La Brecha entre EEUU y la “Vieja Europa”

El distanciamiento que hoy observamos entre las actitudes de los Estados Unidos (EEUU) y Francia frente a temas como el uso de la fuerza y el derecho internacional, tiene un punto álgido en el debate que giró en torno a la redacción y aprobación de la Resolución 1441 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas (CSNU) sobre Irak. A la luz de esta brecha entre los EEUU y la Francia consideramos conveniente revisar este proceso a través de los instrumentos analíticos ofrecidos por dos aproximaciones teóricas en Relaciones Internacionales: el neorrealismo y en el neoliberalismo. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: (1) Exponer los hechos que definieron una y otra posición así como el contenido final de dicha resolución, (2) analizarlos desde la perspectiva teórica del neo-realismo y; (3) del neo-liberalismo

Dilemas de pais e filhos no processo sucessório de empresas familiares

Com o objetivo geral de destacar e analisar a vivência de dilemas de pais e filhos no que concerne ao processo sucessório em empresas familiares, desenvolveu-se pesquisa exploratória de orientação qualitativa a partir do pressuposto de que esses dilemas tenham papel determinante no planejamento (ou falta dele), execução e desfecho do processo sucessório, no futuro da empresa familiar e em suas chances de continuidade. No trabalho, buscou-se aliar o suporte teórico oferecido pela abordagem aplicada às empresas familiares às ideias de Bauman (2007a; 2007b; 2008) sobre a liquidez da existência e ao campo empírico referente a organizações com essas características, de um segmento específico de serviços. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio da realização de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas que somaram um total de 12 sujeitos - cinco pais-sucedidos e sete filhos-sucessores -, todos eles atuantes em cinco pequenas e médias empresas familiares brasileiras. Nesse sentido, foram identificados dez dilemas principais a serem abordados no presente artigo. Desses, cinco foram dilemas relativos aos pais-sucedidos entrevistados e cinco foram dilemas relativos aos filhos-sucessores indicados pelos primeiros. Analisados à luz da literatura, os resultados indicam, como um aspecto com cunho conclusivo, que os dilemas dos pais-sucedidos entrevistados estão prioritariamente relacionados com a dualidade vida-morte, enquanto os dilemas dos filhos-sucessores estão centrados na questão de legitimação pessoal. Igualmente, identificou-se, a partir do objetivo principal proposto, que os referidos dilemas de pais-sucedidos e filhos-sucessores podem influenciar e inclusive serem determinantes para o trato e o desenvolvimento da questão sucessória dentro da empresa familiar. Por derradeiro, expõem-se as limitações da pesquisa e apresentam-se sugestões para futuros trabalhos sobre o tema.

Latin 15033

Contient : I Vita s. Evurtii ; II Miracula s. Ricardi (29), et de s. Edwardo rege (37) ; III Flores evangeliorum (38) ; Tractatus magistri Achardi, abbatis Sancti Victoris (164) ; S. Anselmi proslogion (175v) ; Ex monologio (184) ; Varia theologica ; IV Liber Arnaldi de Villano de cymbalis ecclesie

Cuestiones controvertidas en evaluación económica (III). Intervenciones sanitarias en tres situaciones especiales: enfermedades raras, tratamientos al final de la vida y externalidades en las evaluaciones.

The development of the economic evaluation of health care interventions has become a support tool in making decisions on pricing and reimbursement of new health interventions. The increasingly extensive application of these techniques has led to the identification of particular situations in which, for various reasons, it may be reasonable to take into account special considerations when applying the general principles of economic evaluation. In this article, which closes a series of three, we will discuss, using the Metaplan technique, about the economic evaluation of health interventions in special situations such as rare diseases and end of life treatments, as well as consideration of externalities in assessments, finally pointing out some research areas to solve the main problems identified in these fields.

Experiências de casais que procuram o centro de reprodução humana

O presente estudo tem como proposta tentar compreender os sentimentos dos casais que procuram o Centro de Reprodução Humana para o tratamento da infertilidade. Na tentativa de compreender como é vivenciar a reprodução assistida como tratamento, na perspectiva do casal, recorremos a uma abordagem fenomenológica, tendo como questão norteadora: "Como vocês se sentem em utilizar a Reprodução Assistida como tratamento ?".

Identificação dos tipos de toque ocorridos no atendimento de enfermagem de um serviço ambulatorial

Este estudo foi realizado em um ambulatório de transplante de medula óssea. A amostra constituiu-se de 17 pacientes e 6 funcionárias. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de outubro à dezembro 1996, através de formulário, com decodificação de imagens filmadas, consulta de prontuários e de funcionárias. Os objetivos do estudo foram: identificar os tipos de toque e em que situações e regiões corpóreas ocorreram entre funcionárias e pacientes. Houve o predomínio do toque instrumental durante o atendimento, sendo mais freqüente durante o curativo de saída do cateter. As regiões mais tocadas foram a torácica e membros superiores.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

Aalenian to Cenomanian Radiolaria of the Bermeja Complex (Puerto Rico) and Pacific origin of radiolarites on the Caribbean Plate

