Comparative mobile platforms security solutions

 Mobile platform security solution has become especially important for mobile computing paradigms, due to the fact that increasing amounts of private and sensitive information are being stored on the smartphones' on-device memory or MicroSD/SD cards. This paper aims to consider a comparative approach to the security aspects of the current smartphone systems, including: iOS, Android, BlackBerry (QNX), and Windows Phone.

Great 'app-eal' but not there yet: a review of iPhone nutrition applications relevant to child weight management

Aims: There is increasing interest in the use of smartphone applications (apps) for delivering child obesity management interventions and supporting lifestyle behaviour change; however, there has been very little academic research on their development. Our aim is to review nutrition-related apps designed for children currently available in Australia for their usefulness in education or support behavioural interventions for child obesity. Methods: Apps available for download in iTunes Australia between 2 April and 3 June 2013 which were suitable for children >12 years were identified. Key words were chosen to identify apps applicable to children, focusing on nutrition. Results: A total of 27 apps were included. Most apps (24/27) were not based on evidence-informed recommendations. A third of apps were developed in the USA (n = 10; 37%) and were free (67%), nine apps required upfront payment, with a mean cost of $A2.80 (range $A0.99-$A7.49). The most common nutrition features were the promotion of energy balance (n = 12 apps) and guidance on appropriate portion size (n = 15). The most common behaviour change feature was goal setting (n = 15). The five apps that scored most highly against the characteristics reviewed were: Calorie Counter Pro by My Net Diary, Weight Watchers, Swap It Don't Stop It, Control My Weight by CalorieKing and Rate What I Ate-Photo Diet Tracker. Conclusions: Very few apps were identified that could be used in education or support behavioural interventions for child obesity. There is a need to harness this technology and evaluate the applicability and use within childhood obesity research interventions.

Seeing Sarah Bernhardt: performance and silent film

The most famous stage actress of the nineteenth century, Sarah Bernhardt enjoyed a surprising renaissance when the 1912 multi-reel film Queen Elizabeth brought her international acclaim. The triumph capped her already lengthy involvement with cinema while enabling the indefatigable actress to reinvent herself in an era of technological and generational change. Placing Bernhardt at the center of the industry's first two decades, Victoria Duckett challenges the perception of her as an anachronism unable to appreciate film's qualities. Instead, cinema's substitution of translated title cards for her melodic French deciphered Bernhardt for Anglo-American audiences. It also allowed the aging actress to appear in the kinds of longer dramas she could no longer physically sustain onstage. As Duckett shows, Bernhardt contributed far more than star quality. Her theatrical practice on film influenced how the young medium changed the visual and performing arts. Her promoting of experimentation, meanwhile, shaped the ways audiences looked at and understood early cinema.

Mothers' experiences of child support: qualitative research and opportunities for policy insight

Child support is one of the defining and under-studied elements of single mothering in contemporary Australia. However, the Australian Child Support Scheme is marked by high levels of debt and unreliable, partial and non-payment, which exacerbate mothers' financial insecurity. Most Australian child support research has focused on the amounts and outcomes of payments. Little is known about how and why mothers and fathers make the child support decisions they do. In this paper, we synthesise data from three interview studies with mothers who were due to receive child support to assess whether they experienced the system as intended. We compare the experience of child support policy 'on the books' with its experience by mothers 'on the ground'. A qualitative approach to mothers' experiences of child support highlights the social meaning of that money and the importance of understanding its transfer and use as embedded in social relations.

Should payments for biodiversity conservation be based on action or results?

