Drilling tool geometry evaluation for reinforced composite laminates

In this work, a comparative study on different drill point geometries and feed rate for composite laminates drilling is presented. For this goal, thrust force monitoring during drilling, hole wall roughness measurement and delamination extension assessment after drilling is accomplished. Delamination is evaluated using enhanced radiography combined with a dedicated computational platform that integrates algorithms of image processing and analysis. An experimental procedure was planned and consequences were evaluated. Results show that a cautious combination of the factors involved, like drill tip geometry or feed rate, can promote the reduction of delamination damage.

Avaliação de ferramentas para a furação de laminados

“Drlling of polymeric matrix composites structures"

Avaliação da delaminação após furação em compósitos laminados

As características excepcionais dos materiais compósitos de matriz polimérica têm conduzido à sua crescente utilização em todos os domínios. A necessidade de ligar estas peças entre si obriga à realização frequente de operações de furação que, embora devidamente adaptada, pode provocar diferentes tipos de dano nas peças a ligar. Desses, o dano mais grave é a delaminação pelas suas consequências na perda das propriedades mecânicas. Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo comparativo da extensão do dano em função da geometria de ferramenta utilizada. Para tal as placas foram radiografadas após furação e a imagem resultante segmentada para medição das áreas associadas. Os resultados mostram a importância de uma adequada geometria de ferramenta na redução do dano causado pela furação em compósitos laminados.

Drilling process of composite laminates – a tool based analysis

“Drilling of polymeric matrix composites structures”

How short and light can a simple pendulum be for classroom use?

We compare the period of oscillation of an ideal simple pendulum with the period of a more 'real' pendulum constituted of a rigid sphere and a rigid slender rod. We determine the relative error in the calculation of the local acceleration of gravity if the period of the ideal pendulum is use?d instead of the period of this real pendulum. © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd..

Internal structure of the nanogratings generated inside bulk fused sílica by ultrafast laser direct writing

The aim of the present work was to characterize the internal structure of nanogratings generated inside bulk fused silica by ultrafast laser processing and to study the influence of diluted hydrofluoric acid etching on their structure. The nanogratings were inscribed at a depth of 100 mu m within fused silica wafers by a direct writing method, using 1030 nm radiation wavelength and the following processing parameters: E = 5 mu J, tau = 560 fs, f = 10 kHz, and v = 100 mu m/s. The results achieved show that the laser-affected regions are elongated ellipsoids with a typical major diameter of about 30 mu m and a minor diameter of about 6 mu m. The nanogratings within these regions are composed of alternating nanoplanes of damaged and undamaged material, with an average periodicity of 351 +/- 21 nm. The damaged nanoplanes contain nanopores randomly dispersed in a material containing a large density of defects. These nanopores present a roughly bimodal size distribution with average dimensions for each class of pores 65 +/- 20 x 16 +/- 8 x 69 +/- 16 nm(3) and 367 +/- 239 x 16 +/- 8 x 360 +/- 194 nm(3), respectively. The number and size of the nanopores increases drastically when an hydrofluoric acid treatment is performed, leading to the coalescence of these voids into large planar discontinuities parallel to the nanoplanes. The preferential etching of the damaged material by the hydrofluoric acid solution, which is responsible for the pores growth and coalescence, confirms its high defect density. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

Surface morphology and phase transformations of femtosecond laser-processed saphire

The morphological and structural modifications induced in sapphire by surface treatment with femtosecond laser radiation were studied. Single-crystal sapphire wafers cut parallel to the (0 1 2) planes were treated with 560 fs, 1030 nm wavelength laser radiation using wide ranges of pulse energy and repetition rate. Self-ordered periodic structures with an average spatial periodicity of similar to 300 nm were observed for fluences slightly higher than the ablation threshold. For higher fluences the interaction was more disruptive and extensive fracture, exfoliation, and ejection of ablation debris occurred. Four types of particles were found in the ablation debris: (a) spherical nanoparticles about 50 nm in diameter; (b) composite particles between 150 and 400 nm in size; (c) rounded resolidified particles about 100-500 nm in size; and (d) angular particles presenting a lamellar structure and deformation twins. The study of those particles by selected area electron diffraction showed that the spherical nanoparticles and the composite particles are amorphous, while the resolidified droplets and the angular particles, present a crystalline a-alumina structure, the same of the original material. Taking into consideration the existing ablation theories, it is proposed that the spherical nanoparticles are directly emitted from the surface in the ablation plume, while resolidified droplets are emitted as a result of the ablation process, in the liquid phase, in the low intensity regime, and by exfoliation, in the high intensity regime. Nanoparticle clusters are formed by nanoparticle coalescence in the cooling ablation plume. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Avaliação de ferramentas na furação de laminados compósitos

