999 resultados para Parâmetros físicos do solo


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The mathematical modeling in the simulation of self-purification capacity in lotic environment is an important tool in the planning and management of hydric resources in hydrographic basin scale. It satisfactorily deals with the self-purification process when the coefficients of physical and biochemical processes are calibrated from monitorated water quality data, which was the main focus of this study. The present study was conducted to simulate the behavior of the parameters OD, BOD5, total phosphorus, E. coli, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and the total metals cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc in the Uberabinha’s lower course (with an approximate annual growth flow between 4-35 m3/s), in a stretch of 19 km downstream of the treated effluent release by the WWTP of the city. The modelings, on the present study, show the importance of constant water quality parameters monitoration over the water course, based on the comparison of the simulations from calibrated coefficients and coefficients obtained in the literature for the period of June until November 2015. After coefficients calibration, there were good adjustments between simulated and measured data for the parameters OD, BOD, Ptotal, ammonia and nitrate and unsatisfactory adjust for the parameters nitrite and E. coli. About the total metals, the adjustments were not satisfactory on the reservoir’s vicinity of the Small Hydropower Plant Martins, due the considerable increase of the bottom sediment in lentic region. The greatest scientific contribution of this study was to calibrate the decay coefficient K and the quantification of the release by the fund S of total metals in watercourse midsize WWTP pollutant load receptor, justified by the lack of studies in the literature about the subject. For the metals cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc, the borderline for K and S calibrated were: 0.0 to 13.0 day-1 and 0.0 to 1.7 g/m3.day; 0.0 to 0.9 day-1 and 0.0 to 7.3 g/m3.day; 0.0 to 25.0 day-1 and 0.0 to 1.8 g/m3.day; 0.0 to 7.0 day-1 and 0.0 to 40.3 g/m3.day; 0.0 to 30.0 day-1 and 0.0 to 70.1 g/m3.day.

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As estruturas de solo reforçado com geossintéticos são normalmente constituídas por solos granulares com boas propriedades físicas e mecânicas. O uso de apenas este tipo de solos pode proporcionar o aumento, por vezes insustentável, do custo da execução das estruturas e o aumento do seu impacto ambiental. Deste modo, as estruturas de solo reforçado perdem a sua vantagem competitiva em relação a outros tipos de estruturas (muros de betão, muros de gravidade, muros de gabiões, etc.). Para resolver este problema podem ser utilizados outros tipos de solos (solos locais, finos, com propriedades físicas e mecânicas piores mas, no entanto, mais baratos) para a execução deste tipo de estruturas. De forma geral, com este estudo pretendeu-se contribuir para o incremento do conhecimento sobre a utilização de solos finos para a construção de estruturas de solo reforçado (muros e taludes). Para tal avaliaram-se as diferenças no comportamento mecânico dos materiais compósitos (solo granular reforçado versus solo fino reforçado) e das estruturas de solo reforçado constituídas com os dois tipos de solos. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar: a influência de vários parâmetros nas propriedades mecânicas e na capacidade de carga dos solos reforçados com geossintéticos; a influência de vários parâmetros no dimensionamento das estruturas de solo reforçado; e o comportamento das estruturas dimensionadas (incluindo a estabilidade global e a influência do processo construtivo) recorrendo a uma ferramenta numérica (PLAXIS). Para cumprir os objetivos propostos foram realizadas análises experimentais em laboratório (análise do comportamento do solo reforçado através de ensaios triaxiais e de California Bearing Ratio) e análises numéricas (dimensionamento de estruturas de solo reforçado; modelação numérica do comportamento através de uma ferramenta numérica comercial com o método dos elementos finitos). Os resultados dos ensaios experimentais mostraram que o comportamento mecânico e a capacidade de carga do solo foram incrementados com a inclusão das camadas de geossintético. Este efeito variou com os diversos parâmetros analisados mas, de forma geral, foi mais importante no solo fino (solo com propriedades mecânicas piores). As análises numéricas mostraram que as estruturas de solo fino precisaram de maior densidade de reforços para serem estáveis. Além disso, as estruturas de solo fino foram mais deformáveis e o efeito do seu processo construtivo foi mais importante (principalmente para estruturas de solo fino saturado).

