Tolerância de cultivares de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) ao alumínio e ao manganês: III. influência do alumínio e do grau de tolerância ao alumínio sobre as concentrações de P, Ca e Mg das partes aéreas

Este estudo foi feito visando verificar a influência do Al sobre as concentrações de P, Ca e Mg das partes aéreas e detectar possíveis relações entre as concentrações desses mesmos elementos com o grau de tolerância ao Al de cultivares de trigo. Nas partes aéreas de plantas de 10 cultivares de trigo apresentando tolerância diferencial ao alumínio e desenvolvidas em soluções nutritivas contendo 0,0, 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 e 10,0 ppm de Al foram determinados o P, Ca e Mg. Os resultados mostraram que o grau de tolerância ao Al dos cultivares de trigo não está relacionado com as concentrações de P, Ca e Mg das partes aéreas e que as concentrações desses mesmos elementos se comportam diferentemente em função das concentrações de Al na solução.

Tolerância de cultivares de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) ao alumínio e ao manganês: IV. influência do manganês e do grau de tolerância ao manganês sobre as concentrações de P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu das partes aéreas e Ca, Fe e Mn das raízes

Este estudo foi feito com a finalidade de verificar a influência do Mn sobre as concentrações de P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn e Cu das partes aéreas e Ca, Fe e Mn das raízes, bem como detectar possíveis relações entre as concentrações dos elementos determinados em ambos os órgãos com o grau de tolerância ao Mn dos cultivares. Concluiu-se que o grau de tolerância ao Mn não está relacionado com as concentrações de P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu das partes aéreas e Ca, Fe e Mn das raízes e que as concentrações dos elementos determinados em ambos os órgãos se comportam diferentemente em função das concentrações de Mn na solução.

Tolerância de cultivares de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) ao alumínio e ao manganês: V. influência do alumínio e do manganês e do grau de tolerância a cada elemento na absorção de cálcio

Com base nos parâmetros Vm e Km obtidos de ensaios de cinética de absorção verificou-se a influência do Al e do Mn e do grau de tolerância de cultivares de trigo a cada um desses elementos sobre a absorção de Ca. Utilizaram-se raízes destacadas de plantas com 7 dias de idade de 3 cultivares com tolerância diferencial ao Al (Sonora 63C - suscetível; Yecora - intermediária e IAS 63 - tolerante) e de 3 cultivares com tolerância diferencial ao Mn (CNTl - suscetível; Sonora 63C - intermediária e IAS 55 - tolerante). Foram empregadas 10 soluções experimentais cujas concentrações de CaCl variaram de 5xl0-6M até 2,56xl0-3M, marcadas com 45Ca. Nos ensaios efetuados na presença de Al ou Mn, usaram-se concentrações de 10-4M de AlCl3 ou MnCl2. Os resultados propiciaram as seguintes -conclusões: a) a absorção de Ca se realiza através de 2 mecanismos, um operativo na faixa 1 de concentração de Ca (5x10-6M - 8 x 10-5M) e outro na faixa 2 de concentração (1,6x10-4M - 2,56 x 10-3M); b) na faixa 1 de concentração de Ca a Al e o Mn inibem a absorção do Ca e na faixa 2 inibem ou estimulam a absorção dependendo do cultivar; c) na ausência de Al ou de Mn existem diferenças genéticas na absorção de Ca somente na faixa 2 de concentração de Ca e estas não estão relacionadas com o grau de tolerância ao Al e ao Mn; d) na presença de Al não existem diferenças genéticas na absorção do Ca na faixa 1 de concentração de Ca, porém existem relacionadas ao grau de tolerância ao Al na faixa 2; e) na presença de Mn existem diferenças genéticas na absorção de Ca em ambas as faixas, porém somente na faixa 1 relacionadas ao grau de tolerância ao Mn.

