingly, was tested through an exchange of chemical cues through the soil. KEY RESULTS: For the population under study, from Morocco, no evidence was found for soil-signal-dependent sex expression: neither sex ratios nor sex allocation differed among experimental treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The results imply either that the Moroccan population under study behaves differently from that previously studied in Spain (pointing to potential geographical variation in plasticity for sex expression), or that our method failed to capture the signals used by M. annua for adjustment of sex expression.

Significado da violência sexual na manifestação da corporeidade: um estudo fenomenológico

Trata-se de pesquisa fenomenológica, que teve como objetivo compreender o significado da violência sexual na manifestação da corporeidade. Foi realizada no ambulatório de vítimas de violência sexual de um hospital universitário de Curitiba, de fevereiro a maio de 2007. Os discursos foram obtidos mediante a realização de entrevista aberta gravada com nove mulheres, e da análise emergiu o tema: Conviver com o medo no processo de coexistência. Constatou-se que o medo influenciou a vida social das mulheres, gerou insegurança, afetou o ser e estar no mundo, a sua corporeidade. Os profissionais da saúde devem ser capacitados, a fim de que possam perceber as mulheres vitimizadas em sua multidimensionalidade, para que suas ações de cuidado sejam não apenas instrumentais, voltadas à subjetividade, porque poderão ajudá-las a transcender o vivido e encontrar um novo sentido para a sua existência. Dessa forma, o atendimento será humanizado, ético e solidário.

Early maternal investment in mice: no evidence for compatible-genes sexual selection despite hybrid vigor.

Confronting a recently mated female with a strange male can induce a pregnancy block ('Bruce effect'). The physiology of this effect is well studied, but its functional significance is still not fully understood. The 'anticipated infanticide hypothesis' suggests that the pregnancy block serves to avoid the cost of embryogenesis and giving birth to offspring that are likely to be killed by a new territory holder. Some 'compatible-genes sexual selection hypotheses' suggest that the likelihood of a pregnancy block is also dependent on the female's perception of the stud's and the stimulus male's genetic quality. We used two inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) to test all possible combinations of female strain, stud strain, and stimulus strain under experimental conditions (N(total) = 241 mated females). As predicted from previous studies, we found increased rates of pregnancy blocks if stud and stimulus strains differed, and we found evidence for hybrid vigour in offspring of between-strain mating. Despite the observed heterosis, pregnancies of within-strain matings were not more likely to be blocked than pregnancies of between-strain matings. A power analysis revealed that if we missed an existing effect (type-II error), the effect must be very small. If a female gave birth, the number and weight of newborns were not significantly influenced by the stimulus males. In conclusion, we found no support for the 'compatible-genes sexual selection hypotheses'.

Convivendo com a diferença: o impacto da sorodiscordância na vida afetivo-sexual de portadores do HIV/AIDS

Este estudo descritivo exploratório e qualitativo objetivou descrever e analisar o impacto da sorodiscordância na vida afetivo-sexual de indivíduos com HIV/AIDS que convivem em parceria heterossexual e soronegativa ao HIV. Foram entrevistados 11 portadores do HIV/AIDS que realizavam acompanhamento clínico ambulatorial em um hospital universitário-referência do interior paulista. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista individual gravada, e analisados segundo análise de Prosa. A vivência com a sorodiscordância ao HIV/AIDS impõe a esses casais o manejo de muitas dificuldades relacionadas à sua intimidade, diante da possibilidade de transmissão do HIV para o parceiro soronegativo, com impacto negativo na vivência da sexualidade entre parceiros sorodiscordantes, repercutindo em alterações da resposta sexual humana, favorecendo até mesmo a abstinência sexual. Apontamos a necessidade de atendimento por equipes interdisciplinares junto aos portadores do HIV/AIDS, e também de sua parceria sexual, proporcionando assistência integral, contemplando a sexualidade e as dificuldades advindas com a sorodiscordância.

Sexual dysfunctions among young men: prevalence and associated factors.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study are to measure the prevalence of premature ejaculation (PE) and erectile dysfunction (ED) among a population of Swiss young men and to assess which factors are associated with these sexual dysfunctions in this age-group. METHODS: For each condition (PE and ED), we performed separate analyses comparing young men suffering from the condition with those who were not. Groups were compared for substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, other illegal drugs, and medication without a prescription), self-reported body mass index, sexual orientation, physical activity, professional activity, sexual experience (sexual life length and age at first intercourse), depression status, mental health, and physical health in a bivariate analysis. We then used a log-linear analysis to consider all significant variables simultaneously. RESULTS: Prevalence rates for PE and ED were 11% and 30%, respectively. Poor mental health was the only variable to have a direct association with both conditions after controlling for potential confounders. In addition, PE was directly associated with tobacco, illegal drugs, professional activity, and physical activity, whereas ED was directly linked with medication without a prescription, length of sexual life, and physical health. CONCLUSIONS: In Switzerland, one-third of young men suffer from at least one sexual dysfunction. Multiple health-compromising factors are associated with these dysfunctions. These should act as red flags for health professionals to encourage them to take any opportunity to talk about sexuality with their young male patients.