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On the national scene, soybean crop occupies a prominent position in cultivated area and volume production, being cultivated largely in the no tillage system. This system, due to the intense traffic of machines and implements on its surface has caused soil compaction problems, which has caused the yield loss of crops. In order to minimize this effect the seeder-drill uses the systems to opening the furrow by shank or the double disc type. The use of the shank has become commonplace for allowing the disruption of the compacted surface layer, however requires greater energy demand and may cause excessive tillage in areas where there is not observed high levels of compaction. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of furrowers mechanisms and levels of soil compacting on traction requirement by a seeder-drill and on the growing and productivity of soybean in an Oxisol texture clay, in a two growing seasons. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with split plots with the main plots composed of four levels of soil compaction (N0 – no tillage without additional compaction, N1, N2 and N3 – no tillage subjected to compaction through two, four and six passes with tractor, respectively) corresponding to densities of soil 1.16, 1.20, 1.22 and 1.26 g cm-3, and subplots by two furrowers mechanisms (shank and double disc) with four replicates. To evaluate the average, maximum and specific traction force requested by the seeder-drill, was used a load cell, with capacity of 50 kN and sensitivity of 2 mV V-1, coupled between the tractor and seeder-drill, whose data are stored in a datalogger system model CR800 of Campbell Scientific. In addition, were evaluated the bulk density, soil mechanical resistance to penetration, sowing depth, depth and groove width, soil area mobilized, emergence speed index, emergence operation, final plant stand, stem diameter, plant height, average number of seeds per pod, weight of 1,000 seeds, number of pods per plant and crop productivity. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, the mean of furrowers were compared by Tukey test (p≤0.05), while for the factor soil compaction, polynomial regression analysis was adopted, selected models by the criterion of greater R2 and significance (p≤0.05) of equation parameters. Regardless of the crop season, penetration resistance increase as soil compaction levels up to around 0.20 m deep, and bulk density influenced the sowing quality parameters, however, did not affect the crop yield. In the first season, there was a higher productivity with the use of the shank type. In the second crop season, the shank demanded greater energetic requirement with the increase of bulk density and opposite situation with the double disc. The locking of sowing lines allow better performance of the shank to break the compacted layer.

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The replacement of native vegetation by other land uses is one of the main degrading ecosystem agents, being the most important component of terrestrial environments, natural or with different levels of human disturbance, besides being the main substrate used by plants to obtain conditions soil for its development. In this context, there is the need to adopt the use and sustainable management of land systems. The study aimed to evaluate what is forest restoration system more efficient degraded areas, based on the potential recovery of physical, chemical, carbon and biological activity in the soil. The work was conducted in a forest restoration area UTFPR- Campus two neighbors, whose experiment was established in October 2010. The experimental design is completely randomized, with four replications and experimental plot of 40 m wide by 54 m long ( 2160 m2) were collected and six sampling points per plot. The soil is classified as a Typic. The models evaluated are: 1 - natural or passive regeneration; 2 - Nucleation; 3 - Planting trees in the total area under lines fill and diversity (total planting); 4 - Reference area (forest). The collection of soil samples in layers of 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m was carried out in October 2013 and evaluated physical attributes of texture, bulk density, total porosity, microporosity and soil macroporosity and stability of water in households, chemical properties, and total organic carbon (TOC) and physical particle size fractionation and soil biological activity. To find the best forest restoration model, we designed a Restoration Quality Weighted Index for each variable analyzed. Natural regeneration and total plantation showed generally better soil aggregation over 0.10 m and nucleation volume of similar porosity the forest for these layers. There were no differences between the models below 0.10 m for the variables aggregation and soil porosity. The nucleation template had the lowest bulk density, but being greater than the density in the layer forest 0.05-0.10 m, however, was similar to below 0.10 m above the ground. The models had chemical properties similar to or greater than the forest. The forest had the highest stock of COT and carbon associated with minerals (CAM), but natural regeneration was similar to the particulate organic carbon (POC) in the superficial layers of the soil (0-0.10 m), below 0, 10 m, the forest showed higher stock of COT and COP on the ground. The highest peak of C-CO2 emissions occurred in the 28-35 day range where the total plantation was similar to forest. After four years of experiments, it was found that the effect of restoration methods on physical attributes and soil carbon restricted to 0.10 m deep.

