Entrenament d'un ciclista esprinter mitjançant la força explosiva: avaluació dels efectes d'un entrenament específic

La principal fita dels ciclistes ha estat sempre l’entrenament per millorar les seves condicions i prestacions fisiològiques. Al llarg dels anys, el ciclisme com pràcticament tot l’esport s’ha anat modernitzant, no només tecnològicament. Això ha provocat l’aparició d’especialistes, corredors destinats a destacar, només en unes determinades condicions, per sobre els demés. Una d’aquestes condicions més restringides son les arribades massives, terreny dels anomenats esprinters, els quals brillen per sobre els demés degut a la seva potència, velocitat punta i arrancada. L’entrenament d’aquesta tipologia d’especialitat ha deixat entreveure varies ambigüitats i algunes problemàtiques de fonament teòric. L’esprint en el ciclisme es dona després d’un gran desgast de les reserves energètiques i de fatiga muscular. Per tant, entrenar-lo amb blocs de velocitat no té lògica. Tampoc es una opció viable el recurs que molts equips utilitzen: agafar corredors joves de la pista, i que la seva genètica (fibres ràpides) i les seves característiques de pistard1 facin la resta, perquè al pas dels anys perden aquesta exclusivitat. Aquest estudi es proposa buscar una manera de treballar i potenciar l’esprint del ciclista a partir de la força explosiva, garantint preservar les condicions aeròbiques per tal de que no perjudiqui per altra banda la seva resistència. Per tal d’aconseguir-ho, s’efectuaran uns tests. Un focalitzat en mesurar les prestacions en un esprint dels subjectes. L’altra es basarà en avaluar la força explosiva d’aquets, a partir de salts verticals. Un cop obtinguts els resultats de la primera tanda, els subjectes seran sotmesos a un entrenament combinat de sobrecàrrega, per tal de observar, en la segona tanda, si els resultats son significatius. Com a conclusió, es podria destacar el fet de millora en la majoria d’aspectes en tots els tests per part de tots els subjectes, i que probablement, hi ha una correlació significativa entre la força explosiva i la capacitat per esprintar, tot i que s’haurien de corroborar els resultats amb una mostra més gran.

Estudi sobre l'envelliment actiu a Portbou

Aquest treball es centra en fer una recerca de les diferents entitats i associacions del poble de Portbou (Alt Empordà) on participen les persones grans de manera activa, per tal de conèixer les diferents accions de participació social de la gent gran i els recursos que hi ha al poble per aquestes persones. La recerca també pretén conèixer les vivències d'algunes persones grans, que participen de manera directa en aquestes entitats i associacions, per saber quins beneficis els aporta mantenir-se actives. La principal aportació d’aquest treball és la visió global, actual i contrastada que proporciona sobre les accions de promoció de l’envelliment actiu i la qualitat de vida del les persones grans del municipi de Portbou. Visió construïda a partir de la triangulació entre diverses fonts d’informació i les opinions de les persones directament implicades.

Com influencia la pràctica Dalcroze en l'estimulacio de les diferents capacitats dels infants

Aquest treball consta d’un procés d’investigació en el qual hi podem trobar la corroboració de la pregunta inicial sobre com influencia la pràctica Dalcroze en l’estimulació de les diferents capacitats dels infants. Aquest mètode consisteix en estimular la coordinació i la maduresa personal de l’infant i està basat en el moviment i la percepció del ritme. Basant-me en el què diuen alguns autors i pedagogs s’han comprovat les hipòtesis a partir d’una investigació. Per poder investigar aquest fet s’han realitzat una sèrie d’observacions de diferents sessions de música amb infants de tres a set anys de dues escoles diferents. En una de les escoles, en la qual s’ha estat investigant, els alumnes fan música a partir del mètode Dalcroze i a l’altre escola no. A partir de les observacions de totes les sessions de música s’ha analitzat i comparat les dues maneres de treballar la música i les capacitats que es poden desenvolupar treballant la música d’una manera vivencial i dinàmica. Per fer la part pràctica s’ha utilitzant una metodologia qualitativa la qual investiga si a partir de la rítmica Dalcroze es poden estimular les diferents capacitats dels infants. Les dades han estat recollides en una graella d’observació on hi ha transcrita cada una de les sessions de música de les dues escoles, també han estat recollides a partir de les gravacions de totes les sessions i dues entrevistes realitzades a les professores de música. A partir d’aquí ha començat el procés d’investigació i anàlisi.

