Granulite facies metamorphism and partial melting processes in the Ivrea Zone, Northern Italy

The Ivrea Zone in northern Italy has been the focus of numerous petrological, geochemical and structural studies. It is commonly inferred to represent an almost complete section through the mid to lower continental crust, in which metamorphism and partial melting of the abundant metapelites was the result of magmatic underplating by a large volume of mantle-derived magma. This study concerns amphibolite and granulite facies metamorphism in the Ivrea Zone with focus on metapelites and metapsammites/metagreywackes from Val Strona di Omegna and metapelites from Val Sesia and Val Strona di Postua, with the aim to better constrain their metamorphic evolution as well as their pressure and temperature conditions via phase equilibria modelling.rnrnIn Val Strona di Omegna, the metapelites show a structural and mineralogical change from mica-schists with the common assemblage bi-mu-sill-pl-q-ilm ± liq at the lowest grades, through metatexitic migmatites (g-sill-bi-ksp-pl-q-ilm-liq) at intermediate grades, to complex diatexitic migmatites (g-sill-ru-bi-ksp-pl-q-ilm-liq) at the highest grades. Within this section several mappable isograds occur, including the first appearance of K-feldspar in the metapelites, the first appearance of orthopyroxene in the metabasites and the disappearance of prograde biotite from the metapelites. The inferred onset of partial melting in the metapelites occurs around Massiola. The prograde suprasolidus evolution of the metapelites is consistent with melting via the breakdown of first muscovite then biotite. Maximum modelled melt fractions of 30–40 % are predicted at the highest grade. The regional metamorphic field gradient in Val Strona di Omegna is constrained to range from conditions of 3.5–6.5 kbar at T = 650–730 °C to P > 9 kbar at T > 900 °C. The peak P–T estimates, particularly for granulite facies conditions, are significantly higher (around 100 °C) than those of most previous studies. In Val Sesia and Val Strona di Postua to the south the exposure is more restricted. P–T estimates for the metapelites are 750–850 °C and 5–6.5 kbar in Val Sesia and approximately 800–900 °C and 5.5–7 kbar in Val Strona di Postua. These results show similar temperatures but lower pressure than metapelites in Val Strona di Omegna. Metapelites in Val Sesia in contact with the Mafic Complex exhibit a metatexitic structure, while in Val Strona di Postua diatexitic structures occur. Further, metapelites at the contact with the Mafic Complex contain cordierite (± spinel) that overprint the regional metamorphic assemblages and are interpreted to have formed during contact metamorphism related to intrusion of the Mafic Complex. The lower pressures in the high-grade rocks in Val Sesia and Val Strona di Postua are consistent with some decompression from the regional metamorphic peak prior to the intrusion of the Mafic Complex, suggesting the rocks followed a clockwise P–T path. In contrast, the metapelites in Val Strona di Omegna, especially in the granulite facies, do not contain any cordierite or any evidence for a contact metamorphic overprint. The extrapolated granulite facies mineral isograds are cut by the rocks of the Mafic Complex to the south. Therefore, the Mafic Complex cannot have caused the regional metamorphism and it is unlikely that the Mafic Complex occurs in Val Strona di Omegna.

Analisi petrografica di inclusi in depositi piroclastici del Monte Vesuvio

Il lavoro svolto mira alla classificazione dei litici presi in carica dal magma durante le eruzioni del Monte Somma-Vesuvio

L'eruzione del 1944 del Vesuvio. Relazione tra processi petrologici e messa in posto di valanghe ardenti per una valutazione complessiva dei processi eruttivi e deposizionali.

