Opinion: Can coalescent models explain deep divergences in the diatoms and argue for the acceptance of paraphyletic taxa at all taxonomic hierarchies?

Although ancestral polymorphisms and incomplete lineage sorting are commonly used at the population level, increasing reports of these models have been invoked and tested to explain deep radiations. Hypotheses are put forward for ancestral polymorphisms being the likely reason for paraphyletic taxa at the class level in the diatoms based on an ancient rapid radiation of the entire groups. Models for ancestral deep coalescence are invoked to explain paraphyly and molecular evolution at the class level in the diatoms. Other examples at more recent divergences are also documented. Discussion as to whether or not paraphyletic groups seen in the diatoms at all taxonomic levels should be recognized is provided. The continued use of the terms centric and pennate diatoms is substantiated with additional evidence produced to support their use in diatoms both as descriptive terms for both groups and as taxonomic groups for the latter because new morphological evidence from the auxospores justifies the formal classification of the basal and core araphids as new subclasses of pennate diatoms in the Class Bacillariophyceae. Keys for higher levels of the diatoms showing how the terms centrics and araphid diatoms can be defined are provided.

Nazi Wireless Propaganda: Lord Haw-Haw and British Public Opinion in the Second World War

This is the first book devoted exclusively to the analysis of the Nazis' radio effort against the United Kingdom during the Second World War. It traces the development of the German propaganda service and looks to erode the myth surrounding Lord Haw-Haw -the 'superpropagandist'. Propaganda is presented in context: the purposes behind it, the changing patterns, themes, styles, and techniques employed, and the impact upon the target audience and its morale. An analysis of the Nazi wireless broadcasts to Britain for the whole of the Second World War reveals a sophisticated and intelligent propaganda assault on the social and economic fabric of British society. In the end the British failed to succumb to the stupefying effects of Nazi propaganda and they traditionally congratulate themselves upon the national unity which immunised them against it. The author argues that this traditional view disguises a more complex, less appealing reality. Free CD Includes a CD of 24 German wartime broadcasts to Britain Key Features: *Exposition of organisational structure of Nazi wireless for the UK *Detailed analysis of style and content of propaganda broadcasts *Careful and critical re-appraisal of British domestic morale and national unity *CD insert of 24 recordings of Nazi broadcasters including William Joyce, John Amery, Edward Dietze, Norman Baillie-Stewart, Edward Bowlby and 'Black' propaganda broadcasts

Outcome of the Public Consultation on the Draft Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) on Dietary Reference Values for Fats, Including Saturated Fatty Acids, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, Trans Fatty Acids, and Cholesterol

On 2 July 2009, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) endorsed a draft Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats to be released for public consultation. This Scientific Report summarises the comments received through the public consultation and outlines how these were taken into account in the final opinion. EFSA had received contributions from 40 interested parties (individuals, non-governmental organisations, industry organisations, academia and national assessment bodies). The main comments which were received during the public consultation related to: the availability of more recent data, the nomenclature used, the use of a non-European food composition data base, the impact of genetic factors in modulating the absorption, metabolism and health effects of different fatty acids, the definition of “nutritionally adequate diet”, the use of Dietary Reference Values in the labelling of foods, the translation of advice into food-based dietary guidelines, nutrient goals and recommendations, certain risk management issues, and to Dietary Reference Values of fats, individual fatty acids, and cholesterol. All the public comments received that related to the remit of EFSA were assessed and the Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats has been revised taking relevant comments into consideration.

The ecology of the ePundit: surveying the new opinion-making landscape.

This paper explores hybrid forms of contemporary political opinion-making online, which we name ePunditry. The ePundit utilizes Web 2.0 technologies and networks to distribute their work: changing and challenging the boundaries and hierarchies of the existing opinion space, across multiple platforms. Drawing on the language of media ecology we define and give examples of ePunditry. We also consider the impact of the ePundit upon the wider media landscape, alongside the empowered role of the readership.

THE PHYSICS OF IDEAS: INFERRING THE MECHANICS OF OPINION FORMATION FROM MACROSCOPIC STATISTICAL PATTERNS

In a microscopic setting, humans behave in rich and unexpected ways. In a macroscopic setting, however, distinctive patterns of group behavior emerge, leading statistical physicists to search for an underlying mechanism. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the macroscopic patterns of competing ideas in order to discern the mechanics of how group opinions form at the microscopic level. First, we explore the competition of answers in online Q&A (question and answer) boards. We find that a simple individual-level model can capture important features of user behavior, especially as the number of answers to a question grows. Our model further suggests that the wisdom of crowds may be constrained by information overload, in which users are unable to thoroughly evaluate each answer and therefore tend to use heuristics to pick what they believe is the best answer. Next, we explore models of opinion spread among voters to explain observed universal statistical patterns such as rescaled vote distributions and logarithmic vote correlations. We introduce a simple model that can explain both properties, as well as why it takes so long for large groups to reach consensus. An important feature of the model that facilitates agreement with data is that individuals become more stubborn (unwilling to change their opinion) over time. Finally, we explore potential underlying mechanisms for opinion formation in juries, by comparing data to various types of models. We find that different null hypotheses in which jurors do not interact when reaching a decision are in strong disagreement with data compared to a simple interaction model. These findings provide conceptual and mechanistic support for previous work that has found mutual influence can play a large role in group decisions. In addition, by matching our models to data, we are able to infer the time scales over which individuals change their opinions for different jury contexts. We find that these values increase as a function of the trial time, suggesting that jurors and judicial panels exhibit a kind of stubbornness similar to what we include in our model of voting behavior.