Techniques for CT and MR, post-processing, radiation.

Brain perfusion can be assessed by CT and MR. For CT, two major techniquesare used. First, Xenon CT is an equilibrium technique based on a freely diffusibletracer. First pass of iodinated contrast injected intravenously is a second method,more widely available. Both methods are proven to be robust and quantitative,thanks to the linear relationship between contrast concentration and x-ray attenuation.For the CT methods, concern regarding x-ray doses delivered to the patientsneed to be addressed. MR is also able to assess brain perfusion using the firstpass of gadolinium based contrast agent injected intravenously. This method hasto be considered as a semi-quantitative because of the non linear relationshipbetween contrast concentration and MR signal changes. Arterial spin labelingis another MR method assessing brain perfusion without injection of contrast. Insuch case, the blood flow in the carotids is magnetically labelled by an externalradiofrequency pulse and observed during its first pass through the brain. Eachof this various CT and MR techniques have advantages and limits that will be illustratedand summarised.Learning Objectives:1. To understand and compare the different techniques for brain perfusionimaging.2. To learn about the methods of acquisition and post-processing of brainperfusion by first pass of contrast agent for CT and MR.3. To learn about non contrast MR methods (arterial spin labelling).

PPARbeta regulates vitamin A metabolism-related gene expression in hepatic stellate cells undergoing activation.

Activation of cultured hepatic stellate cells correlated with an enhanced expression of proteins involved in uptake and storage of fatty acids (FA translocase CD36, Acyl-CoA synthetase 2) and retinol (cellular retinol binding protein type I, CRBP-I; lecithin:retinol acyltransferases, LRAT). The increased expression of CRBP-I and LRAT during hepatic stellate cells activation, both involved in retinol esterification, was in contrast with the simultaneous depletion of their typical lipid-vitamin A (vitA) reserves. Since hepatic stellate cells express high levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor beta (PPARbeta), which become further induced during transition into the activated phenotype, we investigated the potential role of PPARbeta in the regulation of these changes. Administration of L165041, a PPARbeta-specific agonist, further induced the expression of CD36, B-FABP, CRBP-I, and LRAT, whereas their expression was inhibited by antisense PPARbeta mRNA. PPARbeta-RXR dimers bound to CRBP-I promoter sequences. Our observations suggest that PPARbeta regulates the expression of these genes, and thus could play an important role in vitA storage. In vivo, we observed a striking association between the enhanced expression of PPARbeta and CRBP-I in activated myofibroblast-like hepatic stellate cells and the manifestation of vitA autofluorescent droplets in the fibrotic septa after injury with CCl4 or CCl4 in combination with retinol.

Cardiac repair with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells after myocardial infarction.

Over the past decade, use of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMCs) has proven to be safe in phase-I/II studies in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Taken as a whole, results support a modest yet significant improvement in cardiac function in cell-treated patients. Skeletal myoblasts, adipose-derived stem cells, and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have also been tested in clinical studies. MSCs expand rapidly in vitro and have a potential for multilineage differentiation. However, their regenerative capacity decreases with aging, limiting efficacy in old patients. Allogeneic MSCs offer several advantages over autologous BMCs; however, immune rejection of allogeneic cells remains a key issue. As human MSCs do not express the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II under normal conditions, and because they modulate T-cell-mediated responses, it has been proposed that allogeneic MSCs may escape immunosurveillance. However, recent data suggest that allogeneic MSCs may switch immune states in vivo to express HLA class II, present alloantigen and induce immune rejection. Allogeneic MSCs, unlike syngeneic ones, were eliminated from rat hearts by 5 weeks, with a loss of functional benefit. Allogeneic MSCs have also been tested in initial clinical studies in cardiology patients. Intravenous allogeneic MSC infusion has proven to be safe in a phase-I trial in patients with acute MI. Endoventricular allogeneic MSC injection has been associated with reduced adverse cardiac events in a phase-II trial in patients with chronic heart failure. The long-term safety and efficacy of allogeneic MSCs for cardiac repair remain to be established. Ongoing phase-II trials are addressing these issues.

Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin system in hypertensive patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis.

Renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockers are generally considered as contraindicated when an atheromatous renal artery stenosis (ARAS) is diagnosed. The main reason is the fear of inducing renal ischemia and, hence, accelerating renal fibrosis and the progression towards end stage renal disease, albeit RAS blocker have been shown to be highly effective in controlling blood pressure. Part of the solution came by the development of the revascularization. There is now growing evidence showing no superiority of angioplasty over medical treatment on cardiovascular events and mortality, renal function and blood pressure control. Hence, RAS blockers resurfaced based on their proven beneficial effects on blood pressure control and cardiovascular prevention in high risk atherosclerotic patients. Thus, RAS blockers belong today to the standard treatment of hypertensive patients with ARAS. However they were not systematically prescribed in trials focusing on ARAS. The ongoing CORAL trial will give us further information on the place of this class of antihypertensive drugs in patients with ARAS.

Evaluation of Rumble Stripes on Low-Volume Rural Roads in Iowa—Phase I, TR-577, 2009

Single-vehicle run-off-road crashes are the most common crash type on rural two-lane Iowa roads. Rumble strips have been proven effective in mitigating these crashes, but these strips are commonly installed in paved shoulders adjacent to higher-volume roads owned by the State of Iowa. Lower-volume paved rural roads owned by local agencies do not commonly feature paved shoulders but frequently experience run-off-road crashes. This project involved installing “rumble stripes,” which are a combination of conventional rumble strips with a painted edge line placed on the surface of the milled area, along the edge of the travel lanes but at a narrow width to avoid possible intrusion into the normal vehicle travel paths. Candidate locations were selected from a list of paved local rural roads that were most recently listed in the top 5% of roads for run-off-road crashes in Iowa. Horizontal curves were the most favored locations for rumble stripe installation because they commonly experience roadway departure crashes. The research described in this report was part of a project funded by the Federal Highway Administration, Iowa Highway Research Board, and Iowa Department of Transportation to evaluate the effectiveness of edge line rumble strips in Iowa. The project evaluated the effectiveness of “rumble stripes” in reducing run-off-road crashes and in improving the longevity and wet weather visibility of edge line markings. This project consists of two phases. The first phase was to select pilot study locations, select a set of test sites, install rumble stripes, summarize lessons learned during installation, and provide a preliminary assessment of the rumble stripes’ performance. This information is summarized in this report. The purpose of the second phase is to provide a more long-term assessment of the performance of the pavement markings, conduct preliminary crash assessments, and evaluate lane keeping. This will result in a forthcoming second report.

Estudi de la contaminació per nitrats a les aigües subterrànies de Catalunya: l'Alt Penedès, el Baix Camp, el Baix Empordà, el Baix Penedès, la Garrotxa, el Maresme, Osona, el Pla de l'Estany, la Segarra, el Segrià, el Tarragonès i l'Urgell

La contaminació per nitrats de les aigües subterrànies és un dels problemes mediambientals i de salut pública que més afecten els nostres aqüífers. És per això que un dels eixos del nostre estudi és fer la màxima difusió de l’estat de la qualitat de l’aigua dels aqüífers de diferents àrees de Catalunya. En el present estudi es tracta la contaminació per nitrats a les aigües de 945 punts de mostreig (sobretot d’aigua procedent de pous, d’algunes mines i d’algunes fonts) de Catalunya, situats en 12 comarques diferents, totes elles amb algun o una gran part dels seus municipis englobats en una zona vulnerable. D’aquests punts de mostreig s’ha fet un recull de dades de la concentració de nitrats des de l’any 2003 fins el 2012 per tal d’estudiar-ne l’evolució i la incidència de la pluviometria, així com conèixer en quines comarques les variables externes: superfície agrària útil (SAU), explotacions agràries i cabana porcina i bovina poden haver incidit directament en la contaminació. També s’estudia fins a quin punt, aquest deteriorament, ha afectat la mineralització de l’aigua o afecta a llocs d’aigües més mineralitzades. A partir dels resultats obtinguts s’ha arribat a les conclusions que la concentració mitjana de nitrats a les aigües subterrànies en la majoria de comarques estudiades és elevada, superior als 50 mg/l que estableix la normativa vigent; que ha tendit a l’estabilitat en els últims deu anys; que afecta llocs d’aigües molt mineralitzades i que la pluviometria incideix notablement en la concentració de nitrats. S’ha observat que les variables externes superfície agrària útil (SAU), explotacions agràries i cabana porcina i bovina incideixen directament en la contaminació, excepte al Maresme. Finalment es presenten diferents usos alternatius als de l’aigua de consum per aquestes aigües contaminades amb nitrats i que han posat en pràctica diferents municipis de les comarques estudiades.