The study of the radiolarian ribbon chert is a key in determining the origins of associated Mesozoic oceanic terranes and may help to achieve a general agreement regarding the basic principles on the evolution of the Caribbean Plate. The Bermeja Complex of Puerto Rico, which contains serpentinized peridotite, altered basalt, amphibolite, and chert (Mariquita Chert Formation), is one of these crucial oceanic terranes. The radiolarian biochronology presented in this work is mainly based by correlation on the biozonations of Baumgartner et al. (1995) and O'Dogherty (1994) and indicates an early Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (late Bajocian-early Callovian to late early Albian-early middle Cenomanian) age. The illustrated assemblages contain about 120 species, of which one is new (Pantanellium karinae), and belonging to about 50 genera. A review of the previous radiolarian published works on the Mariquita Chert Formation and the results of this study suggest that this formation ranges in age from Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (late Aalenian to early-middle Cenomanian) and also reveal a possible feature of the Bermeja Complex, which is the younging of radiolarian cherts from north to south, evoking a polarity of accretion. On the basis of a currently exhaustive inventory of the radiolarite facies s.s. on the Caribbean Plate, a re-examination of the regional distribution of Middle Jurassic sediments associated with oceanic crust, and a paleoceanographic argumentation on the water currents, we come to the conclusion that the radiolarite and associated Mesozoic oceanic terranes of the Caribbean Plate are of Pacific origin. Eventually, a discussion on the origin of the cherts of the Mariquita Formation illustrated by Middle Jurassic to middle Cretaceous geodynamic models of the Pacific and Caribbean realms bring up the possibility that the rocks of the Bermeja Complex are remnants of two different oceans.

El concepto de dios en las sociedades animistas, politeístas y monoteístas

Con el ánimo de llevar a cabo una somera visión comparativa desde una perspectiva antropológica, trataremos de ubicar cada modelo conceptual de dios en un tiempo y en una civilización humana determinada en Occidente. Queremos detenernos a describir con leves pinceladas el concepto religioso que se ha tenido de dios en nuestra historia en tres etapas concretas: Paleolítico, Mundo Antiguo y Edad Media, en las cuales han predominado respectivamente las diferentes concepciones de dios (el animismo, el politeísmo y el monoteísmo).

Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes across mammals.

Y chromosomes underlie sex determination in mammals, but their repeat-rich nature has hampered sequencing and associated evolutionary studies. Here we trace Y evolution across 15 representative mammals on the basis of high-throughput genome and transcriptome sequencing. We uncover three independent sex chromosome originations in mammals and birds (the outgroup). The original placental and marsupial (therian) Y, containing the sex-determining gene SRY, emerged in the therian ancestor approximately 180 million years ago, in parallel with the first of five monotreme Y chromosomes, carrying the probable sex-determining gene AMH. The avian W chromosome arose approximately 140 million years ago in the bird ancestor. The small Y/W gene repertoires, enriched in regulatory functions, were rapidly defined following stratification (recombination arrest) and erosion events and have remained considerably stable. Despite expression decreases in therians, Y/W genes show notable conservation of proto-sex chromosome expression patterns, although various Y genes evolved testis-specificities through differential regulatory decay. Thus, although some genes evolved novel functions through spatial/temporal expression shifts, most Y genes probably endured, at least initially, because of dosage constraints.

Airline Consolidation and the Distribution of Traffic between Primary and Secondary Hubs

Several airline consolidation events have recently been completed both in Europe and in the United States. The model we develop considers two airlines operating hub-and-spoke networks, using different hubs to connect the same spoke airports. We assume the airlines to be vertically differentiated, which allows us to distinguish between primary and secondary hubs. We conclude that this differentiation in air services becomes more accentuated after consolidation, with an increased number of flights being channeled through the primary hub. However, congestion can act as a brake on the concentration of flight frequency in the primary hub following consolidation. Our empirical application involves an analysis of Delta s network following its merger with Northwest. We find evidence consistent with an increase in the importance of Delta s primary hubs at the expense of its secondary airports. We also find some evidence suggesting that the carrier chooses to divert traffic away from those hub airports that were more prone to delays prior to the merger, in particular New York s JFK airport. Keywords: primary hub; secondary hub; airport congestion; airline consolidation; airline networks JEL Classi fication Numbers: D43; L13; L40; L93; R4

Airport Congestion and Airline Network Structure

This paper provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of the relationship between airport congestion and airline network structure. We find that the development of hub-and-spoke (HS) networks may have detrimental effects on social welfare in presence of airport congestion. The theoretical analysis shows that, although airline pro ts are typically higher under HS networks, congestion could create incentives for airlines to adopt fully-connected (FC) networks. However, the welfare analysis leads to the conclusion that airlines may have an inefficient bias towards HS networks. In line with the theoretical analysis, our empirical results show that network airlines are weakly infl uenced by congestion in their choice of frequencies from/to their hub airports. Consistently with this result, we con firm that delays are higher in hub airports controlling for concentration and airport size. Keywords: airlines; airport congestion; fully-connected networks, hub-and-spoke net- works; network efficiency JEL Classifi cation Numbers: L13; L2; L93

Domestic and International Research Joint Ventures: The Effect of Collusion

We analyze the effect of research joint ventures (RJVs) on consumer welfare in an international context when collusion can occur. The main novelty of our analysis is to study the differentiated effect of domestic and international RJVs. The recent literature shows that RJVs with collusion harm consumers. However, our results introduce a qualifi cation to this statement: international RJVs with collusion might be bene ficial for consumers when internationalization costs are high. The EU and US competition policy advises against RJVs that facilitate collusion on the grounds of their expected negative effects. Our results suggest that antitrust authorities should distinguish between domestic and international RJVs and, in certain cases, be more benevolent with international RJVs. Keywords: collusion; domestic research joint venture; international research joint venture JEL Classi fication Numbers: K21, L24, L44, O32

Bioinformática: interfaz web para mostrar las relaciones de expresión entre grupos de genes

El projecte que es presenta en aquesta memòria està composat per un preproces i una aplicació web. L’objectiu del treball realizat és mostrar les relacions d’expresió entre grups de gens. A més de dissenyar l’aplicació web en : http://revolutionresearch.uab.es que permetrà l’estudi dels resultats obtinguts.