1000 resultados para Norma IEEE1451.0
Resumo:
In the present experimental study we assessed induced osteoarthritis data in rabbits, compared three diagnostic methods, i.e., radiography (XR), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and correlated the imaging findings with those obtained by macroscopic evaluation. Ten young female rabbits of the Norfolk breed were used. Seven rabbits had the right knee immobilized in extension for a period of 12 weeks (immobilized group), and three others did not have a limb immobilized and were maintained under the same conditions (control group). Alterations observed by XR, CT and MRI after the period of immobilization were osteophytes, osteochondral lesions, increase and decrease of joint space, all of them present both in the immobilized and non-immobilized contralateral limbs. However, a significantly higher score was obtained for the immobilized limbs (XT: P = 0.016, CT: P = 0.031, MRI: P = 0.0156). All imaging methods were able to detect osteoarthritis changes after the 12 weeks of immobilization. Macroscopic evaluation identified increased thickening of joint capsule, proliferative and connective tissue in the femoropatellar joint, and irregularities of articular cartilage, especially in immobilized knees. The differences among XR, CT and MRI were not statistically significant for the immobilized knees. However, MRI using a 0.5 Tesla scanner was statistically different from CT and XR for the non-immobilized contralateral knees. We conclude that the three methods detected osteoarthritis lesions in rabbit knees, but MRI was less sensitive than XR and CT in detecting lesions compatible with initial osteoarthritis. Since none of the techniques revealed all the lesions, it is important to use all methods to establish an accurate diagnosis.
Resumo:
We investigated the effects of low ouabain concentrations on systolic (SAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures and on pressor reactivity in 3-month-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Arterial blood pressure (BP) and pressor reactivity to phenylephrine (PHE) were investigated before and after 0.18 μg/kg ouabain administration (N = 6). The influence of hexamethonium (N = 6), canrenone (N = 6), enalapril (N = 6), and losartan (N = 6) on ouabain actions was evaluated. Ouabain increased BP (SAP: 137 ± 5.1 to 150 ± 4.7; DAP: 93.7 ± 7.7 to 116 ± 3.5 mmHg; P<0.05) but did not change PHE pressor reactivity. Hexamethonium reduced basal BP in control but not in ouabain-treated rats. However, hexamethonium + ouabain increased DAP sensitivity to PHE. Canrenone did not affect basal BP but blocked ouabain effects on SAP. However, after canrenone + ouabain administration, DAP pressor reactivity to PHE still increased. Enalapril and losartan reduced BP and abolished SAP and DAP responses to ouabain. Enalapril + ouabain reduced DAP reactivity to PHE, while losartan + ouabain reduced SAP and DAP reactivity to PHE. In conclusion, a small dose of ouabain administered to SHR increased BP without altering PHE pressor reactivity. Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), Na+ pump and autonomic reflexes are involved in the effects of ouabain on PHE reactivity, central mechanisms might blunt the actions of ouabain on PHE pressor reactivity. The effect of ouabain on SAP seems to depend on the inhibition of both Na+ pump and RAS, whereas the effect on DAP seems to depend only on RAS.
Resumo:
Currently, sulfites are employed on board to inhibit melanosis (blackspot) on crustaceans. However, when used in excess this chemical compound not only can cause adverse reactions in SO2-sensitive individuals, but also favors the decomposition of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) into dimethylamine (DMA) and formaldehyde (FA), thus compromising the quality of the product, which can be observed mainly through the texture change of the meat after cooking. This study was conducted to verify the increase of the contents of DMA and FA by the excessive use of sodium metabisulfite in white shrimp (Penaeus schmitti). For laboratory trials, shrimp were beheaded, washed and immersed in a 2% sodium metabisulfite solution for 10 minutes. Specimens were stored either on ice and maintained for 48 hours in refrigeration, or stored in a freezer for 48 hours. Samples were collected at intervals of 0, 24 and 48 hours, and analyzed for residual SO2, TMAO, TMA, DMA and FA. The immersion of shrimp in a 2% sodium metabisulfite for 10 minutes favored the decomposition of TMAO which greatly increased the contents of DMA and FA. The FA and DMA measured in fresh shrimp was low. Moreover, the storage of shrimp tails on ice resulted in a significant reduction of the TMA, DMA, FA and residual SO2 contents compared to the specimens under frozen storage.
Resumo:
Foi realizado estudo utilizando-se 60 ratos machos Wistar, com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de uma multimistura no combate à desnutrição. Todos os ratos foram submetidos a 14 dias de depleção, após este período, 12 ratos foram selecionados para formar o Grupo 0 ou Aprotéico; o restante foi distribuído em 4 grupos: I - dieta controle; II - dieta creche; III - dieta creche mais 1,2g de Multimistura e IV - dieta creche mais 2,4g de multimistura. A multimistura constituía-se por 47,5% de fubá de milho; 47,5% de farelo de trigo; 4% de pó de sementes de melão, gergelim, abóbora e amendoim; 0,5% de pó da folha da mandioca e 0,5% do pó da casca de ovo. A composição centesimal da multimistura reportou elevados teores de carboidratos (74,24%) e proteínas (11,75%). A multimistura apresentou em sua composição mineral 8,07% de ferro; 357,45mg% de cálcio; 235,10mg% de magnésio; 677,65% de potássio; 570,21mg% de fósforo e 7,02mg% de sódio. No ensaio biológico, observou-se que o Grupo I - controle - obteve um ganho de peso corporal de 42% mais elevado que os Grupos II e III e 37% a mais que o Grupo IV. As ingestões alimentar e protéica foram superiores no Grupo I. Observou-se que o acréscimo de multimistura não influenciou na recuperação ponderal dos ratos.