Questa tesi di laurea è uno studio magmatologico, sedimentologico e morfostrutturale dei depositi dell’eruzione del Vesuvio del 1944, con particolare riferimento ai depositi di valanghe ardenti associati ad essa. Lo studio è stato affrontato utilizzando metodologie petrografiche, di chimica dei minerali e geotermo-barometriche al fine di ricavare informazioni sul sistema magmatico e sulla dinamica eruttiva nel corso dell’eruzione. I dati petrochimici e l’utilizzo di modelli geotermo-barometrici, unitamente alle informazioni dalla letteratura, indicano che il fattore di trigger che ha determinato il passaggio dalla iniziale effusione di colate laviche alle successive intense fasi di attività esplosiva ultrastromboliana è rappresentato dalla risalita di magma meno evoluto e più ricco in volatili dalla camera magmatica profonda (11-22 km) verso quella più superficiale (circa 3 km) dove ha interagito con il magma lì presente. Durante queste fasi a maggiore esplosività si è avuto sulla parte sommitale del cono un rapido accumulo di materiale ad elevata temperatura e l’instaurarsi di condizioni di overloading dei fianchi con aumento dell’angolo di pendio e conseguente instabilità. Ciò ha verosimilmente determinato la generazione di flussi di valanghe ardenti per rimobilizzazione sin-deposizionale del materiale piroclastico da caduta, probabilmente in seguito ad eventi sismici come elementi di innesco. I flussi di valanghe ardenti del 1944 sono stati interpretati come flussi granulari secchi, in base ai dati sedimentologici e vulcanologici raccolti nel corso dell’attività di terreno, rendendo possibile l’applicazione dei modelli elaborati da Castioni (2015) per la stima della velocità massima del flusso e degli assi maggiore e minore del deposito corrispondente. Sono state ricavate velocità che variano da un minimo di circa 4 m/s ad un massimo di circa 16 m/s in un range che è tipico di flussi granulari in ambiente vulcanico. Le variazioni della velocità sono state messe in relazione con la morfologia del pendio, il tipo di materiale coinvolto nel processo di rimobilizzazione e l’organizzazione interna del flusso, evidenziando in particolare come le maggiori lunghezze siano raggiunte dai flussi che hanno la possibilità di scorrere su pendii più omogenei e con più ridotte variazioni dell'angolo di pendio. La definizione di valori di velocità per i flussi di valanghe ardenti dell'eruzione del 1994 fornisce un ulteriore elemento utile per la valutazione della pericolosità vulcanica del Vesuvio.

Two-dimensional linear-combination model fitting of magnetic resonance spectra to define the macromolecule baseline using FiTAID, a Fitting Tool for Arrays of Interrelated Datasets

To propose the determination of the macromolecular baseline (MMBL) in clinical 1H MR spectra based on T(1) and T(2) differentiation using 2D fitting in FiTAID, a general Fitting Tool for Arrays of Interrelated Datasets.

A "Beyond WTO" Scenario for Swiss Agriculture: Consequences for Income Generation and the Provision of Public Goods

The conclusion of the Doha Round negotiations is likely to influence Swiss agricultural policy substantially. The same goes for a free trade agreement in agriculture and food with the European Communities. Even though neither of them will bring about duty-free and quota-free market access, or restrict domestic support measures to green box compatible support, both would represent a big step in that direction. There is no empirical evidence on the effect of such a counterfactual scenario for Swiss agriculture. We therefore use a normative mathematical programming model to illustrate possible effects for agricultural production and the corresponding agricultural income. Moreover, we discuss the results with respect to the provision of public goods under the assumption of continuing green box-compatible direct payments. The aim of our article is to bring more transparency into the discussion on the effects of freer and less distorted trade on the income generation by a multifunctional agriculture. The article will be organized as follows. In the first Section we specify the background of our study. In the second section, we focus on the problem statement and our research questions. In Section 3, we describe in detail a counterfactual scenario of “duty-free, quota-free and price support-free” agriculture from an economic as well as a legal perspective. Our methodology and the results are presented in Section 4 and 5 respectively. In Section 6, we discuss our results with respect to economic and legal aspects of multifunctional agriculture.

Climate Change and International Law. Exploring the Linkages Between Human Rights, Environment, Trade and Investment

Mapping the relevant principles and norms of international law, the paper discusses scientific evidence and identifies current legal foundations of climate change mitigation adaptation and communication in international environmental law, human rights protection and international trade regulation in WTO law. It briefly discusses the evolution and architecture of relevant multilateral environmental agreements, in particular the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It discusses the potential role of human rights in identifying pertinent goals and values of mitigation and adaptation and eventually turns to principles and rules of international trade regulation and investment protection which are likely to be of crucial importance should the advent of a new multilateral agreement fail to materialize. The economic and legal relevance of rules on tariffs, border tax adjustment and subsidies, services and intellectual property and investment law are discussed in relation to the production, supply and use of energy. Moreover, lessons from trade negotiations may be drawn for negotiations of future environmental instruments. The paper offers a survey of the main interacting areas of public international law and discusses the intricate interaction of all these components informing climate change mitigation, adaptation and communication in international law in light of an emerging doctrine of multilayered governance. It seeks to contribute to greater coherence of what today is highly fragmented and rarely discussed in an overall context. The paper argues that trade regulation will be of critical importance in assessing domestic policies and potential trade remedies offer powerful incentives for all nations alike to participate in a multilateral framework defining appropriate goals and principles.