Fabrication of 25nm wide gold lines using nanometer scale lithography and ionized cluster beam deposition

It becomes increasingly difficult to make continuous metal lines with well defined thickness and edges by the lift-off technique as the line width is decreased. We describe in this paper a technique in which the combination of high resolution electron beam lithography and ionized cluster beam (ICB) deposition has enabled very high quality gold lines ({all equal to}25nm wide) to be obtained on thick single crystal silicon substrates. © 1990.

Importancia de la cobertura vegetal y control de malezas en el manejo de pastos. Estudio de caso en pasto estrella (Cynodon nemfluencis), Cofradía, Managua

Las malezas, así como el grado de cobertura vegetal (real y efectiva), son factores que afectan el buen desarrollo de las pasturas. La poca información de dichos factores y su efecto en la producción y persistencia de las pasturas hace que sean poco valorados por los productores. Con el objetivo de contribuir al mejor manejo de los sistemas pastoriles en el país, se realizó el estudio en la finca Los Tercios, comarca Cofradía, km 16 ½ carretera Managua – Tipitapa, donde se seleccionaron dos condiciones ambientales, pastos con y sin árboles. Se determinó la composición botánica, utilizando para ello el método de rango de peso seco o comparativo (Jones y Hrgreaves, 1979), simultáneamente se colectó material vegetativo, que fue identificado en el herbario de la UNA, el Nacional y a través de consultas con expertos en la materia. Se realizó una valoración técnica, para considerar el estado de dichas pasturas y las implicaciones económicas que estas podrían tener. Se determinaron cuatro escenarios, 1) con árboles en el cerco; 2) con árboles en un 50%; 3) con árboles en un 75% y 4), con árboles en un 90%, registrándose coberturas vegetales que fluctuaron de 60 a 95%, y forrajeras de 30 a 70%. Se identificaron 16 familias, 25 géneros y 25 especies, dentro de los cuales destacaron por su mayor presencia las especies escoba lisa ( Sida cuta ), bledo espinoso ( Amaranthus espinosus ) y chilillo de gato ( Achyranthes aspera ), así como algunas especies leguminosas herbáceas forrajeras como Centrocema plumieri , centro ( Centrocema pubescens ), pega pega ( Desmodium unicatum ), calopo ( Calopogodium mucunoides y C. galactoides ), observándose mayor diversidad de especies, cuando existían árboles en el área de pasturas. A través del análisis técnico – económico se determinó que los factores cobertura vegetal y porcentaje de malezas son inversamente proporcionales a la productividad y persistencia de las pasturas.

Avalanche behavior and statistical properties in a microcrack coalescence process

Fracture owing to the coalescence of numerous microcracks can be described by a simple statistical model, where a coalescence event stochastically occurs as the number density of nucleated microcracks increases. Both numerical simulation and statistical analysis reveal that a microcrack coalescence process may display avalanche behavior and that the final failure is catastrophic. The cumulative distribution of coalescence events in the vicinity of critical fracture follows a power law and the fracture profile has self-affine fractal characteristic. Some macromechanical quantities may be traced back and extracted from the mesoscopic process based on the statistical analysis of coalescence events.

Statistical analysis of synthetic earthquake catalogs generated by models with various levels of fault zone disorder

The stress release model, a stochastic version of the elastic rebound theory, is applied to the large events from four synthetic earthquake catalogs generated by models with various levels of disorder in distribution of fault zone strength (Ben-Zion, 1996) They include models with uniform properties (U), a Parkfield-type asperity (A), fractal brittle properties (F), and multi-size-scale heterogeneities (M). The results show that the degree of regularity or predictability in the assumed fault properties, based on both the Akaike information criterion and simulations, follows the order U, F, A, and M, which is in good agreement with that obtained by pattern recognition techniques applied to the full set of synthetic data. Data simulated from the best fitting stress release models reproduce, both visually and in distributional terms, the main features of the original catalogs. The differences in character and the quality of prediction between the four cases are shown to be dependent on two main aspects: the parameter controlling the sensitivity to departures from the mean stress level and the frequency-magnitude distribution, which differs substantially between the four cases. In particular, it is shown that the predictability of the data is strongly affected by the form of frequency-magnitude distribution, being greatly reduced if a pure Gutenburg-Richter form is assumed to hold out to high magnitudes.