Efeitos do sistema de preparo e da rotação de culturas na porosidade e densidade do solo

O trabalho foi realizado na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, em Santo Antônio de Goiás (GO), em Latossolo Vermelho perférrico, sob pivô central, por seis anos consecutivos, durante os quais se efetuaram 12 cultivos. Estudaram-se os efeitos de quatro sistemas de preparo do solo e seis rotações de culturas sobre a densidade e porosidade do solo. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos sistemas de preparo: arado/grade, arado, grade e plantio direto e as subparcelas pelas rotações: (a) arroz-feijão, (b) milho-feijão, (c) soja-trigo, (d) soja-trigo-soja-feijão-arroz-feijão, (e) arroz consorciado com calopogônio-feijão e (f) milho-feijão-milho-feijão-arroz-feijão. As rotações a, b, c e e foram anuais e as d e f, trienais. O plantio direto ocasionou maior valor de densidade do solo e menores de porosidade total e macroporosidade na camada superficial, enquanto o preparo do solo com grade aradora propiciou o menor valor de densidade e maior de porosidade total. Nas camadas mais profundas, o preparo do solo com arado de aiveca propiciou os menores valores de densidade do solo e maiores de porosidade total e macroporosidade. Na camada superficial do solo, os sistemas de rotação que incluíram soja e trigo levaram a maiores valores de densidade do solo e microporosidade e menores de macroporosidade, enquanto o sistema arroz consorciado com calopogônio-feijão propiciou maior valor de macroporosidade e menor de microporosidade.

Profundidade de amostragem do solo sob plantio direto para avaliação de características químicas

O trabalho foi realizado na Embrapa-CNPAF, em Santo Antônio de Goiás (GO), em Latossolo Vermelho perférrico textura argilosa, submetido a três sistemas de preparo, durante seis anos consecutivos (1992-1998), e cultivado com milho no verão e feijão no inverno, sob irrigação por pivô central. O objetivo foi determinar, para diferentes características químicas do solo, a profundidade de amostragem no sistema plantio direto que apresenta valores correspondentes aos obtidos na profundidade de amostragem recomendada para o solo preparado com arado (sistema convencional) e com grade aradora. As amostras foram coletadas com 40repetições em cada sistema de preparo: nas profundidades de 0-10, 0-20, 5-20 e 10-20cm no solo sob plantio direto, 0-20cm sob preparo com arado de aiveca e 0-15cm sob grade aradora. Empregou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Os valores de P e de K apresentaram as maiores variabilidades e os de pH, as menores. Para pH, Ca, Mg e K, a amostragem na profundidade de 0-10cm de solo no plantio direto apresentou valores semelhantes aos obtidos na profundidade de 0-20cm no sistema convencional com arado. Para o P, a profundidade de amostragem no plantio direto que teve o mesmo valor de disponibilidade do elemento no sistema convencional foi a de 10-20cm.

Structure and function of a "yellow" protein from saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis that confers protective immunity against Leishmania major infection.

LJM11, an abundant salivary protein from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, belongs to the insect "yellow" family of proteins. In this study, we immunized mice with 17 plasmids encoding L. longiplapis salivary proteins and demonstrated that LJM11 confers protective immunity against Leishmania major infection. This protection correlates with a strong induction of a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response following exposure to L. longipalpis saliva. Additionally, splenocytes of exposed mice produce IFN-γ upon stimulation with LJM11, demonstrating the systemic induction of Th1 immunity by this protein. In contrast to LJM11, LJM111, another yellow protein from L. longipalpis saliva, does not produce a DTH response in these mice, suggesting that structural or functional features specific to LJM11 are important for the induction of a robust DTH response. To examine these features, we used calorimetric analysis to probe a possible ligand binding function for the salivary yellow proteins. LJM11, LJM111, and LJM17 all acted as high affinity binders of prohemostatic and proinflammatory biogenic amines, particularly serotonin, catecholamines, and histamine. We also determined the crystal structure of LJM11, revealing a six-bladed β-propeller fold with a single ligand binding pocket located in the central part of the propeller structure on one face of the molecule. A hypothetical model of LJM11 suggests a positive electrostatic potential on the face containing entry to the ligand binding pocket, whereas LJM111 is negative to neutral over its entire surface. This may be the reason for differences in antigenicity between the two proteins.