Juego a escondidas entre Dios y el ser humano en la poesía de Antonio Machado

Este artículo pone de relieve las diversas elaboraciones y tratamientos que sufre la imagen de Dios en la poesía de Machado. Destaca el cuestionamiento que el poeta hace a las concepciones tradicionales de un Dios abstracto y de un Jesús sufriente, pasional, crucificado y dolorista, y propone un apego por un Jesús histórico, pescador y dador de una palabra imperecedera. Tanto su experiencia intimista como de abandono de Dios nos deja ante el silencio como única respuesta.

PERCEPTION AND OPINION OF CHILDREN, FAMILY PARENTS REGARDING THE SERVICES AND INFORMATION PRODUCTS OFFERED BY THE CHILDREN'S LIBRARY "ALVAREZ MIRIAM BRENES"

Presents the results of the study on the perceptions and views of children, fathers and mothers in relation to the services and products Children's Library "Miriam Alvarez Brenes" National University, developed by the Institute of Social Studies Population (IDESP), in collaboration with the Library staff Pretend that provided inputs to become key elements in making decisions and setting policies emanating from the authorities responsible for the proper development and expansion of activities and services that are to be implemented in selected communities will benefit of this project.

PART STUDY OF PERCEPTION OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN THE LIBRARY COMMUNITY: OPINION (AS) EMPLOYERS (AS) AND GRADUATES (AS) SCHOOL LIBRARY, DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION FOR THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

This article provides a brief description of some general aspects of self-evaluation process conducted in the School of Library, Documentation and Information from the National University of Costa Rica, to obtain accreditation from the career of Library and Documentation in 2005 and to achieve re-accreditation in 2009.The objective consists in a comparison between the two evaluation processes from the point of view of two specific sectors, employers and graduates, and presents the views provided by each of them as a partial analysis of the social impact assessment of educational programs in the community librarianship as a first input to raise awareness of the importance of these studies in the institutional and national level.

The frustrated accesion of the European Union to the European Convention of Human Rights: a brief analysis of opinion 2/13 of the Court of Justice of European Union

Trabajo redactado en inglés sobre la última sentencia 2/13, del Tribunal de Justicia de Europa sobre la adhesión de la Unión Europea al Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos fundamentales. Análisis de la opinión 2/13 y sus objeciones.

Entre Nós : Presidentes da República : Bernardino Machado

Emissões - Entre Nós

Vida e obra de Bernardino Machado

Recursos Educativos - Conhecer

Las paremias en el discurso de Machado de Assis

Nuestra tesis doctoral Las paremias en el discurso de Machado de Assis se centra en el campo paremiológico y el corpus elegido para el desarrollo de nuestro estudio son los siete libros de cuentos del escritor brasileño Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, nacido en 1839, en Rio de Janeiro. Los motivos que nos llevaron a esta elección, se justifican por la escasez de trabajos científicos sobre las obras del autor, dirigidos hacia nuestra área de interés, es decir, la paremiología. El objetivo principal de nuestra investigación consiste en determinar las tipologías de las paremias utilizadas y las temáticas evocadas en estas paremias por Machado en sus cuentos. Para conseguirlo, pretendemos: - comprobar el tipo de paremia predominante en su obra, tanto en la totalidad de los libros como en cada una de las etapas literarias de las que el autor participó, es decir, del Romanticismo y del Realismo; - comprobar cómo se insertan las paremias en el texto; - constatar los temas presentes en sus cuentos; - averiguar si el autor se ciñe a un tema en concreto o si el margen de posibilidades es más amplio; - mostrar si hubo o no cambio temático en las dos fases literarias del autor. Una vez establecidos los objetivos, dividimos nuestro trabajo en tres partes. La primera de ellas proporciona una visión general de la época en que vivió Machado de Assis, en el Brasil del siglo XIX, repleto de revueltas que partieron de distintos escalones sociales; de cambios políticos, como la Independencia de Brasil, el fin del régimen monárquico y la ascensión de la República; de la extinción de la esclavitud y la apertura a la inmigración, entre otros acontecimientos importantes. También, en este capítulo, realizamos un pequeño esbozo de la vida de Machado y su bibliografía; señalamos algunas implicaciones de sus obras, la situación del público lector y la precariedad de medios económicos y educativos del que disponían. En la segunda parte, abordamos los fundamentos teóricos relacionados con la fraseología y la paremiología, en los cuales nos hemos basado para la elección de un término referencial para designar a los componentes de la fraseología. También presentamos las distintas categorías paremiológicas que son objeto de nuestro estudio. Hacemos el estado de la cuestión, ampliamos los datos sobre la metodología aplicada, con los comentarios pertinentes. Por último, presentamos el corpus, exponiendo los criterios utilizados para su selección y añadimos un modelo de las fichas paremiológicas elaboradas, que serán entregadas en un CD, y hemos comentado las diferentes fuentes de las que nos hemos valido para las comprobaciones de las paremias...