Drilling of polymeric matrix composite structures

Visualization of clusters in geo-referenced data using three-dimensional self-organizing maps

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estatística e Gestão de Informação

Maquinagem não convencional sobre placas compósitas

A utilização de materiais compósitos tem crescido nas últimas décadas em virtude do seu baixo peso, elevada resistência e rigidez. A furação de placas compósitas é um desafio que se coloca às indústrias que trabalham com este tipo de materiais, sendo frequente o recurso a ferramentas convencionais, normalmente utilizadas na construção mecânica, com adaptações. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma técnica não convencional baseada na furação por jacto de areia sendo avaliadas as descontinuidades causadas em placas compósitas. Durante este processo de furação, as camadas da placa não resistem o tempo necessário para concluir a perfuração, aquecendo e fragmentando- se, e a areia, com o impacto, perde rapidamente o poder abrasivo. Além disso, o tempo necessário para completar com sucesso a operação seria superior a 5 horas, uma vez que a primeira etapa de jateamento durou aproximadamente uma hora, sendo necessário no fim da mesma repor um novo isolamento devido desgaste sofrido. Nesse momento da operação o progresso obtido era imperceptível. O trabalho experimental realizado permite concluir que a furação por jacto de areia, utilizando um compressor com um caudal de 1700 l/min e jateadora de sucção, não se mostra uma ferramenta promissora para executar operações de furação em placas compósitas.

Tool geometry evaluation for carbon reinforced composite laminates

The use of composite laminates in complex structures has increased significantly. However, there are still some issues when considering their use, mainly related with machining, leading to some difficulties and lack of acceptance. In this work, a methodology to evaluate drill geometry and feed rate based on thrust force and delamination extension is presented.

Evaluation of tools and cutting conditions on carbon fibre reinforced laminates

The distinctive characteristics of carbon fibre reinforced plastics, like low weight or high specific strength, had broadened their use to new fields. Due to the need of assembly to structures, machining operations like drilling are frequent. In result of composites inhomogeneity, this operation can lead to different damages that reduce mechanical strength of the parts in the connection area. From these damages, delamination is the most severe. A proper choice of tool and cutting parameters can reduce delamination substantially. In this work the results obtained with five different tool geometries are compared. Conclusions show that the choice of an adequate drill can reduce thrust forces, thus delamination damage.

Drilling damage in composite material

The characteristics of carbon fibre reinforced laminates have widened their use from aerospace to domestic appliances, and new possibilities for their usage emerge almost daily. In many of the possible applications, the laminates need to be drilled for assembly purposes. It is known that a drilling process that reduces the drill thrust force can decrease the risk of delamination. In this work, damage assessment methods based on data extracted from radiographic images are compared and correlated with mechanical test results—bearing test and delamination onset test—and analytical models. The results demonstrate the importance of an adequate selection of drilling tools and machining parameters to extend the life cycle of these laminates as a consequence of enhanced reliability.

Plantas do Neogénico e paleoclimas. Evidências em Portugal

Ciências Geológicas: Ensino e Investigação. Vol. I: 357-363

Pneumonia por Legionella pneumophila: relato do segundo caso brasileiro

Os autores relatam um caso de pneumonia por Legionella pneumophila, diagnosticado pela primeira vez em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. A hipótese diagnóstica foi confirmada por imunofluorescência indireta nas amostras de soro do paciente enviadas ao C.D.C. (Atlanta — E.U.A.), com títulos de 1:128 na amostra da fase aguda e 1:512 na amostra da fase de convalescença.