Variability in urinary oxalate measurements between six international laboratories.

BACKGROUND: Hyperoxaluria is a major risk factor for kidney stone formation. Although urinary oxalate measurement is part of all basic stone risk assessment, there is no standardized method for this measurement. METHODS: Urine samples from 24-h urine collection covering a broad range of oxalate concentrations were aliquoted and sent, in duplicates, to six blinded international laboratories for oxalate, sodium and creatinine measurement. In a second set of experiments, ten pairs of native urine and urine spiked with 10 mg/L of oxalate were sent for oxalate measurement. Three laboratories used a commercially available oxalate oxidase kit, two laboratories used a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based method and one laboratory used both methods. RESULTS: Intra-laboratory reliability for oxalate measurement expressed as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) varied between 0.808 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.427-0.948] and 0.998 (95% CI: 0.994-1.000), with lower values for HPLC-based methods. Acidification of urine samples prior to analysis led to significantly higher oxalate concentrations. ICC for inter-laboratory reliability varied between 0.745 (95% CI: 0.468-0.890) and 0.986 (95% CI: 0.967-0.995). Recovery of the 10 mg/L oxalate-spiked samples varied between 8.7 ± 2.3 and 10.7 ± 0.5 mg/L. Overall, HPLC-based methods showed more variability compared to the oxalate oxidase kit-based methods. CONCLUSIONS: Significant variability was noted in the quantification of urinary oxalate concentration by different laboratories, which may partially explain the differences of hyperoxaluria prevalence reported in the literature. Our data stress the need for a standardization of the method of oxalate measurement.

Suomen kielen kivikautisista lainasanakerrostumista

Summary: Stone age loanword strata in Finnish

Fate of nickel ion in (II-III) hydroxysulphate green rust synthesized by precipitation and coprecipitation

In order to investigate the efficiency of sulfate green rust (GR2) to remove Ni from solution, GR2 samples were synthesized under controlled laboratory conditions. Some GR2 samples were synthesized from Fe(II) and Fe(III) sulfate salts by precipitation. Other samples were prepared by coprecipitation, of Ni(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) sulfate salts, i.e., in the presence of Ni. In another sample, Ni(II) sulfate salt was added to pre-formed GR2. After an initial X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization all samples were exposed to ambient air in order to understand the role of Ni in the transformation of the GR2 samples. XRD was repeated after 45 days. The results showed that Nious GR2 prepared by coprecipitation is isomorphous to Ni-free GR2, i.e. Ni is incorporated into the crystalline structure. Fe(II) was not replaced by Ni(II) in the crystalline structure of GR2 formed prior to exposure to solution-phase Ni. This suggests Ni was adsorbed to the GR2 surface. Sulfate green rust is more efficient in removing Ni from the environment by coprecipitation.

La investigación sobre El Pirulejo. Una aproximación interdisciplinar

El estudio interdisciplinar que constituye esta obra pone de manifiesto que El Pirulejo es el mejor yacimiento conocido para el conocimiento del Tardiglaciar en las comarcas interiores del sur de la Península Ibérica. El enclave conserva una secuencia muy rica en cantidad, calidad y diversidad de materiales arqueológicos que han permitido un análisis desde múltiples ópticas (cultura material, manifestaciones simbólicas, paleoeconomía, secuencia paleoambiental, etc.).

Outcome and Prognostic Factors in Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Multicenter Rare Cancer Network Study

