Caracterización general y depredación predispersiva de chica (Ramorinoa girolae) del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto. San Juan, Argentina

Ramorinoa girolae Speg. (Fabaceae), es una especie leñosa endémica de Argentina común-mente llamada "chica". En el presente trabajo se evaluaron algunas características de R. gi-rolae, la pérdida de semillas durante la etapa predispersiva y se identificó los depredadores de dicha etapa. Se seleccionaron árboles en tres sitios dentro del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto (San Juan): la Mina de cuarzo (Provincia Fitogeográfica del Chaco; n= 5 árboles), el Morado (P.F. del Monte; n= 6) y el Tramo (P.F. del Monte; n= 6). A partir de cada árbol se registraron mediciones de tamaño del individuo, densidad de coespecíficos alrededor y número de frutos. Se recolectaron 10 frutos por árbol con el fin de identificar y cuantificar los artrópodos asociados, además se tomaron datos referentes a la densidad y tamaño de frutos y semillas y su viabilidad. Los resultados mostraron que la densidad de frutos por árbol presentó diferencias entre los sitios, mientras que la densidad de árboles no presentó diferencias. En cuanto al daño por artrópodos, se encontró que la proporción de semillas dañadas fue mayor en frutos de menor tamaño, en frutos con mayor número de semillas y en frutos con mayor número de depredadores. Las semillas dañadas representaron en promedio el 58% del total de las semillas muestreadas y sólo el 4% de las semillas dañadas conservaron su viabilidad, mientras que el 91% de semillas sanas resultaron viables. Se identificó a Anypsipyla univitella Dyar. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Phycitinae) como la única especie depredadora de las semillas durante la etapa predispersiva, mientras que Goniozus sp. (Bethy-lidae, Chrysidoidea, Himenóptera) se identificó como parasitoide de la larva del lepidóptero. Como R. girolae es considerada una especie “vulnerable" (IUCN) resulta primordial su conservación ante escenarios de cambio climático, debido a su baja resistencia al fuego, el bajo nivel de regeneración, la falta de conocimiento y a las políticas deficientes de conservación

Investigation of knot nests on Ellesmere Island

Knots arrive on Ellesmere Island in late May or early June. At Hazen Camp small flocks were present on 3 June 1966, but the main influx occurred 5 June when many flocks were seen ranging in size from 6 to 60 individuals. The sexes appeared to arrive together, but the manner of pair-formation was not determined. By 7 June pairs were distributed over the tundra with large feeding flocks forming at snowfree wet marshy areas. Most nests were on Dryas-hummocked slopes and tundra, either dry or moist, with some on clay plains and summits in a mixed Dryas and Salix vegetation. A census area of 240 ha supported at least 3 breeding pairs, and possibly 5; the total number of pairs breeding in the Hazen Camp study area was estimated to be about 25 (1.09 pairs/km**2). Egg-laying (4 nests) extended from 15 to 28 June, with 3 of the 4 sets completed between 20 and 23 June. Both sexes incubated, one of the pair more regularly than the other. The song-flight display of the male was performed most frequently during egglaying and incubation. The incubation period of the last egg in one clutch was established as being between 21.5 and 22.4 days. Four nests hatched between 12 and 20 July, and the hatching period of the entire clutch was less than 24 hours. Four of 7 nests (57 %) survived and egg survival (53 %) was low. Families left the nesting area so on after hatching, concentrating at ponds where food was readily available for the young. Both adults attended the young during the pre-fledging period, but the females apparently departed before the young had hedged. Males left once the young could fly and the adult fall migration was complete by early August. Most 01 the young departed belore mid-August. Fall migration is complete by late August or early September. The breeding season appears to be timed to peak load supply for the young. Adult Chironomidae emergence was highest between 3 and 17 July, the period during which most successful nests hatched. The increasing scarcity of adult insects for the young after mid-July was offset by family movements over the tundra and the early departure of half the adult population. Food also seemed to influence the distribution of breeding pairs aver the tundra, restricting them to the general vicinity of marshes, streams, and ponds where food is most available when the young hatch. Territoriality in the Knot appears to be closely associated with the protection of the nest against predators and has at least a local effect in regulating the number of breeding pairs. Plant material was important in the diet of adult Knots throughout the summer and the primary food from the time of arrival until mid-June. After mid-June the percentage of animal matter increased as dipterous insects became available (especially adult Chironomidae), but plant materials continued to constitute a large part of the diet, usually more than 50 %. The food of the young before fledging consisted principally of adult chironomids.

The Global Plankton Database: an inventory and data from the Former Soviet Union expeditions

At present time, there is a lack of knowledge on the interannual climate-related variability of zooplankton communities of the tropical Atlantic, central Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea, due to the absence of appropriate databases. In the mid latitudes, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the dominant mode of atmospheric fluctuations over eastern North America, the northern Atlantic Ocean and Europe. Therefore, one of the issues that need to be addressed through data synthesis is the evaluation of interannual patterns in species abundance and species diversity over these regions in regard to the NAO. The database has been used to investigate the ecological role of the NAO in interannual variations of mesozooplankton abundance and biomass along the zonal array of the NAO influence. Basic approach to the proposed research involved: (1) development of co-operation between experts and data holders in Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, UK, and USA to rescue and compile the oceanographic data sets and release them on CD-ROM, (2) organization and compilation of a database based on FSU cruises to the above regions, (3) analysis of the basin-scale interannual variability of the zooplankton species abundance, biomass, and species diversity.