Under-reporting of dietary energy intake in five populations of the African diaspora.

Studies on the role of diet in the development of chronic diseases often rely on self-report surveys of dietary intake. Unfortunately, many validity studies have demonstrated that self-reported dietary intake is subject to systematic under-reporting, although the vast majority of such studies have been conducted in industrialised countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether or not systematic reporting error exists among the individuals of African ancestry (n 324) in five countries distributed across the Human Development Index (HDI) scale, a UN statistic devised to rank countries on non-income factors plus economic indicators. Using two 24 h dietary recalls to assess energy intake and the doubly labelled water method to assess total energy expenditure, we calculated the difference between these two values ((self-report - expenditure/expenditure) × 100) to identify under-reporting of habitual energy intake in selected communities in Ghana, South Africa, Seychelles, Jamaica and the USA. Under-reporting of habitual energy intake was observed in all the five countries. The South African cohort exhibited the highest mean under-reporting ( - 52·1% of energy) compared with the cohorts of Ghana ( - 22·5%), Jamaica ( - 17·9%), Seychelles ( - 25·0%) and the USA ( - 18·5%). BMI was the most consistent predictor of under-reporting compared with other predictors. In conclusion, there is substantial under-reporting of dietary energy intake in populations across the whole range of the HDI, and this systematic reporting error increases according to the BMI of an individual.

Trabecular bone score (TBS) as a new complementary approach for osteoporosis evaluation in clinical practice.

Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a recently-developed analytical tool that performs novel grey-level texture measurements on lumbar spine dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images, and thereby captures information relating to trabecular microarchitecture. In order for TBS to usefully add to bone mineral density (BMD) and clinical risk factors in osteoporosis risk stratification, it must be independently associated with fracture risk, readily obtainable, and ideally, present a risk which is amenable to osteoporosis treatment. This paper summarizes a review of the scientific literature performed by a Working Group of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis. Low TBS is consistently associated with an increase in both prevalent and incident fractures that is partly independent of both clinical risk factors and areal BMD (aBMD) at the lumbar spine and proximal femur. More recently, TBS has been shown to have predictive value for fracture independent of fracture probabilities using the FRAX® algorithm. Although TBS changes with osteoporosis treatment, the magnitude is less than that of aBMD of the spine, and it is not clear how change in TBS relates to fracture risk reduction. TBS may also have a role in the assessment of fracture risk in some causes of secondary osteoporosis (e.g., diabetes, hyperparathyroidism and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis). In conclusion, there is a role for TBS in fracture risk assessment in combination with both aBMD and FRAX.

1000 V sähkönjakelujärjestelmän teknistaloudellisen kannattavuuden tarkastelu

Tässä työssä tutkitaan 1000 V pienjännitejakelun taloudellista kannattavuutta. Tutkimus perustuu teoreettiseen tarkasteluun, jossa noudatetaan yleisiä verkostosuunnittelun periaatteita. EU-lainsäädäntö mahdollistaa 1000 V pienjänniteportaan sijoittamisen nykyisen keskijänniteverkon ja pienjänniteverkon väliin lisäten kolmannen jakelujänniteportaan nykyään käytettävien 20 kV ja 0,4 kV väliin. Jakeluverkkojen kehittämiseksi on etsittävä ratkaisu, joka on taloudellinen sekä asiakkaiden että verkonhaltijoiden kannalta. Tällaiset ratkaisut pienentävät verkon käytön kokonaiskustannuksia ja parantavat sähkön laatua. Lisättäessä jakeluverkkoon kolmas jänniteporras, keskijänniteverkon johtopituus lyhenee ja varsinkin lyhyiden haarajohtojen määrä vähenee. Tämä vähentää keskijänniteverkossa esiintyvien keskeytysten määrää ja pienentää keskeytyskustannuksia. Kilovoltin järjestelmä on kannattava korvattaessa sillä osa keskijänniteverkkoa, tai estettäessä perinteisellä järjestelmällä tarvittava muuntopiirin jakaminen. Osana varsinaista pienjänniteverkkoa ei kilovoltinjärjestelmä ole kannattava. Tässä työssä kolmijänniteportaista jakeluverkkoa tutkitaan teoreettisilla verkkosuunnitelmilla, joita tehdään muutamille perusverkkotopologioille. Taloudellista kannattavuutta tutkitaan vertaamalla perinteistä kaksijänniteportaista ja kolmijänniteportaista verkkoratkaisua kustannusten suhteen teknisten reunaehtojen puitteissa. 1000 V pienjännitejakelu vaatii uudenlaisia verkostokomponentteja. Näistä on erityisesti käsitelty 1/0,4 kV pienjännitemuuntajaa. Muuntajasuunnittelun lähtökohtana on 1000 V verkon käyttäminen keskijänniteverkon jatkeena maasta erotettuna verkkona.