Purpose/Objective(s): Adenosquamous carcinoma (AC) of the head and neck is a distinct entity first described in 1968. Its natural history is more aggressive than squamous cell carcinoma but this is based on very small series reported in the literature. The goal of this study was to assess the clinical profile, outcome, patterns of failure and prognostic factors in patients with AC of the head and neck treated by radiation therapy (RT) with or without chemotherapy (CT).Materials/Methods: Data from 18 patients with Stage I (n = 3), II (n = 1), III (n = 4), or IVa (n = 10) AC, treated between 1989 and 2009, were collected in a retrospective multicenter Rare Cancer Network study. Median age was 60 years (range, 48 - 73 years). Fourteen patients were male and 4 female. Risk factors, including perineural invasion, lymphangitis, vascular invasion, positive margins, were present in 83% of the patients. Tumor sites included oral cavity in 4, oropharynx in 4, hypopharynx in2, larynx in 2, salivary glands in 2, nasal vestibule in 2, nasopharynx in 1, and maxillary sinus in 1 patient. Surgery (S) was performed in all but 5 patients. S alone was performed in only 1 patient, and definitive RT alone in 3 patients. Fourteen patients received combined modality treatment (S+RT in 10, RT+CT in 2, and all of the three modalities in 2 patients). Median RT dose to the primary and to the nodes was 66 Gy (range, 50 - 72 Gy) and 53 Gy (range, 44 - 66 Gy), respectively (1.8 - 2.0 Gy/fr., 5 fr./ week). In 4 patients, the planning treatment volume included the primary tumor site only. Seven patients were treated with 2D RT, 7 with 3D conformal RT, and 2 with intensity-modulated RT.Results: After a median follow-up period of 38 months (range, 9 - 62 months), 8 patients developed distant metastases (lung, bone, mediastinum, and liver), 6 presented nodal recurrences, and only 4 had a local relapse at the primary site (all in-field recurrences). At last follow-up, 6 patients were alive without disease, 1 alive with disease, 9 died from progressive disease, and 2 died from intercurrent disease. The 3-year and median overall survival, disease-free survival (DFS) and locoregional control rates were 52% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 28 - 76%) and 39 months, 36% (95% CI: 13 - 49%) and 12 months, and 54% (95% CI: 26 - 82%) and 40 months, respectively. In multivariate analysis (Cox model), DFS was negatively influenced by the presence of extracapsular extension (p = 0.02) and advanced stage (IV versus I-III, p = 0.003).Conclusions: Overall prognosis of locoregionally advanced AC remains poor, and distant metastases and nodal relapse occur in almost half of the cases. However, local control is relatively good, and early stage AC patients had prolonged DFS when treated with combined modality treatment.

Nickel incorporation in Fe(II, III) hydroxysulfate Green Rust: effect on crystal lattice spacing and oxidation products

Ni(II)-Fe(II)-Fe(III) layered double hydroxides (LDH) or Ni-containing sulfate green rust (GR2) samples were prepared from Ni(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) sulfate salts and analyzed with X ray diffraction. Nickel is readily incorporated in the GR2 structure and forms a solid solution between GR2 and a Ni(II)-Fe(III) LDH. There is a correlation between the unit cell a-value and the fraction of Ni(II) incorporated into the Ni(II)-GR2 structure. Since there is strong evidence that the divalent/trivalent cation ratio in GR2 is fixed at 2, it is possible in principle to determine the extent of divalent cation substitution for Fe(II) in GR2 from the unit cell a-value. Oxidation forms a mixture of minerals but the LDH structure is retained if at least 20 % of the divalent cations in the initial solution are Ni(II). It appears that Ni(II) is incorporated in a stable LDH structure. This may be important for two reasons, first for understanding the formation of LDHs, which are anion exchangers, in the natural environment. Secondly, this is important for understanding the fate of transition metals in the environment, particularly in the presence of reduced Fe compounds.

Evaluation of PCC Long-Term Durability Using Intermediate Sized Gravels to Optimize Mix Gradations, April 2010

With the implementation of the 2000 Q-MC specification, an incentive is provided to produce an optimized gradation to improve placement characteristics. Also, specifications for slip-formed barrier rail have changed to require an optimized gradation. Generally, these optimized gradations have been achieved by blending an intermediate aggregate with the coarse and fine aggregate. The demand for this intermediate aggregate has been satisfied by using crushed limestone chips developed from the crushing of the parent concrete stone. The availability, cost, and physical limitations of crushed limestone chips can be a concern. A viable option in addressing these concerns is the use of gravel as the intermediate aggregate. Unfortunately, gravels of Class 3I durability are limited to a small geographic area in Mississippi river sands north of the Rock River. Class 3 or Class 2 durability gravels are more widely available across the state. The durability classification of gravels is based on the amount and quality of the carbonate fraction of the material. At present, no service histories or research exists to assess the impact of using Class 3 or 2 durability gravels would have on the long-term durability of Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement requiring Class 3I aggregate.

