Caracterização de neossolos regolíticos da região semiárida do Estado de Pernambuco

Estudos de caracterização de solos em regiões ainda pouco exploradas, além de disponibilizarem e ampliarem a base de informações sobre as mais distintas ordens de solos do território nacional, também permitem sistematizar informações sobre suas propriedades, que poderão servir de subsídio para o desenvolvimento de práticas de manejo e uso sustentável das terras. Entre os principais solos recorrentes na região semiárida pernambucana, destacam-se os Neossolos Regolíticos, os quais perfazem aproximadamente 27 % da superfície do Estado e recobrem importantes áreas voltadas à produção agrícola, especialmente à agricultura familiar. Considerando a possibilidade de ocorrência de Neossolos Regolíticos com distintas propriedades físicas, químicas ou mineralógicas, em razão da existência de distintos contextos geológicos e climáticos ao longo do Estado de Pernambuco, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar física, química e mineralogicamente Neossolos Regolíticos ao longo da região semiárida do Estado de Pernambuco, bem como relacionar os solos com sua litologia. Para isso, foram selecionados cinco perfis de Neossolos Regolíticos em diversos municípios do Estado de Pernambuco (P1=São Caetano, P2=Lagoa do Ouro, P3=Caetés, P4=São João e P5=Parnamirim). Os perfis foram descritos morfologicamente, coletando-se amostras de todos os horizontes do solo e da rocha do embasamento. Foram realizadas análises físicas e químicas para fins de classificação de solos, análises mineralógicas das frações grossas (cascalho e areia) por microscopia óptica e das frações silte e argila por difração de raios X, além de análises petrográficas das amostras de rochas. De acordo com os resultados, observou-se a ocorrência de solos semelhantes e com pequeno grau de desenvolvimento pedogenético, variando de medianamente a muito profundos, com sequência de horizontes A-AC-C e Cr e textura arenosa a média. Dois perfis apresentaram caráter solódico em profundidade. Todos os solos apresentaram baixos teores de matéria orgânica e P disponível. Apesar dos baixos teores de cátions trocáveis, todos os perfis são eutróficos. A assembleia mineralógica das frações cascalho, areia e silte é constituída essencialmente por quartzo, seguido de feldspatos e mica, corroborando a constituição petrográfica analisada. A caulinita é o principal argilomineral da fração argila em todos os perfis e horizontes estudados, indicando um importante processo de monossialitização em solos autóctones, em clima caracteristicamente semiárido. No perfil P2, devido à posição mais baixa do solo na paisagem, ocorreram minerais esmectíticos com misturas de fases entre montmorilonita, beidelita ou nontronita, identificados pela análise de DRX, empregando o teste de Greene-Kelly.

Sex differences in urinary levels of several biological indicators of exposure: a simulation study using a compartmental based toxicokinetic model

Toxicokinetic modeling is a useful tool to describe or predict the behavior of a chemical agent in the human or animal organism. A general model based on four compartments was developed in a previous study in order to quantify the effect of human variability on a wide range of biological exposure indicators. The aim of this study was to adapt this existing general toxicokinetic model to three organic solvents, which were methyl ethyl ketone, 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 1,1,1,-trichloroethane, and to take into account sex differences. We assessed in a previous human volunteer study the impact of sex on different biomarkers of exposure corresponding to the three organic solvents mentioned above. Results from that study suggested that not only physiological differences between men and women but also differences due to sex hormones levels could influence the toxicokinetics of the solvents. In fact the use of hormonal contraceptive had an effect on the urinary levels of several biomarkers, suggesting that exogenous sex hormones could influence CYP2E1 enzyme activity. These experimental data were used to calibrate the toxicokinetic models developed in this study. Our results showed that it was possible to use an existing general toxicokinetic model for other compounds. In fact, most of the simulation results showed good agreement with the experimental data obtained for the studied solvents, with a percentage of model predictions that lies within the 95% confidence interval varying from 44.4 to 90%. Results pointed out that for same exposure conditions, men and women can show important differences in urinary levels of biological indicators of exposure. Moreover, when running the models by simulating industrial working conditions, these differences could even be more pronounced. In conclusion, a general and simple toxicokinetic model, adapted for three well known organic solvents, allowed us to show that metabolic parameters can have an important impact on the urinary levels of the corresponding biomarkers. These observations give evidence of an interindividual variablity, an aspect that should have its place in the approaches for setting limits of occupational exposure.

Covalent binding of C3b to monoclonal antibodies selectively up-regulates heavy chain epitope recognition by T cells.

Protein C3 of the complement system is known for its role in the nonspecific immune response. Covalent binding of C3b to antigen upon complement activation also plays a significant role in specific T cell immune response. C3b-antigen complexes can bind to complement receptors on the antigen-presenting cell, and the C3b antigen link (most often an ester link) remains fairly stable inside the cells. In this study, IgG1,kappa and IgG2a,kappa murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were used as antigens; covalent complexes between mAb and C3b were produced and purified in vitro from purified proteins; human B cell lines and T cell clones were raised from tumor patients who received mAb injections for cancer therapy or diagnosis. Recognition of epitopes of these mAb by T cell clones when the mAb were processed alone or bound to C3b was compared. IgG or IgG-C3b complexes presented by B cell lines were able to stimulate proliferation of kappa light chain-specific T cell clones at similar concentrations. In contrast, IgG-C3b complex recognition by heavy chain-specific T cell clones required 100-fold less IgG-C3b than uncomplexed IgG. As C3b was shown to be covalently bound only to the IgG heavy chains in the complexes, C3b chaperoning is restricted to only the IgG heavy chain and selectively influences intracellular steps of IgG heavy chain processing. This differential modulation of C3b suggests an early dissociation of IgG heavy and light chains in antigen-presenting cells.