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Rapid climatic changes are taking place in Arctic, subarctic and cold temperate regions, where predictions point to an increase in freeze-thaw events, changes in precipitation, evaporation and salinity patterns. Climate change may therefore result in large impacts in ecosystem functioning and dynamics, especially in the presence of contaminants due to intense anthropogenic activities. Even though multiple stress approaches have received increasing interest in the last decades, the number of such studies is limited. In particular, knowledge on the effect of freezethaw events and salinity fluctuations on ecotoxicology of soil invertebrates is lacking, especially important when considering supralittoral species. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of low temperature and salinity fluctuations, singly and in combination with contaminants, in the freeze-tolerant and euryhaline enchytraeid Enchytraeus albidus. The assessment of population level endpoints (survival and reproduction), along with physiological and biochemical parameters such as levels of cryoprotectants, ice/water content, oxidative stress biomarkers, cellular energy allocation, and tissue concentration of chemicals (when applied), provided new and valuable knowledge on the effects of selected physical and chemical stressors in E. albidus, and allowed the understanding of adjustments in the primary response mechanisms that enable worms to maintain homeostasis and survival in harsh environments such as polar and temperate-cold regions. The presence of moderate levels of salinity significantly increased freeze-tolerance (mainly evaluated as survival, cryoprotection and ice fraction) and reproduction of E. albidus. Moreover, it contributed to the readjustments of cryoprotectant levels, restoration of antioxidant levels and changed singnificantly the effect and uptake of chemicals (copper cadmium, carbendazim and 4-nonylphenol). Temperature fluctuations (simulated as daily freeze-thaw cycles, between -2ºC and -4ºC) caused substancial negative effect on survival of worms previsouly exposed to non-lethal concentrations of 4-nonylphenol, as compared with constant freezing (-4ºC) and control temperature (2ºC). The decrease in cryoprotectants, increase in energy consumption and the highest concentration of 4-nonylphenol in the tissues have highlighted the high energy requirements and level of toxicity experienced by worms exposed to the combined effect of contaminants and freezing-thawing events. The findings reported on this thesis demonstrate that natural (physical) and chemical stressors, singly or in combination, may alter the dynamics of E. albidus, affecting not only their survival and reproduction (and consequent presence/distribution) but also their physiological and biochemical adaptations. These alterations may lead to severe consequences for the functioning of the ecosystems along the Arctic, subarctic and cold temperate regions, where they play an important role for decomposition of dead organic matter. This thesis provides a scientific basis for improving the setting of safety factors for natural soil ecosystems, and to underline the integration of similar investigations in ecotoxicology, and eventually in risk assessment of contaminants.

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Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia e Gestão de Sistemas de Água, 23 de Junho de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2015.