Sistemas de preparo do solo e culturas de cobertura na produção orgânica de feijão e milho: I - atributos físicos do solo

Há necessidade de se avaliar a contribuição de plantas de cobertura e do seu manejo na manutenção ou melhoria da qualidade física do solo em áreas sob produção orgânica. Este trabalho objetivou determinar a influência das plantas de cobertura crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima), sorgo-vassoura (Sorgum technicum) e pousio nos atributos físicos de solo cultivado com feijão e milho orgânicos, sob semeadura direta (SD) e preparo convencional (PC). O trabalho foi conduzido em Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Em novembro de 2003 foram instalados quatro experimentos, dois em SD e dois em PC, sendo um com feijão e outro com milho em cada sistema. Amostragens do solo das parcelas e de uma mata próxima aos experimentos foram realizadas em novembro de 2007, nas camadas de 0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, para determinação do teor de matéria orgânica (MO) e de atributos físicos do solo. O uso desse solo para a produção agrícola, independentemente do sistema de preparo, resultou em redução no teor de MO e em modificações nos seus atributos físicos, aumentando sua densidade (Ds) e resistência à penetração (RP) e reduzindo a macroporosidade (Mp), porosidade total (Pt) e diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados (DMP). Entretanto, a Ds e a Mp não atingiram os valores críticos preconizados na literatura como limitantes ao desenvolvimento das culturas. Os sistemas de preparo do solo divergiram quanto ao DMP e à RP. Os atributos físicos do solo foram alterados favoravelmente pela MO. O índice S correlacionou-se com os atributos físicos do solo e com o teor de MO, mostrando-se adequado como indicador da qualidade física do solo.

Sistemas de preparo do solo e culturas de cobertura na produção orgânica de feijão e milho: II - atributos biológicos do solo

Há necessidade de se avaliar a contribuição de culturas de cobertura e do seu manejo na manutenção da qualidade biológica do solo em áreas sob produção orgânica. Este trabalho objetivou determinar a influência das plantas de cobertura crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima), sorgo-vassoura (Sorghum technicum) e pousio nos atributos biológicos de solo cultivado com feijão e milho orgânicos, sob semeadura direta (SD) e preparo convencional (PC). O trabalho foi conduzido em Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Em novembro de 2003 foram instalados quatro experimentos, dois em SD e dois em PC, sendo um com feijão e outro com milho em cada sistema. Amostragens de solo das parcelas e de uma mata próxima aos experimentos foram realizadas em novembro de 2007, nas camadas de 0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, para determinação do teor de C orgânico total (COT), carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), respiração basal do solo (RBS), quociente metabólico (qCO2) e quociente microbiano (qMIC). As principais alterações nos atributos biológicos com o uso agrícola ocorreram na camada superficial, onde, de maneira geral, os valores de CBM foram menores que no solo sob mata, sendo esse fato mais pronunciado nas áreas sob PC. O qCO2 mostrou-se sensível às alterações decorrentes do preparo do solo, apresentando valores mais favoráveis na camada superficial do solo sob SD.

Mutations in CTC1, encoding conserved telomere maintenance component 1, cause Coats plus.

Coats plus is a highly pleiotropic disorder particularly affecting the eye, brain, bone and gastrointestinal tract. Here, we show that Coats plus results from mutations in CTC1, encoding conserved telomere maintenance component 1, a member of the mammalian homolog of the yeast heterotrimeric CST telomeric capping complex. Consistent with the observation of shortened telomeres in an Arabidopsis CTC1 mutant and the phenotypic overlap of Coats plus with the telomeric maintenance disorders comprising dyskeratosis congenita, we observed shortened telomeres in three individuals with Coats plus and an increase in spontaneous γH2AX-positive cells in cell lines derived from two affected individuals. CTC1 is also a subunit of the α-accessory factor (AAF) complex, stimulating the activity of DNA polymerase-α primase, the only enzyme known to initiate DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Thus, CTC1 may have a function in DNA metabolism that is necessary for but not specific to telomeric integrity.