Fibroblast surface-associated FGF-2 promotes contact-dependent colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion through FGFR-SRC signaling and integrin αvβ5-mediated adhesion.

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts were reported to promote colorectal cancer (CRC) invasion by secreting motility factors and extracellular matrix processing enzymes. Less is known whether fibroblasts may induce CRC cancer cell motility by contact-dependent mechanisms. To address this question we characterized the interaction between fibroblasts and SW620 and HT29 colorectal cancer cells in 2D and 3D co-culture models in vitro. Here we show that fibroblasts induce contact-dependent cancer cell elongation, motility and invasiveness independently of deposited matrix or secreted factors. These effects depend on fibroblast cell surface-associated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) -2. Inhibition of FGF-2 or FGF receptors (FGFRs) signaling abolishes these effects. FGFRs activate SRC in cancer cells and inhibition or silencing of SRC in cancer cells, but not in fibroblasts, prevents fibroblasts-mediated effects. Using an RGD-based integrin antagonist and function-blocking antibodies we demonstrate that cancer cell adhesion to fibroblasts requires integrin αvβ5. Taken together, these results demonstrate that fibroblasts induce cell-contact-dependent colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion under 2D and 3D conditions in vitro through fibroblast cell surface-associated FGF-2, FGF receptor-mediated SRC activation and αvβ5 integrin-dependent cancer cell adhesion to fibroblasts. The FGF-2-FGFRs-SRC-αvβ5 integrin loop might be explored as candidate therapeutic target to block colorectal cancer invasion.

Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations.

Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10(-300), 2.1 × 10(-6), 2.5 × 10(-10) and 1.8 × 10(-10), respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months' less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.

El recurso a la tiranía como respuesta a la dominación visigoda en la Tarraconense (siglos V-VI)

A finales del siglo V, la población hispanorromana contempló con disgusto el incremento de la presencia visigoda en tierras de la Tarraconense. Entre finales del siglo V e inicios del VI, dos individuos ―Burdunelo y Pedro― se alzaron con el poder de manera ilegal y acaudillaron revueltas contra el dominio visigodo. La fuente que nos informa de estos hechos, la Pseudo Chronica Caesaraugustana, es un texto altamente problemático: interpretado durante mucho tiempo como los restos de la historiola escrita por el obispo Máximo de Zaragoza (c. 599-614/620), en realidad se trata solo de unas anotaciones realizadas al margen de crónicas anteriores. Las vicisitudes de la transmisión manuscrita han provocado, además, el desplazamiento de algunas de estas anotaciones de su posición original, con lo que nos proporcionan dataciones erróneas. En este trabajo estudiamos las noticias relativas a las rebeliones de Burdunelo y de Pedro, realizamos una nueva propuesta de cronología, analizamos sus orígenes sociales y examinamos el alcance que pudieron tener estas sublevaciones en el contexto de un inminente enfrentamiento entre visigodos y francos.

A comparison of indices of glucose metabolism in five black populations: data from modeling the epidemiologic transition study (METS).

