Income composition, endogenous fertility and schooling investments in children

This paper studies how the eomposition of ineome between mothers and fathers affeets fertility and sehooling investments in ehildren, using data from the 1976 and 1996 PNAD, a Brazilian household survey. Ineome composition affeets the time eost of fertility because mothers and fathers alloeate different amounts of time to child-rearing. These effects are in turn transmitted to investments in ehildren through a tradeoffbetween quantity and quality of ehildren. The main contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it derives new implications about the relationship between household ineome composition and schooling investments in ehildren. Seeond, this paper devises and implements an empirieal approaeh to assess these implieations, using two eross-seetions of fertility and schooling data from Brazil. The main empirical findings of the paper ean be summarized as follows. First, the empirical analysis shows that a larger negative effect of the mother's labor in come on fertility in 1996 is associated with a larger positive effect on the adult child's schooling, refleeting the interaction between quantity and quality of children. Second, the larger negative effect of the mother's labor income on fertility in 1996 is associated with a reduction in the effect of other determinants of number of children. This suggests that an increase in the relative importanee of time costs of fertility may be an important determinant of variations in fertility over time in Brazil and other developing countries .

A competitive growth model with endogenous fertility

This paper investigates the interaction between endogenous fertility behavior and the distribution of income and wealth arnong farnilies in a competitive market economy. We construct a growth model in which altruistic dynasties are heterogeneous in their initial stocks of physical capital. Dynasties make choices of farnily size along with decisions about consumption and intergenerational transfers. We show that if the rate of time preference is increasing in the number of children and preferences over nurnber of children satisfy a norrnality assumption, all steady states are characterized by equality of capital stocks and consumption arnong families. We also provide sufficient conditions for uniqueness of the steady state. In order to illustrate these results, we present an example in which preferences over number of children are logarithrnic and the technology is Cobb-Douglas. For this combination of preferences and technology, there exists a unique egalitarian steady state. Moreover, the economy converges to this steady state in only one generation .

A oferta de bens perecíveis : determinação das curvas e estimativas para o mercado varejista Carioca

Neste artigo desenvolvemos um modelo de otimização que permite determinar curvas de oferta para produtos perecíveis. As informações disponíveis ao produtor(vendedor) sobre a demanda são sumarizadas por uma distribuição de probabilidade, a qual lhe permitirá determinar a oferta que maximiza seu gannho esperado. A função objetivo levará em conta, conjuntamente, as perdas decorrentes de um estoque excedente e parcelas do custo de oportunidade de um estoque insuficiente. Esta formalização inclui a função lucro (contábil) como um caso particular. Aplicações do modelo teórico são feitas para demandas absolutamente contínuas com distribuição admitindo inversa explícita, tais como a exponencial truncada, Pareto, Weibull e uniforme. Estimativas empíricas são obtidas para a oferta de tomates, chuchus e pimentões no mercado varejista Carioca (Julho/94 à Nov/00). Os resultados obtidos confirmam as hipóteses racionais do modelo teórico. As elasticidades-preço da oferta (no varejo) e da demanda (no atacado) são estimadas, assim que o valor da oferta ”contratual ”, nos casos em que parte dos custos dos saldos de estoque são recuperados por vendas em liquidação. A análise gráfica das curvas de oferta e de densidade da demanda sugerem a presença de significativo poder de mercado na comercialização do pimentão. Duas extensões imediatas do modelo formal são desenvolvidas. A primeira delas incorpora a existência de poder de mercado no mercado varejista. A segunda introduz uma estrutura de jogo simultâneo no mercado oligopolista onde cada produtor escolhe a curva que maximiza seu lucro esperado condicional, dado que as ofertas dos concorrentes igualam suas demandas. No equilíbrio de Nash, curvas de oferta ótimas são obtidas. Comparações são feitas com as curvas ótimas obtidas em regime de autarquia.

Do borrowing constraints decrease intergenerational mobility? evidence from Brazil

In this paper, we find evidence that suggests that borrowing constraints may be an important determinant of intergenerational mobility in Brazil. This result contrasts sharply with studies for developed countries, such as Canada and the US, where credit constraints do not seem to play an important role in generating persistence of inequality. Moreover, we find that the social mobility is lower in Brazil in comparison with developed countries. We follow the methodology proposed by Grawe (2001), which uses quantile regression, and obtain two results. First, the degree of intergenerational persistence is greater for the upper quantiles. Second, the degree of intergenerational persistence declines with income at least for the upper quantiles. Both findings are compatible with the presence of borrowing constraints affecting the degree of intergenerational persistence, as predicted by the theory.