Assessing bovine babesiosis in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks and 3 to 9-month-old cattle in the middle Magdalena region, Colombia

Babesia sp. is a protozoan hemoparasite that affects livestock worldwide. The Colombian Middle Magdalena is an enzootic region for babesiosis, but there is no previous research providing detail on its transmission cycle. This study aims to assess some Babesia sp. infection indicators in cattle and ticks from the area, by using direct microscopic and molecular techniques to detect the infection. In the cattle, 59.9% and 3.4 % positivity values for B. bigemina and mixed infection (B. bovis + B. bigemina) were found respectively. In ticks, the positivity of B. bigemina reached 79.2% and 9.4% for the mixed infection. The degree of infestation in the region was 3.2 ticks per bovine. There was positive correlation between tick control acaricide frequencies and infestation in bovines. This leads us to infer that control periodicity greater than 90 days, in stable zones, is an abiotic factor that benefits the acquisition of protective immunity in calves, the natural control of the infection and eventual disease absence. It is necessary to monitor the disease by applying new entomological and parasitological indicators showing the complexity of this phenomenon.

Ocorrência de plantas aquáticas nos reservatórios da Companhia Energética de São Paulo

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar as comunidades de plantas aquáticas presentes nos reservatórios da Companhia Energética de São Paulo. Os levantamentos foram realizados entre janeiro e dezembro de 1999, percorrendo-se com um barco as margens dos reservatórios de Três Irmãos, Jupiá, Ilha Solteira, Porto Primavera, Paraibuna e Jaguari, visando identificar as áreas com infestações de plantas aquáticas. Em cada ponto de avaliação, fez-se a identificação das espécies e estimou-se visualmente a área total infestada e a participação de cada espécie (em % da área total). Com as informações coletadas em campo, procedeu-se a uma etapa de trabalhos em escritório, incluindo a identificação das espécies de plantas aquáticas nos casos em que não era possível identificar as espécies no local; a determinação de classes de plantas aquáticas (emersas, emersas com folhas flutuantes, submersas, flutuantes); a identificação das espécies mais freqüentes; e o estabelecimento de relações de dominância e co-dominância. São apresentados os resultados obtidos em cada reservatório.

Effect of zone and crops rotation on Ischaemum rugosum and resistance to bispyribac-sodium in Ariari, Colombia

The objectives of this research were to evaluate (1) weed species presented in rice fields in relation to the geographical zone and crop rotation and (2) the resistance level of Ischaemum rugosum to the herbicide bispyribac-sodium. For the first objective, were sampled 79 commercial fields of rice to establish weed density, coverage, and rotation system in the evaluated fields with record of bispyribac-sodium application of at least five years. To reach the second objective, the seeds were collected from plants in commercial fields with different control levels of bispyribac-sodium herbicide. Seeds were germinated in trays under controlled conditions. When plants presented three leaves these were treated with bispyribac-sodium at different doses. Percentages of control and dry weight of plants were evaluated 12 days after treatments (dat). Dominant species in evaluated fields was I. rugosum, with a frequency of 100%, presenting escapes to different chemical commercial treatments. No significant differences were recorded between rotation systems, nevertheless, the most of I. rugosum population was found in the system rice-fallow-rice. The response of applications at different concentrations allows concluding that 65% of samples had resistance at different degrees reported as indexes from 2 to 42 which are related to rotation systems.

EFFECT OF POST-EMERGENCE HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS ON RICE CROP WEED COMMUNITIES IN TOLIMA, COLOMBIA

ABSTRACTThe weed communities of agricultural systems are dynamic and respond to changes in agronomic practices. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of post-emergence herbicide control programs made by farmers on weed communities and commercial lots of rice. The evaluations were carried out in 96 commercial lots located in the Centro, Meseta and Norte zones of the department of Tolima. In each lot, 1 ha was marked off, in which the evaluations were carried out by randomly throwing a 0.2 x 0.2 m sampling-square 5 times. Samples were taken before the first post-emergence application, after the first post-emergence application, after the second post-emergence application, and once the post-emergence applications were finished. The evaluated variables included density and cover of the weeds and the crops. The IVI of each species was calculated and the control program was analyzed in terms of decreases in the number of individuals for the 15 more encountered species. Before the applications, higher density values were found. The first and second post-emergence applications reduced the average density by 41% and 12%, respectively, throughout the department. Between the first and fourth evaluations, the density of the weeds and crops decreased throughout the department by 51.7% and 39%, respectively. The weed density variable proved to be the most influential in the populations after the herbicide programs were carried out.