Genetic causes of transitions from sexual reproduction to asexuality in plants and animals.

The persistence of sexual reproduction in the face of competition from asexual invaders is more likely if asexual lineages are produced infrequently or have low fitness. The generation rate and success of new asexual lineages will be influenced by the proximate mechanisms underlying transitions to asexuality. As such, characterization of these mechanisms can help explain the distribution of reproductive modes among natural populations. Here, we synthesize the literature addressing proximate causes of transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction in plants and animals. In cyclical and facultatively asexual taxa, individual mutations can cause obligate asexuality. The evolution of asexuality in obligately sexual groups is more complex, requiring the simultaneous acquisition of two traits generally controlled by different genetic factors: unreduced gamete formation and spontaneous development of unfertilized gametes. At least three 'pre-adaptations' could favour transitions to obligate asexuality in obligate sexuals. First, linkage among loci affecting separate key components of asexuality facilitates its spread, with evidence for these linkage blocks in plants. Second, asexuality should evolve more readily in haplodiploids; support for this hypothesis comes from two examples where a single locus causes transitions to asexuality. Third, standing genetic variation for the production of unreduced gametes could facilitate transitions to asexuality, but whether the ability to produce unreduced gametes contributes to the evolution of obligate asexuality remains unclear. We close by reviewing the associations between asexuality, hybridization and polyploidy, and argue that current data suggest that hybridization is more likely to play a causal role in transitions to asexuality than polyploidy.

Estilos de vida na adolescência: comportamento sexual dos adolescentes portugueses

Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que actualmente os adolescentes iniciam a vida sexual cada vez mais cedo, sem contudo possuírem uma educação sexual consistente. Os objectivos deste estudo foram analisar o comportamento sexual de adolescentes do ensino secundário e identificar os hábitos de vigilância de saúde sexual em adolescentes, do ensino secundário, sexualmente activos. Realizou-se um estudo exploratório em que participaram 680 adolescentes, com idades entre 15 e 19 anos. Os resultados evidenciam que a maioria dos inquiridos ainda não iniciou a actividade sexual; são os rapazes os que mais reportam já ter tido relações sexuais; o preservativo não é um método utilizado por todos os adolescentes nas suas relações sexuais; a maioria dos adolescentes não faz vigilância de saúde sexual. É importante que os adolescentes sexualmente activos recebam cuidados de saúde e aconselhamento. As instituições de saúde e os seus profissionais necessitam de ser pró-activos tentando captar os adolescentes.

Do pornographic websites influence boys' sexual behavior?

Purpose: To compare the sexual behavior of adolescent males who do and do not watch pornographic websites. Methods: This study was presented as a school survey. Data were drawn from the 2002 Swiss Multicenter Adolescent Survey on Health (SMASH02) database, a survey including 7,548 adolescents age 16-20. The setting was post-mandatory schools in Switzerland. A total of 2,891 male students who connected to the internet in the last 30 days were enrolled and distributed into two groups: boys who deliberately watched pornographic websites in the last 30 days (n ¼ 942; 33%) and boys who did not (n ¼ 1,949; 67%). Socio-demographic characteristics; frequency of connection to the internet; sexual behavior parameters (having a girlfriend and if yes, for more or less than 6 months; having had sexual intercourse; age at first sexual intercourse; use of a condom at last sexual intercourse; number of sexual partners; having made a partner pregnant). Results: A logistic regression was performed using STATA 9.2. The only significant socio-demographic variable was having a low socioeconomic status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.66); no difference was found for age and academic track between the two groups. Boys who watch pornographic websites were also significantly more likely to connect frequently to the internet (one day a week: AOR 1.75; several days a week: AOR 2.36; every day: AOR 3.11), to have had sexual intercourse (AOR 2.06), and to have had their first sexual intercourse before age 15 (AOR 1.48). The stability of the relationship with their girlfriend did not appear to have any influence on the search for pornography on the internet. Conclusions: About one third of boys in our sample report having accessed pornographic websites in the last 30 days, a proportion similar to other studies. Watching such websites increases with the frequency of connection to the internet and seems to be correlated with an earlier sexual activity debut among adolescent males. However, having had first sexual intercourse before age 15 is the only sexual risk behavior that seems to be increased when watching pornographic websites among boys. Further studies should address the causality of this correlation and the factors influencing the search for pornography on the web among boys, in order to explore some new ways of prevention about sexual risk behaviors. Sources of Support: The SMASH02 survey was carried out with the financial support of the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health and the participating cantons.

