Caractérisation des occupations du sol en milieu urbain par imagerie radar

Cette étude vise à tester la pertinence des images RSO - de moyenne et de haute résolution - à la caractérisation des types d’occupation du sol en milieu urbain. Elle s’est basée sur des approches texturales à partir des statistiques de deuxième ordre. Plus spécifiquement, on recherche les paramètres de texture les plus pertinents pour discriminer les objets urbains. Il a été utilisé à cet égard des images Radarsat-1 en mode fin en polarisation HH et Radarsat-2 en mode fin en double et quadruple polarisation et en mode ultrafin en polarisation HH. Les occupations du sol recherchées étaient le bâti dense, le bâti de densité moyenne, le bâti de densité faible, le bâti industriel et institutionnel, la végétation de faible densité, la végétation dense et l’eau. Les neuf paramètres de textures analysés ont été regroupés, en familles selon leur définition mathématique. Les paramètres de ressemblance/dissemblance regroupent l’Homogénéité, le Contraste, la Similarité et la Dissimilarité. Les paramètres de désordre sont l’Entropie et le Deuxième Moment Angulaire. L’Écart-Type et la Corrélation sont des paramètres de dispersion et la Moyenne est une famille à part. Il ressort des expériences que certaines combinaisons de paramètres de texture provenant de familles différentes utilisés dans les classifications donnent de très bons résultants alors que d’autres associations de paramètres de texture de définition mathématiques proches génèrent de moins bons résultats. Par ailleurs on constate que si l’utilisation de plusieurs paramètres de texture améliore les classifications, la performance de celle-ci plafonne à partir de trois paramètres. Malgré la bonne performance de cette approche basée sur la complémentarité des paramètres de texture, des erreurs systématiques dues aux effets cardinaux subsistent sur les classifications. Pour pallier à ce problème, il a été développé un modèle de compensation radiométrique basé sur la section efficace radar (SER). Une simulation radar à partir du modèle numérique de surface du milieu a permis d'extraire les zones de rétrodiffusion des bâtis et d'analyser les rétrodiffusions correspondantes. Une règle de compensation des effets cardinaux fondée uniquement sur les réponses des objets en fonction de leur orientation par rapport au plan d'illumination par le faisceau du radar a été mise au point. Des applications de cet algorithme sur des images RADARSAT-1 et RADARSAT-2 en polarisations HH, HV, VH, et VV ont permis de réaliser de considérables gains et d’éliminer l’essentiel des erreurs de classification dues aux effets cardinaux.

Queering the Cross-Cultural Imagination: (Trans)Subjectivity and Wilson Harris's The Palace of the Peacock

Ce mémoire comprend deux volets : une étude théorique et un texte de création littéraire. Dans un premier temps, il s’agir d’étudier le rôle du désir dans la démarche thématique et philosophique employée par l’écrivain Wilson Harris dans son roman The Palace of the Peacock. Ainsi démonterons-nous dans le premier chapitre que Harris se sert – de façon paradoxale – du désir empirique pour faire valoir les limites mêmes de celui-ci. Nous aborderons dans le deuxième chapitre le rapport problématique qu’entretient, chez Harris, la subjectivité féminine avec la subjectivité masculine. En particulier, nous examinerons la représentation de ce rapport sous la forme de métaphores ayant trait à l’environnement et à l’anatomie. Nous avancerons que le caractère problématique que revêt le rapport entre subjectivités féminine et masculine dans le roman est en quelque sorte nécessitée par l’écriture même de Harris. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous prendrons part aux débats sur la poétique qui animent la littérature contemporaine afin de situer notre propre élan vers la création littéraire. En même temps, nous entreprendrons une tentative de récupération de certains des concepts théoriques formulés par Harris, en lien avec notre propre poétique. S’ensuivra notre projet de création littéraire, intitulé HEROISM/EULOGIES, qui constitue le quatrième et dernier chapitre du mémoire. Ce texte, extrait d’un projet d’écriture créative plus vaste, trace les mouvements d’un certain nombre de sujets à travers une Amérique imaginée.