Tolerância de cultivares de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) ao alumínio e ao manganês: VI. influência do alumínio e do manganês e do grau de tolerância a cada elemento na absorção do fósforo

Com base nos parâmetros Vm e Km obtidos de ensaios de cinética de absorção, verificou-se a influencia do Al e do Mn e do grau de tolerância de cultivares de trigo a cada um desses elementos sobre a absorção de P. Utilizaram-se raízes destacadas de plantas com 7 dias de idade de 3 cultivares com tolerância diferencial ao Al (Sonora 63C - suscetível; Yecora - intermediária e IAS 63 - tolerante) e de 3 cultivares com tolerância diferencial ao Mn (CNTl -suscetível; Sonora 63C - intermediária e IAS 55 - tolerante). Foram empregadas 10 soluções experimentais cujas concentrações de KH2PO4 variaram de 10-6M até 10-4M, marcadas com 32P. Nos ensaios efetuados na presença de Al ou Mn, usaram-se concentrações de 10-4M de AlCl3 ou MnCl2. Concluiu-se que: a) a absorção de P se realiza através de um único mecanismo; b) na ausência ou presença de Al ou de Mn existem diferenças genéticas na absorção do P nao relacionadas com o grau de tolerância aos 2 elementos; 2) o Al e o Mn, mais aquele do que este, estimulam a absorção do P.

Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée.

[v.6] Insectes, pt.1 (text)

Effects of population density on cauliflower crop (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis)

An experiment was carried out to study the effects of the following population densities cauliflowers (plants per ha): 20,833 (0.60 m x 0.80 m), 25,641 (0.60 m x 0.65 m), ....37.037 (0.60 m x 0.45 m) , 55.555 (.0.60 m x 0.30 m), and 111,111 (0,60 m x 0,15 m) ; variety Snow ball. It was concluded that the effects of plant population density are greater on curd quality (weight and size) than on production per ha. The best plant population density to produce cauliflowers curd for Brazil market is from 20,000 to 25,000 plants/ha while for mini-curd is above 55,000 plants/ha.

Non root feeding with two sources of zinc on Coffea arábica L. 'mundo novo'(B.Rodr.) Choussy

A trial was carried out on an eight old coffee plantation with visible zinc problems. The plantation was situated nearly the city of Jaú (22º30'S, 48º30'W). State of São Paulo, Brazil. The soil is classified as medium texture Oxisol of low base saturation (Latossol Vermelho Amarelo - fase arenosa). The pulverization program started in november 1977, followed in march and July 1978 (heavy harvest) and ended in march and July 1979 (light harvest). Is should be mentioned that a well reconized characteristic of arábica coffe is its habit of biennial bearing, a very heavy harvest is most often followed by a light load the next year. The following treatments and amounts of chemicals per cova hole (4 trees) were tested in accordance with a random block design: 1. 1 g of zinc (zinc sulphate, 0.5%) 2. 3 g of nitrogen (urea, 1.3%) 3. 1 g of zinc + 3 g of nitrogen (zinc sulphate 0.5% + urea 1.3%) 4. 0.25 g, 0.50 g, 1.00 g, 2.00 g of zinc plus 0.75 g, 1.50 g, 3.00 g and 6.00 of nitrogen (correspondent to NZN* 15-0-0-5 as 0.75%, 1-5%, 3.0% and 6.0% by v/v). Foliar absorption data were obtained by collecting the 3rd and 4th pairs of the coffee leaves and analysed them for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. The main results may be summarized as follows: 1. The maximum calculated yields of clean coffee were obtained by the applications of 5.84 1 of NZN (1.13%) per hectare. 2. The applications of zinc sulphate (0.5%) and urea (1.3%) together or separate did not affected the coffee bean production. 3. The applications of 15.0 1 of NZN per hectare reduced the coffee yields. 4. Leaf damages and burning symptoms were observed by the applications of urea (1.3%) plus zinc sulphate (0.5%) and larger doses than 7.5 1 of NZN per hectare. 5. Leaf tissue analysis show that the concentrations of the elements were affecred by the age of the leaves and by the yields of the coffee trees. 6. The applications of increasing doses of NZN causes an increase in the concentration of zinc, manganese and boron in the leaves and decreased the concentration in calcium and potassium the leaves. 7. The concentration of zinc in the leaves associated with the heavy harvest, in July, was 70.0 ppm.

