Metodi per la valutazione strategica dei piani energetici. Applicazione al caso della Provincia di Ravenna.

Lo scopo di questo studio è descrivere nel dettaglio la procedura di Valutazione Ambientale Strategica (VAS) relativa ai Piani Energetici Provinciali (PEP) al fine di delinearne un metodo efficace di valutazione, a partire dallo studio del caso della Provincia di Ravenna. In seguito alla mancanza di Linee Guida sulla VAS, si è ritenuta utile un´analisi comparativa tra metodologie e strumenti, e gli obiettivi specifici e generali che andrebbero rispettati in ogni VAS di un PEP. Lo studio si basa su confronti paralleli tra quattro casi di VAS di Piani Energetici Provinciali al fine di elaborare un modello di valutazione delle VAS, semplice e diretto, basato su contenuti teorici e metodologici provenienti da una selezione di studi e documenti nazionali e internazionali, di cui si è tenuto conto e da cui si sono estrapolate le migliori "Buone Pratiche" per la VAS. L´analisi seguente è stata effettuata attraverso matrici qualitative in cui, per ciascuna connessione tra metodologia e "obiettivo VAS" si è espresso un giudizio che cerca di tenere conto, quando possibile, dei criteri e dei principi generali di sostenibilità dettati dalle maggiori autorità e associazioni internazionali e nazionali di valutazione ambientale. Il confronto tra i quattro casi, ha evidenziato dei punti di debolezza nell´applicazione della Direttiva VAS. Questo studio inoltre, ha tra i suoi obiettivi, quello ambizioso di delineare un metodo efficace di valutazione strategica dei piani energetici provinciali, a partire dallo studio del caso della Provincia di Ravenna. Per questi obiettivi, si è deciso di impostare un programma di lavoro basato sui sistemi informativi geografici, che ha permesso di individuare le aree con potenziale di sviluppo energetico della risorsa solare. Nello specifico è stato possibile calcolare quanta “superficie utile”, presente nelle aree industriali e commerciali della Provincia, potrebbe essere sfruttata installandovi pannelli fotovoltaici. Si è riusciti con questa metodologia a fornire una stima più dettagliata delle reali potenzialità della risorsa solare in Provincia di Ravenna, individuando nel dettaglio territoriale le rispettive quote percentuali che potrebbero essere installate, per raggiungere gli obiettivi di sostenibilità del piano. Il percorso iniziato con questa tesi consente di riflettere sulla necessità di approfondire il tema del rapporto tra valutazione ambientale qualitativa di uno strumento di pianificazione come la VAS, e la stima quantitativa sia della sostenibilità che del danno ambientale legato agli impatti negativi che questo strumento dovrebbe rilevare. Gli sviluppi futuri cui la tesi pone le basi sono l'implementazione di strumenti quantitativi di analisi delle potenzialità energetiche e di valutazione degli scenari. Questi strumenti sono necessari a definire i modelli ambientali per il supporto alle decisioni in campo energetico.

Aumento della risoluzione spaziale per il sondaggio di temperatura e umidità da satellite geostazionario mediante radiometria ad onde millimetriche e submillimetriche

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate techniques that improve the spatial resolution of the channels already selected in the preliminary studies for Geostationary Observatory for Microwave Atmospheric Soundings (GOMAS). Reference high resolution multifrequency brightness temperatures scenarios have been derived by applying radiative transfer calculation to the spatially and microphysically detailed output of meteorological events simulated by the University of Wisconsin - Non-hydrostatic Model System (UW-NMS). Three approaches, Wiener filter, Super-Resolution and Image Fusion have been applied to some representative GOMAS frequency channels to enhance the resolution of antenna temperatures. The Wiener filter improved resolution of the largely oversampled images by a factor 1.5- 2.0 without introducing any penalty in the radiometric accuracy. Super-resolution, suitable for not largely oversampled images, improved resolution by a factor ~1.5 but introducing an increased radiometric noise by a factor 1.4-2.5. The image fusion allows finally to further increase the spatial frequency of the images obtained by the Wiener filter increasing the total resolution up to a factor 5.0 with an increased radiometric noise closely linked to the radiometric frequency and to the examined case study.