BACKGROUND: Globally, Africans and African Americans experience a disproportionate burden of type 2 diabetes, compared to other race and ethnic groups. The aim of the study was to examine the association of plasma glucose with indices of glucose metabolism in young adults of African origin from 5 different countries. METHODS: We identified participants from the Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study, an international study of weight change and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in five populations of African origin: USA (US), Jamaica, Ghana, South Africa, and Seychelles. For the current study, we included 667 participants (34.8 ± 6.3 years), with measures of plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin, as well as moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA, minutes/day [min/day]), daily sedentary time (min/day), anthropometrics, and body composition. RESULTS: Among the 282 men, body mass index (BMI) ranged from 22.1 to 29.6 kg/m(2) in men and from 25.8 to 34.8 kg/m(2) in 385 women. MVPA ranged from 26.2 to 47.1 min/day in men, and from 14.3 to 27.3 min/day in women and correlated with adiposity (BMI, waist size, and % body fat) only among US males after controlling for age. Plasma glucose ranged from 4.6 ± 0.8 mmol/L in the South African men to 5.8 mmol/L US men, while the overall prevalence for diabetes was very low, except in the US men and women (6.7 and 12 %, respectively). Using multivariate linear regression, glucose was associated with BMI, age, sex, smoking hypertension, daily sedentary time but not daily MVPA. CONCLUSION: Obesity, metabolic risk, and other potential determinants vary significantly between populations at differing stages of the epidemiologic transition, requiring tailored public health policies to address local population characteristics.

Las claves de la financiación autonómica: José V. Sevilla Segura, Crítica, Barcelona 2001

Reseña del libro 'Las claves de la financiación autonómica', de José V. Sevilla Segura (Barcelona: Crítica, 2001).

BI-RADS®-ultra-som: vantagens e desvantagens dessa nova ferramenta de trabalho

O autor faz uma análise crítica do recém-incorporado BI-RADS® ultra-sonográfico. A primeira recomendação derivada dessa análise crítica é que sempre se identifique quando se está usando o sistema BI-RADS® para mamografia, ultra-sonografia ou ressonância magnética, por exemplo, empregando o termo BI-RADS®-US. São feitas considerações sobre as vantagens de se utilizar o BI-RADS® ultra-sonográfico, incluindo reprodutibilidade, padronização, auditoria, ecogenicidade de base. São também identificados alguns pontos fracos do sistema: a omissão de descritores de relevância estatística comprovada, como hipoecogenicidade acentuada e número de lobulações, a adoção de descritores de valor ainda pouco comprovado, como o ligamento de Cooper, e a falta de dados sobre o valor preditivo positivo de algumas lesões muito comuns, como nódulos hipoecóicos. Finalmente, é colocada uma sugestão: dividir os descritores em faixas de significância para se determinar o valor preditivo positivo das lesões, uma vez que alguns descritores são muito significativos e outros não têm qualquer relevância estatística.

Association of car ownership and physical activity across the spectrum of human development : Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study (METS).

BACKGROUND: Variations in physical activity (PA) across nations may be driven by socioeconomic position. As national incomes increase, car ownership becomes within reach of more individuals. This report characterizes associations between car ownership and PA in African-origin populations across 5 sites at different levels of economic development and with different transportation infrastructures: US, Seychelles, Jamaica, South Africa, and Ghana. METHODS: Twenty-five hundred adults, ages 25-45, were enrolled in the study. A total of 2,101 subjects had valid accelerometer-based PA measures (reported as average daily duration of moderate to vigorous PA, MVPA) and complete socioeconomic information. Our primary exposure of interest was whether the household owned a car. We adjusted for socioeconomic position using household income and ownership of common goods. RESULTS: Overall, PA levels did not vary largely between sites, with highest levels in South Africa, lowest in the US. Across all sites, greater PA was consistently associated with male gender, fewer years of education, manual occupations, lower income, and owning fewer material goods. We found heterogeneity across sites in car ownership: after adjustment for confounders, car owners in the US had 24.3 fewer minutes of MVPA compared to non-car owners in the US (20.7 vs. 45.1 minutes/day of MVPA); in the non-US sites, car-owners had an average of 9.7 fewer minutes of MVPA than non-car owners (24.9 vs. 34.6 minutes/day of MVPA). CONCLUSIONS: PA levels are similar across all study sites except Jamaica, despite very different levels of socioeconomic development. Not owning a car in the US is associated with especially high levels of MVPA. As car ownership becomes prevalent in the developing world, strategies to promote alternative forms of active transit may become important.