Diagnostic potential of neutrophil elastase inhibitor complex in the routine care of critically ill newborn infants.

It has been suggested that determination of the neutrophil elastase alpha1-proteinase inhibitor complex (E-alpha1PI) improves the diagnosis of bacterial infection in newborns. We evaluated the use of E-alpha1PI measurements in 143 newborns, consecutively admitted to a tertiary intensive care unit, employing a new random access assay and a sampling procedure that minimises post-collection artefacts. The 95% range for noninfected newborns was 20-110 microg/l up to the 5th day of life and 20-85 microg/l thereafter. The sensitivity as to the diagnosis of culture-proven bloodstream infection was 80% for E-alpha1PI, 86% for the immature to total neutrophil ratio, 64% for C-reactive protein and 37% for the total white blood cell count. The corresponding specificity amounted to 97%, 85%, 85% and 86%, respectively. E-alpha1PI increases preceded elevations of C-reactive protein by 18 h. Like C-reactive protein, E-alpha1PI levels did not distinguish between bloodstream infection and non-bacterial inflammatory responses. Results of E-alpha1PI became available within 1 h of collection and usually 2-3 h before manual leucocyte counts. CONCLUSION: Determination of neutrophil elastase alpha1-proteinase inhibitor levels yields diagnostic advantages comparable to those of manual differential counts but provide faster turnaround times.

Prevalence and significance of anti-HILA antibodies after liver transplantation : P236

Background: The pathogenic role of anti-HLA antibodies (AHA) after kidney transplantation is well established. However, its significance after liver transplantation remains unclear. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence and significance of AHA after liver transplantation. Methods: Between January 2007 and November 2007, all liver transplant recipients who were greater than 6 months posttransplantation and followed regularly at our transplant outpatient clinic (n = 95) were screened for AHA. All clinical and electronic records were reviewed. Serum samples were tested using multiplex technology (Luminex). A liver biopsy had been performed in 55 out of the 95 patients based on clinical grounds but no routine protocol biopsies were performed. Immunosuppression was calcineurin inhibitor-based in 90 patients, sirolimus-based in 4 patients and one patient had no anti-rejection therapy (operationally tolerant recipient). Results: The mean time from transplantation to study was 85 months (range 6-248 months). Overall, AHA were found in 23/95 (24.2%) of patients (5 had anti-class I alone, 13 anti-class II alone, and 4 had both anti-class I and II). However, only 4/95 patients (4.2%) had donor-specific antibodies (DSA) (one anti-class I and 3 anti-class II). Twenty-one out of 95 patients (22.1%) had a history of past or current biopsy-proven or radiological biliary complications (chronic rejection, ischemic cholangitis, ischemic type biliary lesions or biliary anastomosis stricture). Among patients with AHA, 4/23 (17,4%) had biliary complications, while it was 17/72 (23.6%) in patients without AHA (NS). Among patients with DSA, 3/4 (75%) had biliary complications (two with biopsy-proven chronic rejection in association with biliary strictures and one with ischemic cholangitis following hepatic artery thrombosis), versus 1/19 (5.3%) patients with AHA but no DSA (p = 0.009), versus 16/72 (22.2%) patients without AHA (p = 0.046). In patients with DSA, immunosuppression was not different than in patients without DSA. Conclusions: We found a 24% AHA prevalence. The presence of DSA, but not of AHA, was significantly associated with an increased incidence of biliary complications including chronic liver allograft rejection. The exact mechanisms and possible causal relationship linking DSA to biliary complications remain to be studied. Larger prospective trials are thus needed to further define the role of AHA and in particular of DSA after liver transplantation.

