Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation in Obesity

Significance: Current lifestyles with high-energy diets and little exercise are triggering an alarming growth in obesity. Excess of adiposity is leading to severe increases in associated pathologies, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, arthritis, asthma, and hypertension. This, together with the lack of efficient obesity drugs, is the driving force behind much research. Recent Advances: Traditional anti-obesity strategies focused on reducing food intake and increasing physical activity. However, recent results suggest that enhancing cellular energy expenditure may be an attractive alternative therapy. Critical Issues: This review evaluates recent discoveries regarding mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and its potential as a therapy for obesity. We focus on the still controversial beneficial effects of increased FAO in liver and muscle, recent studies on how to potentiate adipose tissue energy expenditure, and the different hypotheses involving FAO and the reactive oxygen species production in the hypothalamic control of food intake. Future Directions: The present review aims to provide an overview of novel anti-obesity strategies that target mitochondrial FAO and that will definitively be of high interest in the future research to fight against obesity-related disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000000.

Entry and transcription as key determinants of differences in CD4 T-cell permissiveness to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.

Isolated primary human cells from different donors vary in their permissiveness-the ability of cells to be infected and sustain the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We used replicating HIV-1 and single-cycle lentivirus vectors in a population approach to identify polymorphic steps during viral replication. We found that phytohemagglutinin-stimulated CD4(+) CD45RO(+) CD57(-) T cells from healthy blood donors (n = 128) exhibited a 5.2-log-unit range in virus production. For 20 selected donors representing the spectrum of CD4 T-cell permissiveness, we could attribute up to 42% of the total variance in virus production to entry factors and 48% to postentry steps. Efficacy at key intracellular steps of the replicative cycle (reverse transcription, integration, transcription and splicing, translation, and budding and release) varied from 0.71 to 1.45 log units among donors. However, interindividual differences in transcription efficiency alone accounted for 64 to 83% of the total variance in virus production that was attributable to postentry factors. While vesicular stomatitis virus G protein-mediated fusion was more efficacious than CCR5/CD4 entry, the latter resulted in greater transcriptional activity per proviral copy. The phenotype of provirus transcription was stable over time, indicating that it represents a genetic trait.

Changes in leisure time and occupational physical activity over 8 years: The Cornellà health Interview Survey Follow-Up Study

Aim: To describe changes in leisure time and occupational physical activity status in an urban Mediterranean population-based cohort, and to evaluate sociodemographic, health-related and lifestyle correlates of such changes. Methods: Data for this study come from the Cornellè Health Interview Survey Follow-Up Study, a prospective cohort study of a representative sample (n¿=¿2500) of the population. Participants in the analysis reported here include 1246 subjects (567 men and 679 women) who had complete data on physical activity at the 1994 baseline survey and at the 2002 follow-up. We fitted Breslow-Cox regression models to assess the association between correlates of interest and changes in physical activity. Results: Regarding leisure time physical activity, 61.6% of cohort members with ¿sedentary¿ habits in 1994 changed their status to ¿light/moderate¿ physical activity in 2002, and 70% who had ¿light/moderate¿ habits in 1994 did not change their activity level. Regarding occupational physical activity, 74.4% of cohort members who were ¿active¿ did not change their level of activity, and 64.3% of participants with ¿sedentary¿ habits in 1994 changed to ¿active¿ occupational physical activity. No clear correlates of change in physical activity were identified in multivariate analyses. Conclusion: While changes in physical activity are evident in this population-based cohort, no clear determinants of such changes were recognised. Further longitudinal studies including other potential individual and contextual determinants are needed to better understand determinants of changes in physical activity at the population level.

The so-called "Spanish model" - Tobacco industry strategies and its impact in Europe and Latin America

Background To demonstrate the tobacco industry rationale behind the "Spanish model" on non-smokers' protection in hospitality venues and the impact it had on some European and Latin American countries between 2006 and 2011. Methods Tobacco industry documents research triangulated against news and media reports. Results As an alternative to the successful implementation of 100% smoke-free policies, several European and Latin American countries introduced partial smoking bans based on the so-called "Spanish model", a legal framework widely advocated by parts of the hospitality industry with striking similarities to "accommodation programmes" promoted by the tobacco industry in the late 1990s. These developments started with the implementation of the Spanish tobacco control law (Ley 28/2005) in 2006 and have increased since then. Conclusion The Spanish experience demonstrates that partial smoking bans often resemble tobacco industry strategies and are used to spread a failed approach on international level. Researchers, advocates and policy makers should be aware of this ineffective policy.

