Influence of Religious Institutions in the Creation and Implementation of Public Policy: The Case of Roman Catholic Argentina and Secular Uruguay

The strong presence of religious institutions in Latin America, especially the Roman Catholic Church, and their participation in the creation and implementation of public policy within a sovereign state can be counter-productive for the social development and progress of that specific country. Argentina and Uruguay and the social controversy of social issues of abortion and same-sex marriage are used as examples to establish the accuracy of the above statement. Historical, statistical, and legislative information about both topics in both countries show that the political power that the Roman Catholic Church has in the region is more an outdated influence than a reality, and the principle of secularization appears to be the most stabilizing philosophy for modern nations.

Collyria seals in the Roman Empire

Roman seals associated with collyria (Latin expression for eye drops /washes and lotions for eye maintenance) provide valuable information about eye care in the antiquity. These small, usually stone-made pieces bore engravings with the names of eye doctors and also the collyria used to treat an eye disease. The collyria seals have been found all over the Roman empire and Celtic territories in particular and were usually associated with military camps. In Hispania (Iberian Peninsula), only three collyria seals have been found. These findings speak about eye care in this ancient Roman province as well as about of the life of the time. This article takes a look at the utility and social significance of the collyria seals and seeks to give an insight in the ophthalmological practice of in the Roman Empire.

The deterioration of Circular Mausoleum, Roman Necropolis of Carmona, Spain

The Circular Mausoleum tomb in the Roman Necropolis of Carmona was carved on a calcarenite sequence in an ancient quarry located in the town of Carmona, Southern Spain. This rock-cut tomb, representative of Roman burial practices, currently suffers from serious deterioration. A detailed survey over several years permitted the identification of the main tomb's pathologies and damaging processes, which include loss of material (scaling, flaking, granular disintegration), surface modifications (efflorescences, crusts and deposits) and extensive biological colonization. The results obtained in this study indicated that anthropogenic changes were largely responsible and enhanced the main alteration mechanisms observed in the Circular Mausoleum. Based on the deterioration diagnosis, effective corrective actions were proposed. This study shows that any conservative intervention in the interior of the tomb should be preceded by accurate in situ measurements and laboratory analyses to ascribe the source of the deterioration damages and thus designing effective treatments.

Romanç dels sopars d'en Baena, que el vate Gaspar Jaén i Urban va recitar a Elx l'any del senyor de 1984, per al sopar d'en Baena núm. 5, en quaresma, en març i en primavera

En este romance festivo se celebran los "sopars d'en Baena", unas reuniones mensuales que se celebraban en Elche en los primeros años ochenta con un carácter lúdico y festivo, en una época de gran efervescencia cultural y social en toda España.

Libya and Egypt, 1853 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: North Africa or Barbary : V Parts of Tripoli and Egypt, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge ; engraved by J. & C. Walker. This is map 5 of a 5 map set published by George Cox Jan. 1st, 1853. Scale [ca. 1:2,000,000]. Covers portions of Libya and Egypt. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to a modified 'Europe Lambert Conformal Conic' projection with a central meridian of 26 degrees East. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, aqueducts, cities, villages and other human settlements, trails, territorial boundaries, tribes, ruins, and more. Relief shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection as part of the Open Collections Program at Harvard University project: Islamic Heritage Project. Maps selected for the project represent a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes. The Islamic Heritage Project consists of over 100,000 digitized pages from Harvard's collections of Islamic manuscripts and published materials. Supported by Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal and developed in association with the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Islamic Studies Program at Harvard University.

