First assessment on genetic structure and phylogeography of Mediterranean blue shark (prionace glauca, L. 1758) population using mitochondrial gene variation: a comparison with the Atlantic.

The blue shark, Prionace glauca, is one of the most vagile shark species worldwide distributed. The particular body shape allows blue sharks make transoceanic movements, leading to a circumglobal distribution. Due to its reproductive cycle, an extraordinarily high number of specimens is globally registered but, even if it is still a major bycatch of longline fishery rather than a commercial target, it is characterized by a high vulnerability. In this perspective it is important to increase the amount of informations regarding its population extent in the different worldwide areas, evaluating the possible phylogeographic patterns between different locations. This study, included in the "MedBlueSGen" European project, aims exactly at filling a gap in knowledges regarding the genetic population structure of the Mediterranean blue sharks, which has never been investigated before, with a comparison with the North-Eastern Atlantic blue shark population. To reach this objective, we used a dataset of samples from different Mediterranean areas implementing it with some samples from North-Eastern Atlantic. Analyzing the variability of the two mitochondrial markers control region and cytochrome b, with the design of new species-specific primer pairs, we assessed the mitochondrial genetic structure of Mediterranean and North-Eastern Atlantic samples, focusing on the analysis of their possible connectivity, and we tried to reconstruct their demographic history and population size. Data analyses highlighted the absence of a genetic structuring within the Mediterranean and among it and North-Eastern Atlantic, suggesting that the Strait of Gibraltar doesn't represent a phylogeographic barrier. These results are coherent to what has been found in similar investigations on other worldwide blue shark populations. Analysis of the historical demographic trend revealed a general stable pattern for the cytochrome-b and a slightly population expansion for the control region marker.

Sclerocronologia di Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758) in Adriatico

La conoscenza dell’età e della crescita dei bivalvi è un requisito fondamentale per uno studio di dinamica di popolazione e per una gestione ottimale della risorsa. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di individuare una metodologia valida per riconoscere la precisa natura dell’origine dei microincrementi di crescita nel guscio di Chamelea gallina, riconoscendo le discontinuità annuali all’interno del guscio. Sono stati prelevati gusci di individui di C. gallina provenienti da un precedente campionamento nella baia della Vallugola il 06/09/2013. Le valve sono state incluse in resina epossidica e sezionate dall’umbone al margine centrale e levigate così da poter osservare le fettine ottenute allo stereomicroscopio a luce trasmessa. Il vantaggio riscontrato di questa metodologia è rappresentato dalla inaccessibilità delle strutture di deposizione alle perturbazioni ambientali anche se risulta impossibile annullare i possibili effetti dovuti all’attività di pesca o di altri eventi stressanti. Sono stati individuati solamente organismi con uno o due anni di età. I picchi di rallentamento della crescita sincronizzati in ogni classe di taglia potrebbero indicare tassi di accrescimento costanti entro le classi di taglia. Si può notare inoltre una certa ciclicità con cui si presentano i picchi di rallentamento della crescita. Essi si presentano circa ogni 10-12 crestine corrispondenti ipoteticamente ad una annualità. Un limite di questa metodica è dato dal fatto che si riesce a leggere l’informazione contenuta nel guscio ma, senza una validazione non è possibile associarla ad un preciso periodo di vita dell’organismo. A causa delle tempistiche limitate, non è stato possibile condurre esperimenti di crescita in campo per validare la periodicità delle micro linee di accrescimento ma sarebbe auspicabile in futuro riuscire a svolgere almeno una delle diverse metodiche di validazione.

Suitability of real-time quantitative PCR to estimate the relative telomere length in European Hake (Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758)

Telomere length measurement has been proposed as a promising tool to estimate the age of individuals in natural populations. We used real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to measure relative telomere length in four tissues (brain, kidney, liver and muscle) of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in different groups based upon body length an otolith age estimate. We observed a high level of inter-individual differences in the measurements of relative telomere length in hakes of similar age and body length groups. The results of qPCR analysis showed a great variability in all measures and a lack of repeatability and reproducibility with significant statistical differences in the results of the different assays. The paper discusses the technical reasons for the variability in qPCR obtained in this work and by other authors.

Analyzing the effects of vertical acceleration and deceleration in multi-phase, debris-flow sediment-column experiments / by Christine Marie Williams.

Water-saturated debris flows are among some of the most destructive mass movements. Their complex nature presents a challenge for quantitative description and modeling. In order to improve understanding of the dynamics of these flows, it is important to seek a simplified dynamic system underlying their behavior. Models currently in use to describe the motion of debris flows employ depth-averaged equations of motion, typically assuming negligible effects from vertical acceleration. However, in many cases debris flows experience significant vertical acceleration as they move across irregular surfaces, and it has been proposed that friction associated with vertical forces and liquefaction merit inclusion in any comprehensive mechanical model. The intent of this work is to determine the effect of vertical acceleration through a series of laboratory experiments designed to simulate debris flows, testing a recent model for debris flows experimentally. In the experiments, a mass of water-saturated sediment is released suddenly from a holding container, and parameters including rate of collapse, pore-fluid pressure, and bed load are monitored. Experiments are simplified to axial geometry so that variables act solely in the vertical dimension. Steady state equations to infer motion of the moving sediment mass are not sufficient to model accurately the independent solid and fluid constituents in these experiments. The model developed in this work more accurately predicts the bed-normal stress of a saturated sediment mass in motion and illustrates the importance of acceleration and deceleration.