Integrated testing strategy (ITS) for bioaccumulation assessment under REACH

REACH (registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals) regulation requires that all the chemicals produced or imported in Europe above 1 tonne/year are registered. To register a chemical, physicochemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological information needs to be reported in a dossier. REACH promotes the use of alternative methods to replace, refine and reduce the use of animal (eco)toxicity testing. Within the EU OSIRIS project, integrated testing strategies (ITSs) have been developed for the rational use of non-animal testing approaches in chemical hazard assessment. Here we present an ITS for evaluating the bioaccumulation potential of organic chemicals. The scheme includes the use of all available data (also the non-optimal ones), waiving schemes, analysis of physicochemical properties related to the end point and alternative methods (both in silico and in vitro). In vivo methods are used only as last resort. Using the ITS, in vivo testing could be waived for about 67% of the examined compounds, but bioaccumulation potential could be estimated on the basis of non-animal methods. The presented ITS is freely available through a web tool.

Hartvig Philip Rée og hans Slaegt

udg. paa Foranledning af Eduard Rée ved Josef Fischer

Judentum und Zionismus

von Eduard Strauss

Die Berechnung der Jahrpunkte (Thekuphenrechnung) im Kalender der Juden : (vorgelegt in d. Sitzung am 8. Jänner 1891)

von Eduard Mahler

Der ältere Prophetismus bis auf die Heldengestalten von Elia und Elisa

von Eduard König

Bibel und Babel : eine kulturgeschichtliche Skizze

von Eduard König

Hebräische Rhythmik : die Gesetze des alttestamentlichen Vers- und Strophenbaues

kritisch dargest. von Eduard König

Abhandlungen zur hebräischen Grammatik

von Franz Eduard Christoph Dietrich

Die moderne Babylonisierung der Bibel in ihrer neuesten Erscheinungsform : (Delitzsch's "Babel und Bibel" 1921)

krit. betracht. von Eduard König

Historisch-comparative Syntax der hebräischen Sprache

von Fr. Eduard König

Gedanke, Laut und Accent als die drei Factoren der Sprachbildung comparativ und physiologisch am Hebräischen dargestellt

von Eduard König

Die messianischen Weissagungen des Alten Testaments : vergleichend, geschichtlich und exegetisch behandelt

von Eduard König

Comparison of GOCE-GPS gravity fields derived by different approaches

Several techniques have been proposed to exploit GNSS-derived kinematic orbit information for the determination of long-wavelength gravity field features. These methods include the (i) celestial mechanics approach, (ii) short-arc approach, (iii) point-wise acceleration approach, (iv) averaged acceleration approach, and (v) energy balance approach. Although there is a general consensus that—except for energy balance—these methods theoretically provide equivalent results, real data gravity field solutions from kinematic orbit analysis have never been evaluated against each other within a consistent data processing environment. This contribution strives to close this gap. Target consistency criteria for our study are the input data sets, period of investigation, spherical harmonic resolution, a priori gravity field information, etc. We compare GOCE gravity field estimates based on the aforementioned approaches as computed at the Graz University of Technology, the University of Bern, the University of Stuttgart/Austrian Academy of Sciences, and by RHEA Systems for the European Space Agency. The involved research groups complied with most of the consistency criterions. Deviations only occur where technical unfeasibility exists. Performance measures include formal errors, differences with respect to a state-of-the-art GRACE gravity field, (cumulative) geoid height differences, and SLR residuals from precise orbit determination of geodetic satellites. We found that for the approaches (i) to (iv), the cumulative geoid height differences at spherical harmonic degree 100 differ by only ≈10 % ; in the absence of the polar data gap, SLR residuals agree by ≈96 % . From our investigations, we conclude that real data analysis results are in agreement with the theoretical considerations concerning the (relative) performance of the different approaches.