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Introdução: Neste estudo será apresentado experimento sobre um programa de atividades físicas para diminuir os efeitos metabólicos da lipodistrofia, causada pela prescrição dos anti-retrovirais, medicamentos utilizados por portadores pelo vírus HIV\AIDIS. Objetivo: Investigar os benefícios dos exercícios físicos para indivíduos portadores do HIV\AIDS e combatendo doenças causadas pela lipodistrofia proveniente da terapia com anti-retrovirais. Metodologia: Foram 40 sujeitos divididos em grupo de exercício e grupo de controle. Os sujeitos participaram de palestra, exames e testes, tendo o grupo de exercício participado num programa de exército com duração de 24 semanas. As variáveis estudadas foram composição corporal, parâmetros bioquímicos e hemodinâmicos, e aptidão física e o questionário CEAT-VIH, versão em português do Brasil. Resultados: O programa de exercício apresentado foi positivo na composição corporal, parâmetros bioquímicos e hemodinâmicos e no questionário, CEAT-VIH, versão em português do Brasil. Na aptidão física o programa de exercício não obteve a resposta que esperávamos. Conclusão: O programa de exercício aplicado permitiu obter uma redução na massa corporal, IMC, glicose e colesterol, e melhoria ao nível da flexibilidade. Permitiu igualmente aumentar o cumprimento do seguimento da farmacologia prescrita pelos médicos; The Relevance of Physical Exercises for Individuals 30 to 50 years of Both Sexes Bearers of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV \ AIDS) with Lipodystrophy Caused by the use of Anti-Retroviral. Summary: Introduction: In this study will be presented experiment on a physical activity program to decrease the metabolic effects of lipodystrophy, caused by the prescription of anti-retroviral drugs used by patients with HIV \ AIDIS. Objective: To investigate the benefits of exercise for people living with HIV subjects \ AIDS and combating diseases caused by lipodystrophy from therapy with antiretrovirals. Methods: 40 subjects were divided into exercise group and control group. The subjects participated in lecture, exams and tests, and the exercise group participated in an army program of 24 weeks duration. The variables studied were body composition, biochemical and hemodynamic parameters, and physical fitness and the CEAT-HIV questionnaire, version in Portuguese of Brazil. Results: The submitted exercise program was positive in body composition, biochemical and hemodynamic parameters and questionnaire, CEAT-HIV, version in Portuguese of Brazil. Physical fitness exercise program did not get the answer we expected. Conclusion: The applied exercise program yielded a reduction in body weight, body mass index, glucose and cholesterol, and improved level of flexibility. It has also increase compliance of following the prescribed pharmacology by doctors.

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The use of binders in the soil for the production of solid bricks is an old construction technique that has been used by several civilizations over time. At the same time, the need for environmental preservation and the tendency of scarcity of natural resources make the construction invest in researching new concepts, methods and materials for building systems for the sustainability of their economic activities. Thus arises the need to obtain building materials with low power consumption, capable of reducing the growing housing shortage of rural and urban population. Currently, research has been conducted on this topic to better understand the cementitious and pozzolanic reactions that occur in the formation of the microstructure of the soil-cement when added to other materials such as, for example, lime, and the relationship between microstructure and formed interfaces with the physical, mechanical and chemical analysis in compounds made from these ternary compositions. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the results of the influence of the incorporation of lime to the soil-cement to form a ternary mixture to produce soil-cement bricks and mortar without structural purposes. From the inclusion of contents of 6 %, 8 %, 10% and 12% lime to the soil, and soil-cement mixes in amounts of 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 5 % were shaped-bodies of -cylindrical specimens to determine the optimum moisture content and maximum dry apparent specific weight. Then they were cured, and subjected to the tests of compressive strength, absorption and durability modified. Compositions obtained the best results in the tests performed on the bodies-of-proof cylindrical served as a parameter for molding of solid bricks, which underwent the same experimental methodology previously cited. The raw materials used, as well as compositions in which the bricks were molded solid, were characterized by physical and chemical tests, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained in the study indicate that the compositions studied, that showed the best results in terms of compressive strength, water absorption and durability ternary composition was soil, 10 % cement and 2 % lime