Resumo:
Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de uma multimistura no combate à desnutrição em ratos machos Wistar, no que se refere a biodisponibilidade mineral, foi realizado um estudo utilizando 60 animais recém-desmamados dos quais, após depleção por 14 dias, selecionaram-se 12 ratos para formar o Grupo 0 ou Aprotéico, e o restante foi dividido em 4 grupos: I - dieta controle; II - dieta creche; III - dieta creche enriquecida com 1,2g de Multimistura e IV - dieta creche enriquecida com 2,4g de Multimistura. No geral, o acréscimo de multimistura, mesmo em concentração dobrada, não acarretou diferenças nos níveis séricos de minerais analisados. Em relação à série vermelha, os Grupos estavam dentro da faixa de normalidade. As plaquetas apresentaram-se em maior número no Grupo I e, em menor, no Grupo 0. Na avaliação da série branca, os leucócitos apresentaram menor número no Grupo 0. A diferenciação celular não apresentou nenhuma alteração. Logo, observou-se que as séries vermelha e branca não sofreram alteração com a adição do suplemento à dieta.
Resumo:
O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade do leite cru e resfriado produzido no município de Canguçu - RS, através da aplicação de princípios do APPCC. Inicialmente, aplicou-se um plano de amostragem simples conforme norma ABC-STD-105, sendo elaboradas cartas controle para os parâmetros redutase, mastite e temperatura. As amostras de leite foram avaliadas quanto aos parâmetros contagem de aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos, redutase, acidez, mastite, índice crioscópico, prova do álcool e resíduos de antibióticos. Os resultados possibilitaram a seleção de quatro rotas de captação do leite e vinte produtores, determinando-se um limite de controle para o parâmetro redutase de 321 minutos, mediante a equação Y = 2,35 x 10(7) - 7,01 x 10(4).X (r = -0,9284). A partir da relação existente entre a contagem de aeróbios mesófilos e psicrotróficos (r = 0,8561), obteve-se, conforme a equação Y = -8,73 x 10(4) + 0,3209 X, um limite de controle para psicrotróficos de 2,33 x 10(5) UFC.mL-1. Em virtude destes resultados, conclui-se que 80,0% das amostras estão acima do limite de controle estabelecido para a redutase, comportamento que se repete em 65,0% das amostras na contagem de psicrotróficos, caracterizando a existência de problemas nas etapas de resfriamento do leite e ordenha, as quais representam dois pontos críticos de controle, contribuindo com a perda de qualidade do leite.
Resumo:
La fortificación de alimentos es importante debido a una creciente población en estado de malnutrición, por las sequías provocadas a nivel mundial y por personas de bajos recursos económicos. La adición de proteínas puede causar problemas tecnológicos. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la adición de proteínas de lactosuero a pan dulce tipo "concha" sobre las propiedades químicas y de texturas de las masas y panes. Se planteó un experimento con diferentes concentraciones de suero comercial y precipitado por calor, se evaluó la adhesividad y el análisis del perfil de textura en masa y panes. Los resultados indicaron que el testigo presentó menor contenido de proteína (17.2 ± 0.01%) con respecto a los panes con 10% (19.8 ± 0.01) y 15% (22.9 ± 0.03) de suero comercial y precipitados por calor, el contenido de grasa fue similar en el testigo (7.01 ± 0.02) y en los panes con suero comercial (7.29 ± 0.04%) y precipitado por calor (7.37 ± 0.01), el mayor trabajo de adhesión se presentó al 10% de suero comercial, mientras que los tratamientos a base de suero tuvieron valores intermedios. La firmeza fue mayor (p < 0.05) en las muestras con proteína de suero comercial, pero menos cohesiva que las fortificadas con suero precipitado por calor. La firmeza del pan mejoró por la presencia de suero lácteo comercial que con el suero precipitado por calor, sin detectar diferencia significativa (p > 0.05) entre los porcentajes de suero. Existe un efecto del tipo y concentración de suero en la adhesividad de las masas. Respecto a la textura de los panes, el suero precipitado por calor tuvo características aceptables en comparación con el suero comercial.
Resumo:
AbstractThis study analyzed the addition of huitlacoche paste (HP) in baked tortilla chips (TC), evaluating its effects on functional, physicochemical and structural changes during processing. Two blue corn grains were nixtamalized, stone milled, air dried and milled to obtain flour; commercial blue corn flour (TM1) and commercial TC (TM2) were used as controls. Additions of 0, 3, 6 and 9% of HP were formulated; masas were prepared at 55% moisture content (MC), precooked and baked in an industrial machine. TC crispiness was influenced by grain characteristics and percentage of HP. Huitlacoche paste addition caused an increase in total dietary fiber (from 5.27 to 14.54%), total soluble phenolics content (from 17.52 to 37.60 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant capacity (from 6.74 to 7.98 μmol TE/g) in TC. Results suggest that tortilla chips added with huitlacoche can be an alternative to prepare this traditional edible fungus and produce healthier snacks, not fried and enriched with bioactive compounds.