Doses and methods of distribution of potassium chloride on soybean crop (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in a red latosol, affecting soil salinity, grain production and chemical composition of leaves

The present work deal t wi th an experiment under field conditions and a laboratory test of soil incubation the objectives were as follows: a. to study effects on soybean grain product ion and leaf composition of increasing doses of potassium chloride applied into the soil through two methods of distribution; b. to observe chemical modifications in the soils incubated with increasing doses of potassium chloride; and, c. to correlate field effects with chemical alterations observed in the incubation test, The field experiment was carried out in a Red Latosol (Haplustox) with soybean cultivar UFV - 1. Potassium chloride was distributed through two methods: banded (5 cm below and 5 cm aside of the seed line) and broadcasted and plowed-down. Doses used were: 0; 50; 100 and 200 kg/ha of K2O. Foliar samples were taken at flowering stage. Incubation test were made in plastic bags with 2 kg of air dried fine soil, taken from the arable layer of the field experiment, with the following doses of KC1 p,a. : 0; 50; 100; 200; 400; 800; 1,600; 3.200; 6,400 and 12,800 kg/ha of K(2)0. In the conditions observed during the present work, results allowed the following conclusions: A response by soybean grain production for doses of potassium chloride, applied in both ways, banded or broadcasted, was not observed. Leaf analysis did not show treatment influence over the leaf contents for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and CI, Potassium chloride salinity effects in both methods of distribution for all the tested closes were not observed.

Application of chemicals on Ficus carica L. transplanted

This research deals with the effects of chemicals on, transplantation of Ficus carica L. cv. Roxo de Valinhos. Fig plants were sprayed with Transplantone (naphthaleneacetamide plusnaphtaleneacetic acid) 10 g/1 , Oed green (oxyethylene docosanol) 40 ml/1, Good-rite peps (polyethylene polysulfite) 0,6 ml/1, and Mobileaf 200 ml/1. A check treatment and aereduction to half of leaf area were also established. Reduction of leaf area and application of oxyethylene docosanol promoted higher plant survival. The chemicals did not affect the growth of transplanted plants. Auxins constituents of Transplantone increased leaf number of fig plants.

Effects of ethephon and urea on ripening of fruits and leaf abscission of coffee (Coffea arábica L.)

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of ethephon and urea on ripening of fruits and leaf abscission of coffee plant. Ethephon (2-chloroethane phosphonic acid) sprays were applied to green Coffea arábica berries 26 days before counting date in concentrations of 0.5 and 0.25 ml/1 from Ethrel (240 a.i./l). The chemical accelerated the onset of fruit ripening at both concentrations. The efficacy of ethephon was increased adding urea. Ethephon 0.5 ml/1 promoted abscission of leaves and low concentration reduced shedding of leaves. The treatments did not affect the growth and production on the next harvest.

Influence of boron on growth and mineral composition of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Nine cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were grown in nutrient solution to study the effect of boron on growth and mineral composition. Data obtained in thie study allowed for the following conclusions: (1) high levels of boron affected plant height, root length, dry weight of tops, dry weight of root, and total dry weight; (2) regression analysis was used to point out differential behaviour among cultivars in relation to boron concentration in nutrient solution; (3) the best mineral concentration in the plant tissue was obtained with application of 0,5 ppm of boron in the nutrient solution.

A comparative study on production of five soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars

Under greenhouse conditions cultivars Davis, IAC 73-228, PI 227.687, PI 171.451, and PI 229.358 of soybean were compared. PI 171.451 showed lower dry weight of stem in relation to Davis. Higher pod numbers produced by PI 227-687, IAC 73-228, and PI 229. 358 as compared to Davis were observed. Cultivars PI 227.687 and IAC 73-228 produced larger seed numbers. A larger weight of 100 seeds in Davis, PI 229.358, and PI 171. 45I cultivars was observed. The last two cultivars are sources of resistance against pests of soybean.

Influence of aluminum on growth and mineral composition of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Seven cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were grown in nutrient solution in the presence and absence of aluminum. Da ta obtained herewith allowed for the following conclusions to be drawn: (1) plant height, root lenght and total dry weight decreased with increase of aluminum levels in the nutrient solution; (2) aluminum concentration in plant tissue increased with higher levels of aluminum in the substrate; decreases pf calcium and magnesium concentration in the dry matter in the presence of higher aluminum concentration in the nutrient solution were observed.

An evaluation of natural infestation by leaf pests on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars

Damage caused by leaf pests of soybean on five cultivars was evaluated. Afield experiment was carried out at the Piracicaba region, cultivars Davis, IAC 73-228, PI 227.687,PI 171.451, and PI 229.358 having been compared. Leaf damage was produced by natural infestation of Anticarsia gemmatalis and Plusia sp. Cultivar PI 171.451 showed lower comsumption of leaves in relation to control ('Davis') and other cultivars. Damage was more serious on IAC 73-228 than on PI 227.687 and PI 229.358.