There is growing interest in the potential of payments for ecosystem services (PES) to encourage land managers to protect and enhance the environment. However, questions remain about how PES agreements should be designed. There is a division between schemes that structure payments by action or by results, with most biodiversity PES schemes, including European agri-environment schemes, paying by action; for example incentivising land managers to carry out actions believed to increase biodiversity. Payment by results is a common incentive structure in the private sector (e.g. labourers doing piece work or no-win no-fee lawyers) but rarer in PES. Using a theoretical modelling approach, we investigate the conditions under which each way of structuring payments may be more cost-effective in a biodiversity PES. Payment by action is favoured where there is a clear action that can be specified at an appropriate level and to which biodiversity is sensitive. We found that payment by results is favoured in degraded landscapes as incentives are created for managers to use their private knowledge and join the scheme only if they can produce the biodiversity services targeted by the scheme. Payment by results is also favoured where biodiversity is less sensitive to conservation action and when it is difficult for a central agency to determine an appropriate level of conservation action. This is because payment by results allows individual managers to optimise their level of action. The relative cost of monitoring action (compliance with an agreement to manage in a certain way) versus results (the presence of biodiversity) has a substantial effect on which payment structure is more efficient only when the central agency can accurately set an appropriate level of action. We illustrate these principles with examples based on agri-environment schemes. Synthesis and applications. Payment by results deserves more attention from those designing biodiversity PES (be they agri-environment schemes in agricultural landscapes or direct payment schemes in more intact ecosystems). This paper provides a formal framework to help policy makers identify the conditions under which payment by results or payment by action is most likely to yield cost-effective biodiversity conservation. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society.

An era of governance through performance management - New Labour's National Health Service from 1999 to 2010

In 1997, the New Labour government inherited a ‘crisis’ in the UK National Health Service from the outgoing Conservative government. To address this perceived crisis, New Labour offered investment and, contrary to expectations, further neo-liberal health service reforms. In particular, the government extended the scope of performance management beyond financial numbers to encompass all aspects of managerial and organisational performance. Drawing on an analytics of government framework, this paper demonstrates how reforms were framed and given meaning through a framework of hierarchical accountability and centralised control. These panoptical arrangements relied on performance-management technologies of targets and ratings, which were linked to patient choice and a prospective funding system called ‘Payment by Results’. In turn, these top-down technologies disciplined knowledge, identity, and visibility and control of practice.

Does political economy reduce agency costs? Some evidence from dividend policies around the world

This study shows that firms in proportional-electoral countries pay out lower dividends and that the correlation between a firm's growth potential and dividend payout ratio is weaker in proportional-electoral countries. However, firms in proportional-electoral countries that cross-list in majoritarian system countries, tend to pay out higher dividends and the negative relation between growth potential and dividend payout tend to be stronger than their peers that do not cross-list. For a few countries that changed their electoral system towards a more proportional system, we observe a decrease in dividend payout ratio and a weaker relation between growth and dividends after the change. Overall these results indicate that a country's political system affects the severity of agency problems. Further, the effect of legal origin on dividend policy reverses once we include the political economy variables in the regressions. We also document that the electoral system not only affects the amount of dividends paid by a firm but also the form of payment.

Itinerant foreign harvest workers in Australia: the impact of precarious employment on occupational safety and health

Horticulture work in many high-income economies is increasingly performed by temporary migrant workers from low-wage economies. In Australia, such work is now performed predominantly by international backpackers – young well-educated workers with mostly sound English language skills. These workers are drawn to harvesting work by a government scheme which provides an incentive for completing a specified number of days work in horticulture. This article examines the health and safety experience of these workers, through focus groups, interviews and an online survey. Notwithstanding their distinctive backgrounds, the harvesting experience of these temporary migrant workers is similar to that of low-skilled migrants working in other high-income countries. Health and safety risks associated with work organisation and payment systems, and a lack of compliance with OHS legal requirements, are commonplace but potentially compounded by a sense of invincibility amongst these young travellers. Furthermore, a growing pool of undocumented workers is placing downward pressures on their employment conditions. The vulnerability associated with work and earnings uncertainty, and the harsh environment in which harvesting work occurs, remains a constant notwithstanding the background of these workers.

Herding behaviour in the Australian loan market and its impact on bank loan quality

We examine the effect of herding behaviour on the credit quality of bank loans in Australia. We find that bank herding varies with different types of loans. It tends to be more prevalent in owner-occupied housing loans and credit cards than other types of loans. During the global financial crisis period, herding in owner-occupied housing loans was most pronounced due to the flight-to-quality phenomenon in the housing sector. Furthermore, we find that the big four banks tend to herd more than smaller and regional banks. Bank herding behaviour is countercyclical, as it is negatively related to real GDP growth and the cost of funding but is positively related to market risk. Regulatory capital requirements may also encourage herding as banks are required to hold less risk-weighted capital for residential loans. Most importantly, bank herding is related to higher impaired assets and therefore lower loan quality. Our findings may have implications for policymakers and bank regulators.