Recherche de champs magnétiques chez les étoiles Wolf-Rayet par l'analyse d'observations spectropolarimétriques.

Cette thèse de doctorat présente les résultats d'un relevé spectropolarimétrique visant la détection directe de champs magnétiques dans le vent d'étoiles Wolf-Rayet (WR). Les observations furent entièrement obtenues à partir du spectropolarimètre ESPaDOnS, installé sur le télescope de l'observatoire Canada-France-Hawaii. Ce projet débuta par l'observation d'un étoile très variable de type WN4 appelée EZ CMa = WR6 = HD 50896 et se poursuivit par l'observation de 11 autres étoiles WR de notre galaxie. La méthode analytique utilisée dans cette étude vise à examiner les spectres de polarisation circulaire (Stokes V) et à identifier, au travers des raies d'émission, les signatures spectrales engendrées par la présence de champs magnétiques de type split monopole dans les vents des étoiles observées. Afin de pallier à la présence de polarisation linéaire dans les données de polarisation circulaire, le cross-talk entre les spectres Stokes Q et U et le spectre Stokes V fut modélisé et éliminé avant de procéder à l'analyse magnétique. En somme, aucun champ magnétique n'est détecté de manière significative dans les 12 étoiles observées. Toutefois, une détection marginale est signalée pour les étoiles WR134, WR137 et WR138 puisque quelques-unes de leur raies spectrales semblent indiquer la présence d'une signature magnétique. Pour chacune de ces trois étoiles, la valeur la plus probable du champ magnétique présent dans le vent stellaire est respectivement de B ~ 200, 130 et 80 G. En ce qui concerne les autres étoiles pour lesquelles aucune détection magnétique ne fut obtenue, la limite supérieure moyenne de l'intensité du champ qui pourrait être présent dans les données, sans toutefois être détecté, est évaluée à 500 G. Finalement, les résultats de cette étude ne peuvent confirmer l'origine magnétique des régions d'interaction en co-rotation (CIR) observées chez plusieurs étoiles WR. En effet, aucun champ magnétique n'est détecté de façon convaincante chez les quatre étoiles pour lesquelles la présence de CIR est soupçonnée.

Cross-sectoral variation in the volatility of plant-level idiosyncratic shocks

We estimate the volatility of plant–level idiosyncratic shocks in the U.S. manufacturing sector. Our measure of volatility is the variation in Revenue Total Factor Productivity which is not explained by either industry– or economy–wide factors, or by establishments’ characteristics. Consistent with previous studies, we find that idiosyncratic shocks are much larger than aggregate random disturbances, accounting for about 80% of the overall uncertainty faced by plants. The extent of cross–sectoral variation in the volatility of shocks is remarkable. Plants in the most volatile sector are subject to about six times as much idiosyncratic uncertainty as plants in the least volatile. We provide evidence suggesting that idiosyncratic risk is higher in industries where the extent of creative destruction is likely to be greater.

Cross-sectional dependence in idiosyncratic volatility

This paper introduces a framework for analysis of cross-sectional dependence in the idiosyncratic volatilities of assets using high frequency data. We first consider the estimation of standard measures of dependence in the idiosyncratic volatilities such as covariances and correlations. Next, we study an idiosyncratic volatility factor model, in which we decompose the co-movements in idiosyncratic volatilities into two parts: those related to factors such as the market volatility, and the residual co-movements. When using high frequency data, naive estimators of all of the above measures are biased due to the estimation errors in idiosyncratic volatility. We provide bias-corrected estimators and establish their asymptotic properties. We apply our estimators to high-frequency data on 27 individual stocks from nine different sectors, and document strong cross-sectional dependence in their idiosyncratic volatilities. We also find that on average 74% of this dependence can be explained by the market volatility.