Nile River Delta Region, Egypt, 1821-1823 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte ancienne et comparée de la Basse Égypte, rédigé par M. le Colonel Jacotin et par M. Jomard, Membre de l'Institut ; d'après la Grande Carte Topographique levée pendant l'expédition de l'Armée Française par les ingénieurs géographes, les ingénieurs militaires et les ingénieurs des ponts et chaussées ; Blondeau Sct. It was published by Impr. Royale between 1821 and 1823. Scale 1:500,000. Covers the Nile River Delta Region, Egypt. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Egypt Red Belt projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, canals, cities and other human settlements, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by shading and hachures. Harvard Map Collection copies contain manuscript historical annotations and corrections.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Suez Canal Region, Egypt, 1866 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte de l'isthme, dressée sous la direction de Mr. Voisin ; d'après les opérations de Mr. Larousse ; Ch. Lecocq de la Frémondière del. It was published by E. Andriveau-Goujon, Rue du Bac in 1866. Scale 1:200,000. Covers the Suez Canal region, Egypt. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Egypt Red Belt projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, plans for the Suez Canal, other canals, roads, railroads, cities and other human settlements, ancient historic sites and ruins, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by shading, hachures and spot heights. Depths shown by soundings. Includes insets: "Plan de la rade de Port Saïd, et de l'embouchure du Canal dans la Méditerranée" (1:50,000), "Plan d'Ismaïlia" (1;20,000) and "Plan de la rade de Suez et de l'embouchure du Canal dans la Mer Rouge" (1:50,000). Also shows the geological profile of the Suez Canal, and crosscuts of several sections.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Northeast Egypt, Ismailia to Cairo, 1882 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Von Ismaîlîa bis Cairo : Specialkarte des Kriegsschauplatzes, redigirt von B. Hassenstein. It was published by Justus Perthes in 1882. Scale 1:270,000. Covers the northeastern Egypt from Ismailia to Cairo. Map in German.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Egypt Red Belt projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, railroads and stations, canals, built-up areas, selected buildings, historic sites, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes insets: Plan von Cairo (1:27,000), Sues Kanal (1:1,000,000).This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Nile River and Birkat Qārūn Regions, Egypt, 1854 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte hydrographique de la Moyenne Égypte, où sont indiqués les travaux exécutés ou à exécuter, d'après les ordres de Son Altesse Mehémet-Ali, Vice-Roi d'Egypte. Avec le projet de communication directe des deux mers au travers de l'Isthme, par M. Linant de Bellefonds ; gravée par Schwaerzlé et Erhard. It was published by Dépôt de la Guerre in 1854. Scale 1:250,000. Covers a portion of the Nile River region near Birkat Qārūn, Banī Suwayf, Al Fayyūm, and Al Minyā. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Egypt Red Belt projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, canals, roads, cities and other human settlements, administrative boundaries, ruins and historical sites, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also text and notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Nile River Delta Region, Egypt, 1855 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte hydrographique de la Basse Égypte et d'une partie de l'Isthme de Suez où sont indiqués les travaux exécutés ou à exécuter, d'après les ordres de Son Altesse Mehémet-Ali, Vice-Roi d'Egypte. Avec le projet de communication directe des deux mers au travers de l'Isthme, par M. Linant de Bellefonds ; gravée par Schwaerzlé. It was published by Dépot Général de la Guerre de France in 1855. Scale 1:250,000. Covers the Nile River Delta region, Egypt. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Egypt Red Belt projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, canals, roads, railroads, cities and other human settlements, fortification, administrative boundaries, shoreline features, ruins and historical sites, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also text, Profile de l'Isthme de Suèz, and notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Nile River Region, Egypt, 1855 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte hydrographique de la partie septentrionale de la haute Égypt : ou sont indiqués les travaux d'arrosage exécutés ou à exécuter d'après les ordres de Son Altesse Mehémet-Ali, Vice-Roi d'Egypte, par M. Linant de Bellefonds ; gravée par Erhard. It was published by Dépôt de la Guerre in 1855. Scale 1:250,000. Covers a portion of the Nile River region near Asyūţ and Sūhāj, Egypt. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Egypt Red Belt projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, canals, roads, railroads, cities and other human settlements, administrative boundaries, ruins and historical sites, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also text and notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Nile River Delta & Suez Canal Region, Egypt, 1880 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte de la basse Egypte et du canal maritime de Suez, dressée par Desbuissons ; gravé sur pier. et chrom. par P. Méa. It was published by E. Andriveau-Goujon in 1880. Scale 1:500,000. Covers the Nile River Delta and Suez Canal region, Egypt. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, canals, railroads, selected buildings, cultivated and uncultivated lands, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also insets: Plan d'Ismaïlia (1:25,000) -- Plan de la rade de Port Saïd et de l'embouchure du Canal dans la Méditerranée (1:60,000) -- Plan de la rade de Suez et de l'embouchure du Canal dans la Mer Rouge (1:60,000).This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Nile River Delta, Egypt, 1785 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the untitled historic paper map: Basse Egypte, E. Giraud, sculp. It was published by Onfroi in 1785. Scale [ca. 1:550,000]. Covers the Nile River Delta, Egypt. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, canals, ancient branches of river and canals, cities and other human settlements, monasteries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Description of the domains of Egypt : manuscript, undated

Title supplied by cataloger.