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En el presente trabajo de investigación se analizó un acero libre de elementos intersticiales estabilizado con Titanio o mejor conocido como acero IF (por sus siglas en inglés Interstitial Free), denominado por la empresa EDDS (Extra Deep Drawing Steel) el cual se utiliza en partes exteriores de los vehículos en donde se requiere que la lámina a estampar cumpla con propiedades muy altas de ductilidad y baja resistencia. Se obtuvo acero IF en sus distintas etapas de procesamiento termo mecánico comenzando por material laminado en caliente, material laminado en frio y por ultimo material recocido y galvanizado en planta, esto con el objetivo de caracterizar y evaluar las propiedades mecánicas de cada etapa. De la etapa final del acero (recocido y galvanizado de planta) se obtuvieron los parámetros de formabilidad (n y R) mediante una prueba de tensión para poder establecer las condiciones a superar con las experimentaciones. El objetivo principal en el laboratorio fue el mejorar, mediante diferentes variables de recocido (tiempo y temperatura) en los tratamientos térmicos, los parámetros n= 0.23 y R=1.56 producidos en planta, y lograr obtener mediante nuevos tratamientos térmicos valores de R> 1.56 al igual que valores de n>0.23. Para simular las temperaturas con tiempos cortos de recocido se implementó un calentamiento por inducción en la bobina del laboratorio. Se pudieron realizar solo 2 pruebas debido al material disponible para este experimento. Ambos experimentos resultaron en una notable mejoría del valor de Lankford R (utilizado como un indicador en la formabilidad de hojas de acero), así como del exponente de endurecimiento por deformación (n), y se logró mantener un poco por encima sus propiedades de esfuerzo de cedencia, esfuerzo último y por ciento de elongación a las obtenidas por el proceso de recocido realizado en planta.

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Introdução Caracterização da área de estudo Materiais e métodos O modelo SWAT Dados de chuva, vazão e produção de sedimentos Tipos de solos e determinação dos parâmetros do SWAT Análises Estatísticas Cenários de Uso do Solo Resultados e discussões Estimativa da Vazão Estimativa da produção de sedimentos Modelagem Hidrossedimentológica em Diferentes Cenários Conclusões Referências bibliográficas RESUMO – A erosão dos solos é um dos mais graves problemas ambientais em todo o mundo, principalmente em regiões semiáridas que sofrem com a variabilidade espaço-temporal da precipitação. Este artigo analisou os processos hidrossedimentológicos na Bacia do Rio Cobres, localizada na porção semiárida de Portugal, utilizando o modelo SWAT. Neste estudo foram utilizados dados diários de precipitação, temperatura, umidade do ar, vazão e produção de sedimentos, para o período de 1960 a 2000, mapas digitais de elevação do terreno com resolução espacial de 90 m, uso e ocupação do solo e tipos de solo da bacia. Os resultados demonstraram a eficácia do modelo na calibração da vazão, com Coeficiente de Determinação (R²) = 0,81 e Coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) = 0,63, e também para produção de sedimentos com R² = 0,62 e NS = 0,47. O Cenário 3 (Mata) apresentou o maior decréscimo na vazão média, em relação aos Cenários 1 (Real) e 2 (Pastagem). Conclui-se que o modelo SWAT acoplado ao SIG é uma ferramenta poderosa na análise espaço-temporal do comportamento dos processos hidrossedimentológicos. Palavas-chave: SIG, modelo hidrossedimentológico, erosão ABSTRACT – Effects of Scenarios of Land Use on Runoff and Sediment Yield for Cobres River Basin, Portugal. Soil erosion is a major environmental problem worldwide, mainly in semiarid regions that suffer with rainfall spatial and temporal variability. Thus, this paper analysed the runoff-erosion process at the Cobres River Basin, located in semiarid portion of Portugal, using the SWAT model. In this paper, rainfall, temperature and humidity data from 1960 to 2000, and digital maps of land cover, terrain digital elevation model with spatial resolution of 90 m, soil types were used. The results showed the effectiveness of the model for the runoff calibration, with R² = 0.81 and NS = 0.63, and also for sediment yield with R² = 0.62 and NS = 0.47. Scenario 1 (Forest) had the highest decrease in average streamflow, in relation to the Scenarios 1 (Real) and 2 (Pasture) scenarios. It is concluded that the SWAT model coupled to GIS is a powerful tool in the analysis of temporal and spatial behaviour of runoff-erosion processes.