Análisis, zonificación y manejo de la estación de monitorización Madre Selva

Este artículo es la síntesis del trabajo realizado en Costa Rica en la finca “Madre Selva” donde se encuentra una estación de monitoreo de aves. Los objetivos finales del proyecto son el análisis socioambiental, la zonificación de toda el área de la finca y el desarrollo de las vías y programas de manejo para que todas las actividades realizadas sean respetuosas con el medio ambiente. Madre Selva ocupa una superficie de 160ha y está situada en la “Reserva Forestal Los Santos” a una altura de 2600m. En esta superficie se han registrado un total de 200 especies diferentes de avifauna. Las dos actividades que se llevan a cabo son la monitorización como actividad científica y la ganadería como actividad económica. La razón por la cual se ha efectuado este estudio es la conservación del ecosistema para que las aves habiten en sus condiciones naturales y la actividad científica se realice de manera efectiva. La zonificación de Madre Selva refleja los diferentes usos del suelo y funciones del territorio. Concretamente, la finca ha quedado dividida en 7 zonas descritas con sus valores y sus correspondientes vías de manejo. Finalmente, se describen los programas de manejo que se llevan a cabo actualmente y se proponen nuevos programas así como propuestas de mejora. Se destaca la oportunidad de desarrollar nuevas actividades como la educación ambiental y el ecoturismo.

Rehabilitación del Parque Recreativo Cariari : propuesta de actividades de educación ambiental

El proyecto de rehabilitación del "Parque Recreativo Cariari" se enmarca en el proyecto más amplio "Proyecto Limón Ciudad Puerto". Se ubica en la zona más desfavorecida de Costa Rica, a nivel social y de infraestructuras. Nuestra labor en el proyecto de rehabilitación, se centra en la preparación de la propuesta de actividades de educación ambiental, aprovechando los recursos biológicos y geológicos del parque, así como las infraestructuras que incluirá una vez rehabilitado. Para la realización del proyecto fue necesaria una gran revisión bibliográfica, una serie de encuestas y reuniones con escuelas, profesores y la responsable del Ministerio de Educación Pública en la región. También se contactó con personal especializado con materias claves para los talleres. Además se acordó con universidades nacionales la realización de prácticas de sus estudiantes de los sectores de turismo ecológico y administración. Así, el resultado, son los 18 talleres, y la preparación de un hormiguero y un mariposario abierto, que se implementarán durante la rehabilitación del parque. De llevarse a cabo correctamente, se espera que transmitan a sus participantes la importancia ambiental de la zona, implicándolos en la conservación de esta. A nivel general, se espera que el parque sea vía de escape y ayude al progreso social y mejora de la calidad de vida de Limón.

Development of Non-Petroleum Based Binders for Use in Flexible Pavements, TR-594, 2010

Most bituminous adhesives or binders that are used for pavement materials are derived primarily from fossil fuels. With petroleum oil reserves becoming depleted and the drive to establish a bio-based economy, there is a push to produce binders from alternative sources, particularly from biorenewable resources. However, until now, no research has studied the applicability of utilizing bio-oils as a bitumen replacement (100% replacement) in the pavement industry. The main objective of this research was to test various properties of bio-oils in order to determine the applicability of using bio-oils as binders in the pavement industry. The overall conclusions about the applicability of using bio-oils as bio-binders in the pavement industry can be summarized as follows: 1. Bio-oils cannot be used as bio-binders/pavement materials without any heat pre-treatment/upgrading procedure. 2. Current testing standards and specifications, especially Superpave procedures, should be modified to comply with the properties of bio-binders. 3. The temperature range of the viscous behavior for bio-oils may be lower than that of bitumen binders by about 30°–40° C. 4. The rheological properties of the unmodified bio-binders vary in comparison to bitumen binders, but the rheological properties of these modified bio-binders change significantly upon adding polymer modifiers. 5. The high-temperature performance grade for the developed bio-binders may not vary significantly from that of the bitumen binders, but the low-temperature performance grade may vary significantly

Transportation Program Management System, HR-394, 2003

HR-394 was a software and database development project. Via funding provided by the Iowa Highway Research Board, the Iowa County Engineer's Association Service Bureau oversaw the planning and implementation of an Internet based application that supports two major local-government transportation project activities: Project programming and Development tracking. The goals were to reduce errors and inconsistencies, speed up the processes, link people to both project data and each other, and build a framework that could eventually support a 'paperless' work flow. The work started in 1999 and initial development was completed by the fall of 2002. Since going live, several 'piggy back' applications have been required to make the Programming side better fit actual work procedures. This part of the system has proven adequate but will be rewritten in 2004 to make it easier to use. The original development side module was rejected by the users and so had to be rewritten in 2003. The second version has proven much better, is heavily used, and is interconnected with Iowa DOT project data systems. Now that the system is in operation, it will be maintained and operated by the ICEA Service Bureau as an ongoing service function.