Respiratory chain dysfunction associated with multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions in antiretroviral therapy-related lipodystrophy.

Highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can induce a characteristic lipodystrophy syndrome characterized by peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity, usually associated with hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance [1,2]. Indirect data have led some authors to propose that mitochondrial dysfunction could play a role in this syndrome [3,4].To date, as recently outlined by Kakuda et al. [5] in this journal, HIV-infected patients developing lipodystrophy have not been studied for mitochondrial changes or respiratory chain capacity...

De las competencias básicas a las competencias profesionales transversales. Aportaciones desde el ámbito de la educación física.

En el ámbito de la educación superior empieza a adquirir relevancia el debate sobre las competencias, que relaciona directamente la cultura universitaria con el aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida y el mundo del trabajo. En este artículo se parte de un marco teórico actual sobre el concepto de competencias en el contexto de la OCDE, y cómo éste se ha ido incorporando a nuestro sistema educativo y a la formación universitaria. En un futuro próximo, bajo el marco del EEES, la formación inicial de maestros y maestras deberá vertebrarse en torno a la adquisición de competencias profesionales: específicas y transversales. Al margen de un proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje centrado en laactividad del alumnado, este hecho también supondrá concebir planes de estudio contextualizados con el marco curricular vigente y con la realidad social de las aulas.Por todo ello consideramos oportuno describir el proceso que, en este sentido, está siguiendo la Facultad de Formación del Profesorado de la Universidad de Barcelona. En concreto mostramos cómo se está afrontando el reto de seleccionar y definir las competencias profesionales transversales. Asimismo también reflexionamos en torno a lo que nuestra disciplina puede aportar a la hora de seleccionar, definir y fomentar estas competencias que, en cierto modo, pueden y deben ser asumidas por todas las áreas de conocimiento que desarrollarán el título de primaria.

El profesorado ante el reto de la diversidad cultural: un estudio de caso aplicado a la escuela rural

Analitza el pensament del professorat d'una escola rural davant el fenomen de la diversitat cultural. El treball intenta fer emergir els aspectes fonamentals que potenciaran o limitaran l'acció educativa del professorat i de l'escola per tal de normalitzar i d'incloure l'alumnat nouvingut i/o d'altres comunitats culturals ja afincades a la zona.

Las relaciones económicas internacionales de la "España Europea"

[eng] Since the year 1986 in which Spain became full member of the European Communities, the quantity and quality of the Spanish international economic relations measured in terms of Balance of Payments have change dramatically. In the past Spanish workers moved to Europe. Now Spain is among the three major countries attracting immigrants from developing countries. In the past Spain received a lot of Foreign Investment, today many Spanish companies are investing abroad. The changes are not only due to membership to the EU but also to the Spanish accommodation to the Globalization.

España y las organizaciones internacionales

Al llarg del segle XIX Espanya va ser un soci actiu per la creació de les primeres organitzacions mundials de caràcter tècnic. Durant el segle XX España va participar en l'establiment de la Societat de Nacions creada desprès de La Primera Guerra Mundial, però el regim favorable a l'Eix de Franco fou inicialment exclòs de les Nacions Unides, les institucions de Bretton Woods, GATT i Pla Marshall i les agencies creades desprès de la Segona Guerra Mundial. L'escenari de la Guerra Freda va fer possible que el regim de Franco fos admès al Sistema de les Nacions Unides i les principals organitzacions econòmiques internacionals. Nomes desprès de la mort de Franco, la Monarquia Constitucional Española va poder ingresar plenament en la integració europees i les organitzacions occidentals de caràcter polític. España es actualment un dels països mes involucrats en els esforços internacionals per crear Bens Públics Globals a través d'organitzacions internacionals i de la Unió Europea.

Informe Nacional. Políticas de cohesión y equidad de la educación superior en España

Programa Alfa de la Unión Europea para América Latina. Programa Marco Interuniversitario para la política de equidad y cohesión social en la Educación Superior. Red RIAPE 3. 2011. EuropeAid/129877/C/ACT/Multi