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O presente trabalho contempla os resultados das análises de controlo de maturação obtidos na vindima de 2014, em algumas parcelas da Adega de Borba, em particular na evolução do teor de antocianinas nas castas Touriga Nacional, Syrah, e Cabernet Sauvignon durante a maturação.Este estudo teve em consideração diferentes níveis de factores culturais nas parcelas de cultivo, nomeadamente tipo de solo, vigor das plantas e produtividade das mesmas. Os solos mais profundos e férteis são os que apresentam melhores resultados nos parâmetros qualitativos em todas as castas (teores de açucares, e antocianinas mais altos), com maior evidência na casta Syrah. A acumulação de antocianinas e açucares é mais rápida nas plantas com menor vigor e menor produção. Durante a maturação, as plantas com menor vigor são as que apresentam maior concentração de antocianinas, com excepção da casta Cabernet Sauvignon em solos menos férteis, onde as plantas mais vigorosas e produtivas têm maior concentração de antocianinas.

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O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do cultivo orgânico certificado e do cultivo convencional do morangueiro na qualidade do solo por meio da utilização de parâmetros microbiológicos. Os solos destes dois sistemas de cultivo foram coletados em uma área produtora de morango ao sul de Minas Gerais nas profundidades de 0-10 e 10-20 cm. Os maiores valores de biomassa e atividade microbiana, do qCO2 e da relação Cmic/Corg foram obtidos no tratamento convencional. Os resultados indicaram que o manejo orgânico, pelo menos no primeiro ano de produção do morangueiro, não aumentou o conteúdo de matéria orgânica do solo e nem demonstrou melhoras em termos de qualidade do solo e produtividade.

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Para a manutenção da biodiversidade no meio rural do semiárido faz-se necessário a elaboração e uso de técnicas e práticas ecológicas, destacando a importância de não realizar as práticas da broca e queima. As florestas agroecológicas buscam a interação das espécies cultivadas para produção e preservação da vegetação nativa, mantendo a estabilidade nas interações entre planta e solo. Objetivou-se determinar a produção de biomassa e quantificar parâmetros fitossociológicos em função das práticas agrícolas em agroecossistemas de base familiar.

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O fator cobertura e manejo do solo (fator C da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo- EUPS) é um dos mais importantes na redução das perdas de solo por erosão hídrica. Com objetivo de avaliar as razões de perda de solo (RPS) e o fator C, conduziu-se um experimento sob chuva natural em um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico léptico, com declividade média de 0,102 m m-1, em Lages, SC, no período de novembro de 2002 a outubro de 2005, compreendendo seis ciclos culturais. Os parâmetros foram avaliados em cinco estádios, com base na cobertura do solo pelo dossel das plantas. Foram estudados três sistemas de manejo do solo: aração + duas gradagens (PC), escarificação + uma gradagem (CM) e semeadura direta (SD), submetidos a sucessão soja (Glycine max) e trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), além de um tratamento adicional, com aração + duas gradagens sem culturas (SC). As RPS e os fatores C, variaram quanto aos ciclos, estádios das culturas e sistemas de manejo do solo. A SD reduziu as RPS, em 85% e 48% em relação ao PC e CM, respectivamente, durante os cultivos de soja e em 60% e 55% nos cultivos de trigo. Na média dos três anos de estudo, os valores do fator C, foram de 0,073 (PC), 0,016 (CM) e 0,007 (SD) Mg ha Mg-1 ha-1 durante os cultivos de soja e 0,126 (PC), 0,083 (CM) e 0,035 (SD) Mg ha Mg-1 ha-1 durante os cultivos de trigo. Para a sucessão de culturas soja-trigo, os valores do fator C foram de 0,198, 0,099 e 0,042 Mg ha Mg-1 ha-1, para PC, CM e SD, respectivamente.