The role of leverage in cross-border mergers and acquisitions

We examine the relationship between leverage and cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Using a sample of 85,560 cross-border mergers and acquisitions in 57 countries over the period 1990 to 2010, we find that firms with higher leverage are less likely to acquire foreign targets, whereas firms with lower leverage tend to be targets acquired by foreign firms. These effects are more pronounced in Asian countries than North America. Acquisition premium, the likelihood of all-cash offer and the percentage of cash in the acquisition offer decrease with leverage in cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Foreign targets gain positive abnormal returns in the both short run and long run, while acquirers earn positive abnormal returns in the short-run, but negative returns in the long run. We also find that firms adjust their capital structure after the acquisition by issuing more equity if they were overleveraged, or issuing more debt if they were underleveraged before the acquisition. Our results provide international evidence on how leverage affects managerial decision to acquire foreign targets, payment method and acquisition premium in cross-border mergers and acquisitions. This study shows that the interdependent relationship between investment decision and financing decision exists worldwide.

O canal de distribuição para produtos cosméticos em Porto Alegre : uma análise com foco nos salões de beleza

As empresas estão participando de um mercado cada vez mais competitivo. Esta disputa acirrada das empresas pelos clientes tem propiciado canais alternativos de distribuição dos produtos aos diferentes segmentos de mercado. Os canais de distribuição estão adquirindo uma importância cada vez maior aos olhos dos fabricantes e dos clientes, principalmente na questão de serviços. De acordo com Ballou (2001, p.44), “o serviço ao cliente, inclui disponibilidade de estoques, rapidez na entrega, rapidez e acuracidade no preenchimento de pedidos”. A esses serviços pode ser somada uma gama variada de outros serviços a serem prestados pelos participantes do canal de distribuição ou pelos fabricantes. A empresa Ravel Produtos Cosméticos e Dermatológicos será a principal usuária dos resultados obtidos com este estudo, pois é fabricante de produtos cosméticos e tem seu foco de atuação principal na cidade de Porto Alegre. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o canal de distribuição para produtos cosméticos destinados a consumidores de alta renda no mercado de Porto Alegre, procurando identificar os aspectos de serviços demandados, produtos utilizados e mix de produtos comercializados pelo canal de distribuição: salões de beleza. O estudo foi realizado através de pesquisa qualitativa, com entrevistas individuais junto aos proprietários dos salões, ou junto às pessoas que decidem o mix de produtos a ser utilizado ou comercializado pelos salões. O mix de produtos comercializados pelos salões de beleza em Porto Alegre conforme a pesquisa realizada, é o seguinte: xampus, cremes, máscaras, hidratantes, fluidos e géis. Entre as respostas das entrevistas, foram encontrados os seguintes serviços demandados pelos salões de beleza: amostras de produtos, entregas rápidas, frete cif, suporte técnico do fabricante, prazos elásticos de pagamento e exclusividade como canal de distribuição para as linhas que comercializa.

Impacto clínico e econômico da redefinição dos critérios diagnósticos de infarto do miocárdio