La política por los espiritus: escenarios multiculturales en "zonas de contacto" (Valle de Cauca, Colombia)

Basado en una reciente investigacion etnografica entre los Embera-Chami de la région plurietnica del Valle del Cauca (Colombia) el examen de escenarios de encuentros interénicos encuadrados por la legislacion multicultural permite vislumbrar la paradojica interdependencia entre la institucionalizacion de un concepto culturalista singularizante de "la" cultura y la homogeneizacion politica de los grupos etnicos. La "estatizacion" de las relaciones inter-étnicas, concomitante a la competicion por la visibilidad, entre grupos de igual estatus en la legislacion nacional e internacional aparecen como dimensiones emergentes del campo interétnico, mientras que se confirma el papel performativo de la ritualizacion en la circulacion y la apropriacion de discursos y practicas. Los escenarios descritos que corresponden a múltiples situaciones semejantes evidencian también que la apropiación multidireccional y uso contextual de conceptos genéricos provenientes del espacio académico, nacional e internacional - como "médico tradicional", "derecho ancestral", "reforzamiento cultural", o "chamanismo" - construyen campos de paradojas. Permiten a los actores étnicos de construir y visibilizar una singularidad cultural aislacionista conforme al concepto oficializado de "cultura" pero al mismo tiempo empujan a una mayor apertura de las "zonas de contacto" interétnicas donde circulan una mayor variedad de prácticas y discursos que antes de la institucionalización del multiculturalismo.

Neutralization of the edema-forming, defibrinating and coagulant effects of Bothrops asper venom by extracts of plants used by healers in Colombia

We determined the neutralizing activity of 12 ethanolic extracts of plants against the edema-forming, defibrinating and coagulant effects of Bothrops asper venom in Swiss Webster mice. The material used consisted of the leaves and branches of Bixa orellana (Bixaceae), Ficus nymphaeifolia (Moraceae), Struthanthus orbicularis (Loranthaceae) and Gonzalagunia panamensis (Rubiaceae); the stem barks of Brownea rosademonte (Caesalpiniaceae) and Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae); the whole plant of Pleopeltis percussa (Polypodiaceae) and Trichomanes elegans (Hymenophyllaceae); rhizomes of Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae), Heliconia curtispatha (Heliconiaceae) and Dracontium croatii (Araceae), and the ripe fruit of Citrus limon (Rutaceae). After preincubation of varying amounts of each extract with either 1.0 µg venom for the edema-forming effect or 2.0 µg venom for the defibrinating effect, the mixture was injected subcutaneously (sc) into the right foot pad or intravenously into the tail, respectively, to groups of four mice (18-20 g). All extracts (6.2-200 µg/mouse) partially neutralized the edema-forming activity of venom in a dose-dependent manner (58-76% inhibition), with B. orellana, S. orbicularis, G. panamensis, B. rosademonte, and D. croatii showing the highest effect. Ten extracts (3.9-2000 µg/mouse) also showed 100% neutralizing ability against the defibrinating effect of venom, and nine prolonged the coagulation time induced by the venom. When the extracts were administered either before or after venom injection, the neutralization of the edema-forming effect was lower than 40% for all extracts, and none of them neutralized the defibrinating effect of venom. When they were administered in situ (sc at the same site 5 min after venom injection), the neutralization of edema increased for six extracts, reaching levels up to 64% for C. limon.

Industria philosophiae, quâ cujusvis sectae adversarijs sive status per compendium iri obviam potest, ac multae difficultates unà in disceptationibus felicitèr superari

Invokaatio: I.N.D.O.M.

Associações entre ingestão energética, proteica e de fósforo em pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica em tratamento hemodialítico