Estimating crustal deformation from geodetic data

By the end of the 19th century, geodesy has contributed greatly to the knowledge of regional tectonics and fault movement through its ability to measure, at sub-centimetre precision, the relative positions of points on the Earth’s surface. Nowadays the systematic analysis of geodetic measurements in active deformation regions represents therefore one of the most important tool in the study of crustal deformation over different temporal scales [e.g., Dixon, 1991]. This dissertation focuses on motion that can be observed geodetically with classical terrestrial position measurements, particularly triangulation and leveling observations. The work is divided into two sections: an overview of the principal methods for estimating longterm accumulation of elastic strain from terrestrial observations, and an overview of the principal methods for rigorously inverting surface coseismic deformation fields for source geometry with tests on synthetic deformation data sets and applications in two different tectonically active regions of the Italian peninsula. For the long-term accumulation of elastic strain analysis, triangulation data were available from a geodetic network across the Messina Straits area (southern Italy) for the period 1971 – 2004. From resulting angle changes, the shear strain rates as well as the orientation of the principal axes of the strain rate tensor were estimated. The computed average annual shear strain rates for the time period between 1971 and 2004 are γ˙1 = 113.89 ± 54.96 nanostrain/yr and γ˙2 = -23.38 ± 48.71 nanostrain/yr, with the orientation of the most extensional strain (θ) at N140.80° ± 19.55°E. These results suggests that the first-order strain field of the area is dominated by extension in the direction perpendicular to the trend of the Straits, sustaining the hypothesis that the Messina Straits could represents an area of active concentrated deformation. The orientation of θ agree well with GPS deformation estimates, calculated over shorter time interval, and is consistent with previous preliminary GPS estimates [D’Agostino and Selvaggi, 2004; Serpelloni et al., 2005] and is also similar to the direction of the 1908 (MW 7.1) earthquake slip vector [e.g., Boschi et al., 1989; Valensise and Pantosti, 1992; Pino et al., 2000; Amoruso et al., 2002]. Thus, the measured strain rate can be attributed to an active extension across the Messina Straits, corresponding to a relative extension rate ranges between < 1mm/yr and up to ~ 2 mm/yr, within the portion of the Straits covered by the triangulation network. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the Messina Straits is an important active geological boundary between the Sicilian and the Calabrian domains and support previous preliminary GPS-based estimates of strain rates across the Straits, which show that the active deformation is distributed along a greater area. Finally, the preliminary dislocation modelling has shown that, although the current geodetic measurements do not resolve the geometry of the dislocation models, they solve well the rate of interseismic strain accumulation across the Messina Straits and give useful information about the locking the depth of the shear zone. Geodetic data, triangulation and leveling measurements of the 1976 Friuli (NE Italy) earthquake, were available for the inversion of coseismic source parameters. From observed angle and elevation changes, the source parameters of the seismic sequence were estimated in a join inversion using an algorithm called “simulated annealing”. The computed optimal uniform–slip elastic dislocation model consists of a 30° north-dipping shallow (depth 1.30 ± 0.75 km) fault plane with azimuth of 273° and accommodating reverse dextral slip of about 1.8 m. The hypocentral location and inferred fault plane of the main event are then consistent with the activation of Periadriatic overthrusts or other related thrust faults as the Gemona- Kobarid thrust. Then, the geodetic data set exclude the source solution of Aoudia et al. [2000], Peruzza et al. [2002] and Poli et al. [2002] that considers the Susans-Tricesimo thrust as the May 6 event. The best-fit source model is then more consistent with the solution of Pondrelli et al. [2001], which proposed the activation of other thrusts located more to the North of the Susans-Tricesimo thrust, probably on Periadriatic related thrust faults. The main characteristics of the leveling and triangulation data are then fit by the optimal single fault model, that is, these results are consistent with a first-order rupture process characterized by a progressive rupture of a single fault system. A single uniform-slip fault model seems to not reproduce some minor complexities of the observations, and some residual signals that are not modelled by the optimal single-fault plane solution, were observed. In fact, the single fault plane model does not reproduce some minor features of the leveling deformation field along the route 36 south of the main uplift peak, that is, a second fault seems to be necessary to reproduce these residual signals. By assuming movements along some mapped thrust located southward of the inferred optimal single-plane solution, the residual signal has been successfully modelled. In summary, the inversion results presented in this Thesis, are consistent with the activation of some Periadriatic related thrust for the main events of the sequence, and with a minor importance of the southward thrust systems of the middle Tagliamento plain.