Wideband trapezoidal strip grating for elimination of specular reflection

A trapezoidal strip grating surface that eliminates specular reflections almost over the entire X -band frequency range for TM polarization is reported This new grating structure overcomes the bandwidth limitation of conventional rectangular strip grating surfaces

Compact Circular- Sided Microstrip Antenna for Circular Polarization

Development of a new compact circular-sided microstrip antenna is presented. This antenna offers considerable area re- TABLE 2. Variation of Resonant Frequencies duction compared to standard rectangular microstrip antenna designed for the same frequency. Typical antenna design and experimental results for circular polarization are also demonstrated. 77je antenna has a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 1.5%

Analysis and Design of a Dual-Port Compact Microstrip Antenna

A dual-port dual-polarized compact microstrip antenna for avoiding cross coupling between the two frequency bands is proposed and analyzed. This antenna offers channel isolation better than 25 dB, and is more compact compared to a conventional rectangular patch. Analytical equations for calculating the resonant frequencies at both ports are also presented. The theoretical calculations are verified using experimental results

Strategies for Inverse Profiling of Two Dimensional Dielectric Scatterers Using Electromagnetic Illumination

Electromagnetic tomography has been applied to problems in nondestructive evolution, ground-penetrating radar, synthetic aperture radar, target identification, electrical well logging, medical imaging etc. The problem of electromagnetic tomography involves the estimation of cross sectional distribution dielectric permittivity, conductivity etc based on measurement of the scattered fields. The inverse scattering problem of electromagnetic imaging is highly non linear and ill posed, and is liable to get trapped in local minima. The iterative solution techniques employed for computing the inverse scattering problem of electromagnetic imaging are highly computation intensive. Thus the solution to electromagnetic imaging problem is beset with convergence and computational issues. The attempt of this thesis is to develop methods suitable for improving the convergence and reduce the total computations for tomographic imaging of two dimensional dielectric cylinders illuminated by TM polarized waves, where the scattering problem is defmed using scalar equations. A multi resolution frequency hopping approach was proposed as opposed to the conventional frequency hopping approach employed to image large inhomogeneous scatterers. The strategy was tested on both synthetic and experimental data and gave results that were better localized and also accelerated the iterative procedure employed for the imaging. A Degree of Symmetry formulation was introduced to locate the scatterer in the investigation domain when the scatterer cross section was circular. The investigation domain could thus be reduced which reduced the degrees of freedom of the inverse scattering process. Thus the entire measured scattered data was available for the optimization of fewer numbers of pixels. This resulted in better and more robust reconstructions of the scatterer cross sectional profile. The Degree of Symmetry formulation could also be applied to the practical problem of limited angle tomography, as in the case of a buried pipeline, where the ill posedness is much larger. The formulation was also tested using experimental data generated from an experimental setup that was designed. The experimental results confirmed the practical applicability of the formulation.

Radar cross-section enhancement of dihedral corner reflector using fractal-based metallo-dielectric structures

Effective use of fractal-based metallo-dielectric structures for enhancing the radar cross-section (RCS) of dihedral corner reflectors is reported. RCS enhancement of about 30 dBsm is obtained for corner reflectors with corner angles other than 90deg. This may find application in remote sensing and synthetic aperture radar.

Studies on Non-Resonant Multiphoton Processes in Atomic Hydrogen

In the present thesis we have formulated the Dalgarno-Lewis procedure for two-and three-photon processes and an elegant alternate expressions are derived. Starting from a brief review on various multiphoton processes we have discussed the difficulties coming in the perturbative treatment of multiphoton processes. A small discussion on various available methods for studying multiphoton processes are presented in chapter 2. These theoretical treatments mainly concentrate on the evaluation of the higher order matrix elements coming in the perturbation theory. In chapter 3 we have described the use of Dalgarno-Lewis procedure and its implimentation on second order matrix elements. The analytical expressions for twophoton transition amplitude, two-photon ionization cross section, dipole dynamic polarizability and Kramers-Heiseberg are obtained in a unified manner. Fourth chapter is an extension of the implicit summation technique presented in chapter 3. We have clearly mentioned the advantage of our method, especially the analytical continuation of the relevant expressions suited for various values of radiation frequency which is also used for efficient numerical analysis. A possible extension of the work is to study various multiphoton processcs from the stark shifted first excited states of hydrogen atom. We can also extend this procedure for studying multiphoton processes in alkali atoms as well as Rydberg atoms. Also, instead of going for analytical expressions, one can try a complete numerical evaluation of the higher order matrix elements using this procedure.