INTRODUÇÃO: A nutrição desempenha papel fundamental nas doenças renais. A recomendação nutricional deve ofertar uma dieta hiperproteica, adequada em energia e fósforo segundo o Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). É necessário controlar e/ou prevenir as complicações da Doença Renal Crônica (DRC), pois ela impõe desafios clínicos diretamente ligados ao estado nutricional. OBJETIVO: Investigar as associações entre a ingestão energética, proteica e de fósforo em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD). PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional envolvendo 72 pacientes em HD, em dois hospitais de Porto Alegre/RS/Brasil. Foram coletados dados referentes ao perfil antropométrico (peso, altura e índice de massa corporal - IMC) e do registro alimentar de três dias (ingestão de energia, proteína e fósforo). O teste de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para avaliar as associações entre as variáveis do registro alimentar (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: A ingestão energética, proteica e de fósforo foi, respectivamente, de: 28 ± 10,0 kcal/kg, 1,1 ± 0,4 g ptn/kg, 958 ± 374 mg/dia, estando os níveis de energia e proteína abaixo das recomendações do K/DOQI. Observou-se correlação positiva forte entre as variáveis. DISCUSSÃO: O perfil no tratamento nutricional é fundamental, pois houve correlações entre os nutrientes. É importante salientar que as recomendações do K/DOQI não conseguem ser atingidas pelos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Há associação positiva entre a ingestão de energia, proteína e fósforo na alimentação de pacientes em HD. O controle desses nutrientes na dieta é essencial, pois auxilia no controle das complicações relacionadas com a DRC. Assim, a avaliação nutricional é importante nas unidades de diálise para definir o perfil dietético dos pacientes e que seja feito o ajuste de suas prescrições.

Tuberculosis in renal transplant patients: The experience of a single center in Medellín-Colombia, 2005-2013

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a common opportunistic infection in renal transplant patients. Objective: To obtain a clinical and laboratory description of transplant patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and their response to treatment during a period ranging from 2005 to 2013 at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study. Results: In 641 renal transplants, tuberculosis was confirmed in 12 cases. Of these, 25% had a history of acute rejection, and 50% had creatinine levels greater than 1.5 mg/dl prior to infection. The disease typically presented as pulmonary (50%) and disseminated (33.3%). The first phase of treatment consisted of 3 months of HZRE (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and ethambutol) in 75% of the cases and HZME (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin and ethambutol) in 25% of the cases. During the second phase of the treatment, 75% of the cases received isoniazid and rifampicin, and 25% of the cases received isoniazid and ethambutol. The length of treatment varied between 6 and 18 months. In 41.7% of patients, hepatotoxicity was associated with the beginning of anti-tuberculosis therapy. During a year-long follow-up, renal function remained stable, and the mortality rate was 16.7%. Conclusion: Tuberculosis in the renal transplant population studied caused diverse nonspecific symptoms. Pulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis were the most frequent forms and required prolonged treatment. Antituberculosis medications had a high toxicity and mortality. This infection must be considered when patients present with a febrile syndrome of unknown origin, especially during the first year after renal transplant.

A ingestão energética de pacientes em hemodiálise é subrelatada?

ResumoIntrodução:O sub-relato da ingestão energética é pouco estudado na população em hemodiálise.Objetivo:Avaliar o sub-relato da ingestão energética e os fatores associados em pacientes em hemodiálise.Métodos:Estudo transversal, com 344 pacientes adultos estáveis, de dez centros de hemodiálise de Goiânia-GO. A ingestão energética foi avaliada por seis recordatórios de 24 horas e a taxa de metabolismo basal (TMB) foi calculada pela equação de Harris Benedict. Foi considerado como sub-relato quando a razão entre a ingestão energética média e a TMB foi menor que 1,27. Para análise dos fatores associados ao sub-relato, foi utilizada a regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta da variância.Resultados:A prevalência de sub-relato foi de 65,7%, sendo mais expressiva em indivíduos com excesso de peso e nos dias sem diálise. O resultado final da análise multivariada identificou quatro fatores independentemente associados ao sub-relato: sexo feminino (RP = 1,27; IC = 1,10-1,46), índice de massa corporal ≥ 25 kg/m2 (RP = 1,29; IC = 1,12-1,48), três ou menos refeições/dia (RP = 1,31; IC = 1,14-1,51) e tempo de hemodiálise inferior a cinco anos (RP = 1,19; IC = 1,01-1,40).Conclusão:A população avaliada demonstrou elevada prevalência de sub-relato da ingestão energética. Pertencer ao sexo feminino, apresentar excesso de peso, fazer um menor número de refeições diárias e ter menos tempo de hemodiálise foram fatores associados ao sub-relato.

Desarrollo de la industria cultural y creativa: Entendimiento del cliente

Banco del conocimiento

Alianzas estrategicas y encadenamiento productivo Colombia - España - India

Bogotá Emprende

Cómo clasificar correctamente su negocio y no fracasar en el intento : Revisión 3.1 adaptada y revisada para Colombia por el DANE

Bogotá Emprende