Luminescence behavior of Yb(3+)heavy-doped yttrium lanthanum oxide transparent ceramics

Yb3+ heavy-doped yttrium lanthanum oxide transparent ceramics were fabricated and their spectroscopic properties were investigated. The absorption bands of (YbxY0.9-xLa0.1)(2)O-3 (x = 0.05-0.15) ceramics are broad at wavelength of 900-1000 nm. The absorption cross-sections centered at 974 nm and the emission cross-sections at 1031 nm of Yb3+ ion are 0.89-1.12 x 10(-20) cm(2) and 1.05 x 10(-20) cm(2) respectively. The up-conversion luminescence intensity of Yb3+-doped yttrium lanthanum oxide ceramics increased firstly, then decreased with the increase of Yb3+ ion content. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Studying the influence of substitutional elements on mechanical behavior of Alloy 718

In nickel-based superalloys, substitutional solute species have a strong impact on in service mechanical properties as well as on oxidation and corrosion resistances. In alloy 718, recent studies carried out by tensile tests highlighted the fact that refractory solute species are able to interact strongly with mobile dislocations during plastic deformation, generating dynamic strain ageing, and, in wide ranges of tests temperatures and strain rates, Portevin-Le Chatelier effect. The precise nature of the substitutional element responsible for such a dynamic interaction is still subject to debate. We addressed this question by means of mechanical spectroscopy studies of alloy 718 and various related alloys corresponding to monitored changes in the chemical composition. Only a single internal friction relaxation peak has been observed for all the studied alloys. By analyzing the damping behavior of these alloys at different imposed solicitation frequencies by sweeping a large temperatures range, the activation energies of the relaxation process and the type of mechanism involved have been determined. The process is a "Zener relaxation" in the alloys, i.e. a substitutional atoms dipole reorientation under applied stress. The results tend to prove that Niobium is not involved in the relaxation process whereas Molybdenum content seems to play an important role in the relaxation intensity.

Avaliação de catalisadores à base de estanho visando à produção de biodiesel

Atualmente, existe um crescente interesse por fontes de energia renováveis e o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para a produção de biocombustíveis. O biodiesel é uma fonte alternativa de combustível bastante atrativa em relação ao diesel em decorrência de seus benefícios ambientais. A obtenção de biodiesel é geralmente realizada através de reações de transesterificação de óleos vegetais com álcool de cadeia curta. Entretanto, também se pode produzi-lo através da esterificação de ácidos graxos livres utilizando-se matérias-primas de baixa qualidade como rejeitos industriais, domésticos ou gorduras animais. O estudo de catalisadores que melhorem os resultados destas reações tem importante papel no desenvolvimento da produção de biodiesel. Normalmente, utilizam-se catalisadores básicos como o NaOH, nas reações de transesterificação. No entanto, o uso destes catalisadores causa impactos ambientais, além de promover a reação de saponificação quando a matéria-prima apresenta teores significativos de acidez, reduzindo o rendimento e dificultando a separação de fases. Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de catalisadores ácidos, à base de estanho, com ênfase especial no sulfato de estanho II, voltados para utilização na reação de esterificação de cargas contendo elevados teores em ácidos graxos. Avaliou-se a influência das variáveis: temperatura, concentração do catalisador, tipo de sistema reacional, quantidade de etanol, tipo de álcool, acidez, natureza dos ácidos graxos e temperatura de calcinação. Uma comparação entre os catalisadores, a questão da reutilização do catalisador e das mudanças proporcionadas pelo tratamento térmico ao qual foram submetidos também foram analisadas. Dentre os catalisadores estudados, os de sulfato de estanho mostraram maior atividade catalítica frente à reação estudada, os mais promissores sendo os calcinados até a temperatura de 500C. O principal motivo para os altos rendimentos encontrados foi associado ao comportamento pseudo-homogêneo do SnSO4, que se solubiliza, acidificando o meio reacional durante as reações de esterificação

The effect of organotin and copper sulfate on the late development and presettlement behavior of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria

The effect of organotin compounds and copper, commonly used as antifouling agent, were studied on Mercenaria mercernaria larvae. They were reared under usual hatchery conditions until they reached 190 um in diameter. The larvae were subjected to four compounds, tributylin chloride (TBT), monobutyltin chloride (MBT), trimethyltin chloride (TMT), cupric sulfate (CuSo4) plus control. Mortality was measured at 24, 48 h, and 96h. Behavioral and/or metamorphic changes were recorded in triplicate at 24-48 and 96 h. The appearance in swimming larvae of a functional foot was considered a sign of competence to set and was recorded as a "pediveliger". Swimming larvae were considered as larvae that have not yet reached their total development and they were recorded as "swimming". Larvae that did not show foot or swimming activity and were static but alive on the bottom were recorded as "bottom". TBT was found to completely inhibit swimming activity at sublethal concentrations throughout the period of observation. Copper and MBT inhibited swimming from 48 h, TMT did not inhibit swimming activity at any of the times recorded. The four compounds ranked in order of decreasing toxicity were TBT>TMT>CU>MBT.

An evaluation of the effects of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) behavior on the efficacy of crab pots as a tool for estimating population abundance

Crab traps have been used extensively in studies on the population dynamics of blue crabs to provide estimates of catch per unit of effort; however, these estimates have been determined without adequate consideration of escape rates. We examined the ability of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) to escape crab pots and the possibility that intraspecific crab interactions have an effect on catch rates. Approximately 85% of crabs that entered a pot escaped, and 83% of crabs escaped from the bait chamber (kitchen). Blue crabs exhibited few aggressive behavioral interactions in and around the crab pot and were documented to move freely in and out of the pot. Both the mean number and size of crabs caught were significantly smaller at deeper depths. Results from this study show that current estimates of catch per unit of effort may be biased given the high escape rate of blue crabs documented in this study. The results of this paper provide a mechanistic view of trap efficacy, and reveal crab behavior in and around commercial crab pots.