Improved Loaded Quality Factor of Cavity Resonators with Cross lris Coupling

The performance of circular, rectangular and cross irises for the coupling of microwave power to rectangular waveguide cavity resonators is discussed. For the measurement of complex permittivity of materials using cavity perturbation techniques, rectangular cavities with high Q-factors are required. Compared to the conventional rectangular and circular irises, the cross Iris coupling structure provides very high loaded quality factor for all the resonant frequencies. The proposes cross iris coupling structure enhances the accuracy of complex permittivity measurements.

Analysis of System Signals Based on Cross Recurrence Method for System Dynamics Characterization

Natural systems are inherently non linear. Recurrent behaviours are typical of natural systems. Recurrence is a fundamental property of non linear dynamical systems which can be exploited to characterize the system behaviour effectively. Cross recurrence based analysis of sensor signals from non linear dynamical system is presented in this thesis. The mutual dependency among relatively independent components of a system is referred as coupling. The analysis is done for a mechanically coupled system specifically designed for conducting experiment. Further, cross recurrence method is extended to the actual machining process in a lathe to characterize the chatter during turning. The result is verified by permutation entropy method. Conventional linear methods or models are incapable of capturing the critical and strange behaviours associated with the dynamical process. Hence any effective feature extraction methodologies should invariably gather information thorough nonlinear time series analysis. The sensor signals from the dynamical system normally contain noise and non stationarity. In an effort to get over these two issues to the maximum possible extent, this work adopts the cross recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) methodology since it is found to be robust against noise and stationarity in the signals. The study reveals that the CRQA is capable of characterizing even weak coupling among system signals. It also divulges the dependence of certain CRQA variables like percent determinism, percent recurrence and entropy to chatter unambiguously. The surrogate data test shows that the results obtained by CRQA are the true properties of the temporal evolution of the dynamics and contain a degree of deterministic structure. The results are verified using permutation entropy (PE) to detect the onset of chatter from the time series. The present study ascertains that this CRP based methodology is capable of recognizing the transition from regular cutting to the chatter cutting irrespective of the machining parameters or work piece material. The results establish this methodology to be feasible for detection of chatter in metal cutting operation in a lathe.

The role of dynamical polarization of the ligand-to-metal charge transfer excitations in the ab initio determination of effective exchange parameters

The role of the bridging ligand on the effective Heisenberg coupling parameters is analyzed in detail. This analysis strongly suggests that the ligand-to-metal charge transfer excitations are responsible for a large part of the final value of the magnetic coupling constant. This permits us to suggest a variant of the difference dedicated configuration interaction (DDCI) method, presently one of the most accurate and reliable for the evaluation of magnetic effective interactions. This method treats the bridging ligand orbitals mediating the interaction at the same level than the magnetic orbitals and preserves the high quality of the DDCI results while being much less computationally demanding. The numerical accuracy of the new approach is illustrated on various systems with one or two magnetic electrons per magnetic center. The fact that accurate results can be obtained using a rather reduced configuration interaction space opens the possibility to study more complex systems with many magnetic centers and/or many electrons per center.

Studies on pulp propogation in single mode optical fibres

Studies on pulse propagation in single mode optical fibers have attracted interest from a wide area of science and technology as they have laid down the foundation for an in-depth understanding of the underlying physical principles, especially in the field of optical telecommunications. The foremost among them is discovery of the optical soliton which is considered to be one of the most significant events of the twentieth century owing to its fantastic ability to propagate undistorted over long distances and to remain unaflected after collision with each other. To exploit the important propertia of optical solitons, innovative mathematical models which take into account proper physical properties of the single mode optical fibers demand special attention. This thesis contains a theoretical analysis of the studies on soliton pulse propagation in single mode optical fibers.