Recomendaciones metodológicas para el diseño de encuestas de condiciones de trabajo y salud

El objetivo de estas recomendaciones es ayudar a incrementar la calidad y la eficiencia de las distintas encuestas que sobre condiciones de trabajo y salud se realizan en España, haciendo más comparable la información obtenida en los diferentes territorios y a lo largo del tiempo.

Prioridades estratégicas en salud laboral desde el punto de vista de los profesionales. Aportaciones para la elaboración de la Estrategia Española en materia de Salud y Seguridad en el Trabajo.

El objetivo del presente estudio es elaborar propuestas para la mejora delsistema preventivo, basadas en criterios profesionales, con la pretensión derealizar una aportación a la Estrategia Española en materia de Salud y Seguridaden el Trabajo desde el ámbito científico-técnico. Para ello se ha llevado a caboun proceso interactivo de consulta en dos etapas siguiendo el método Delphi, enel que han participado 181 profesionales. El cuestionario que se ha utilizadocontenía 82 propuestas, recopiladas a partir de grupos de expertos previamenteconstituidos. El objetivo estratégico que ha obtenido un mayor respaldo ha sidoel de fomentar el compromiso y la responsabilidad empresarial en materia deprevención. Las principales acciones de mejora acordadas se refieren aintervenciones sobre problemáticas de riesgo específicas como lasubcontratación, a mejoras en el conocimiento sobre las enfermedadesprofesionales y a la evaluación de la calidad de los servicios de prevención.

Recomendaciones para la mejora del subsistema científico-técnico español en materia de salud y seguridad en el trabajo

Convocado por el Observatorio de Salud Laboral, se celebró un Taller deexpertos con un doble objetivo: 1) Presentar y debatir el informe “Subsistemascientífico-técnicos de apoyo a las políticas de salud y seguridad en el trabajo.Estudio comparativo de diferentes países”, elaborado por el OSL y que se publicacomo anexo a este documento. 2) Realizar recomendaciones para la mejora delsubsistema científico-técnico español en materia de salud y seguridad en eltrabajo.Asisten al citado Taller de Expertos 16 profesionales del sector. Elpresente documento recoge las recomendaciones consensuadas por dichosexpertos, que el Observatorio de Salud Laboral hace públicas en coherencia consu misión de difundir informaciones relevantes para la toma de decisiones enrelación con el sistema de salud y seguridad en el trabajo.

Informe de Salud Laboral. España, 2006

El objetivo principal de este Informe de Salud Laboral, España 2006, esayudar a definir y evaluar las políticas en seguridad y salud en el trabajo ennuestro país. Para ello, con la mejor información disponible, se ha descrito elcontexto sociolaboral en el que se insertan las condiciones de trabajo, así comolos principales daños a la salud, fundamentalmente las lesiones, relacionadas conestas condiciones de trabajo.Entre sus resultados destaca que aunque las muertes por lesionestraumáticas por accidentes de trabajo producidas in itínere o en desplazamientodisminuyen entre 1994 y 2004, como también se observa en las que ocurren enlos centros de trabajo, esta disminución no es tan pronunciada. Asimismo, elriesgo de morir por un accidente de trabajo se concentra de manera particularen las Comunidades Autónomas del noroeste de España.

Subsistemas científico-técnicos de apoyo a las políticas de salud y seguridad en el trabajo: Estudio comparativo entre diferentes países.

El objeto de estudio del presente informe se refiere a las formas deorganización institucional de la actividad científicotécnica como apoyo a laacción política en salud y seguridad en el trabajo. Su finalidad es describir lasprácticas más habituales en este campo en algunos países de nuestro entorno.Para ello, se realiza un estudio de casos sobre seis países (Dinamarca, Finlandia,Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Francia y Québec) a partir de las informacionesobtenidas en las páginas web de las respectivas entidades institucionalesespecializadas. La descripción de las características de los distintos institutosnacionales y su posterior comparación, han permitido identificar una serie depatrones de funcionamiento de los mismos así como diversos ejemplos de buenasprácticas. La visión, las relaciones con los destinatarios y la gestión de losrecursos, parecen ser algunas de las claves para la eficiencia del subsistemacientíficotécnico en salud y seguridad en el trabajo.