Introdução: Estudos sobre implicações clínicas da nova definição de infarto do miocárdio (IAM), incorporando novos marcadores de lesão miocárdica, são escassos na literatura. A prevalência de IAM e das suas complicações são diretamente dependentes do critério diagnóstico utilizado. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto diagnóstico, prognóstico e econômico da nova definição de IAM proposta pela AHA/ ESC usando troponina T (TnT) como marcador de lesão cardíaca. Métodos: Um total de 740 pacientes com dor torácica admitidos na Emergência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre no período de julho/ 1999 a janeiro/ 2002 foram incluídos no estudo. Creatina quinase total (CK), CK-MB atividade e TnT foram dosados em uma amostra de 363 pacientes, representativa de toda a coorte. Para redefinição de IAM foram utilizados como ponto de corte valores pico de TnT > 0,2 mg/dl. Os desfechos avaliados foram classificados como eventos cardíacos maiores (angina recorrente, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, choque cardiogênico e óbito) e como procedimentos de revascularização. Também foram avaliados o manejo prescrito, os custos e o faturamento hospitalar. Resultados: Nos 363 pacientes com marcadores dosados, foram diagnosticados 59 casos de IAM (16%) pelos critérios clássicos; enquanto 40 pacientes (11%) tiveram o diagnóstico de IAM pelo critério redefinido, o que corresponde a um incremento de 71% na incidência. Pacientes com IAM redefinido eram significativamente mais idosos e do sexo masculino, apresentaram mais dor atípica e diabetes mellitus. Na análise multivariada, pacientes com infarto redefinido tiveram um risco 5,1 [IC 95% 1,0-28] vezes maior para óbito hospitalar e 3,4 [IC 95% 1,1-10] vezes maior para eventos combinados em relação aqueles sem IAM. O manejo dos casos de IAM redefinido foi semelhante ao manejo daqueles com IAM tradicional, exceto pelos procedimentos de revascularização que foram menos freqüentes (25% vs. 51%, P < 0,001). O grupo com IAM redefinido permaneceu mais tempo internado e foi submetido a procedimentos mais tardiamente. Do ponto de vista institucional, o uso dos novos critérios para IAM poderia resultar em um aumento de 9% (mais R$ 2.756,00 por grupo de 100 pacientes avaliados) no faturamento baseado em diagnóstico segundo a tabela do SUS. Conclusões: O novo diagnóstico de IAM acrescenta um número expressivo de indivíduos com infarto aos serviços de emergência. A incorporação deste critério é importante na medida que estes pacientes têm um prognóstico semelhante aos demais casos tradicionalmente diagnosticados. Como a identificação destes casos poderia resultar em um manejo mais qualificado e eficiente destes pacientes, esforços deveriam ser adotados para reforçar a adoção da redefinição de IAM.

Tratamento das contas das empresas estatais produtivas no orçamento do setor público: o exemplo da Petrobrás

Nos últimos anos, a contabilização do resultado das empresas estatais nos números que medem a necessidade de financiamento do setor público e o estoque da dívida líquida do setor público tem garantido o cumprimento das metas fixadas para o superávit primário mas tem limitado a quantidade de recursos que as empresas do governo podem tomar na forma de empréstimo para fins de investimento. Ao examinarmos o tratamento dado às contas das Empresas Estatais nos acordos do Brasil com o FMI em relação ao estabelecido nos manuais do Fundo, na União Européia e em diplomas legais brasileiros, encontramos discrepância de tratamento, o que nos faz supor que há condições tanto para a inclusão como para a exclusão das contas das Empresas Estatais, não apenas na apuração dos resultados em termos de déficit ou superávit fiscal, mas também no cálculo dos valores da dívida pública. Ao considerarmos os manuais e a legislação brasileira, verificamos a possibilidade de se adotar um tratamento similar ao empregado na União Européia, excluindo essas sociedades das contas de déficit e dívida. Essa dissertação se propõe a discutir o tratamento das contas das empresas estatais produtivas no orçamento do setor público, utilizando como exemplo a Petrobras, e analisar duas possibilidades: a primeira é a exclusão das contas dessas estatais não apenas na apuração dos resultados em termos de déficit ou superávit fiscal, mas também no cálculo dos valores da dívida pública. A segunda possibilidade é que as contas dessas empresas pelo menos sejam retiradas do cálculo do superávit primário. A Petrobras, por exemplo, possui todos os seus investimentos custeados por recursos próprios oriundos da comercialização de seus produtos ou por captação no mercado. Além disso, a Petrobras não recebe qualquer recurso do governo. Pelo contrário, ela contribui significativamente para a receita pública da União, dos estados e dos municípios, por meio do pagamento de impostos, taxas, contribuições, dividendos e royalties pela extração de petróleo e gás natural, sendo a maior contribuinte individual do Brasil, além da economia de divisas proporcionada ao longo de sua história. Pelos motivos acima expostos, sugerimos a exclusão das contas das empresas estatais produtivas das contas de déficit e de dívida do setor público. Caso esta proposta não seja adotada, sugerimos que pelo menos essas empresas sejam excluídas do cálculo do superávit primário do setor público. Neste documento, analisamos o caso da Petrobras, a empresa estatal federal que apresenta as melhores condições para essas propostas.