Reductive Removal of the Pivaloyl Protecting Group from Tetrazoles by a Naphthalene-Catalyzed Lithiation Process

The reaction of various 1-pivaloyl-1H-tetrazoles with excess lithium and a catalytic amount of naphthalene (20 mol%) led, after treatment with methanol, to the corresponding free tetrazoles through reductive C–N bond cleavage. This methodology represents a reasonable alternative to other nonreductive protocols.

Argelia y los estudios árabes en Alicante (I): Míkel de Epalza

En el presente estudio deseamos presentar los trabajos elaborados por Míkel de Epalza en torno a Argelia, y en especial sobre el estudio de la historia argelina y española. De igual modo, este trabajo busca ser un modesto homenaje a todos los investigadores que han trabajado sobre nuestra historia común, argelinos, españoles y de cualquier otro origen, y en especial a quienes publicaron sus investigaciones en Argelia tras su independencia en 1962, que Míkel de Epalza ya estudiara hasta la fecha del año 1973, y cuyo elenco y conclusiones publicó como un libro titulado de Écrits relatifs à l’histoire de l’Espagne publiés en Algérie de 1962 à 1973. Las líneas esenciales de este estudio nacen de nuestro trabajo junto a Míkel de Epalza durante largos años y de la ponencia que presentamos al Congreso que en homenaje a Mouloud Kassem se celebró en Argel, entre el 27-29 de marzo de 2005. Lo que presentamos aquí es una redacción más completa y específica sobre la labor y los trabajos que Míkel de Epalza dedicó al estudio de Argelia, que busca dar a conocer tanto su personalidad como algunos de los estudios bibliográficos que sobre Argelia y España se han realizado en los últimos 50 años. Deseamos que sirva este estudio como homenaje a la labor aperturista de Mouloud Kassem, así como a la memoria de su predecesor en el Ministerio de Asuntos Religiosos, el Ministro Ahmad Taoufc Al-Madani, autor de una obra fundamental titulada Harb thalâthumi’a sana bayna Al-Jazâ’ir wa-Isbâniyâ (1492-1792), a quien Míkel dedicó un estudio en 2001.

Algeria, 1856 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte de l'Algérie, Tell, Kabylie et Sahara Algérien, dressée ... d'après les renseignements oficiels et sous la direction de ... Mr. Daumas, par C. Delaroche ; gravée par Charpentier. It was published by Longuet; Ministère de la Guerre in 1856. Scale 1:800,000. Covers northern part of Algeria and portions of Tunisia and Morocco. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads and routes, administrative and territorial boundaries, shoreline features, forests, telegraph poles, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Algeria, 1846 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte de l'Algérie : divisée par tribus, par mm. E. Carette et Augte. Warnier, membres de la Commission Scientifique de l'Algérie. It was published by Institut géographique national in 1846. Scale 1:1,000,000. Covers northern part of Algeria and portions of Tunisia and Morocco. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads adn routes, administrative and territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Includes notes on native populations and inset of Mediterranean Sea region. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Northeast Algeria, 1844 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte de la province de Constantine, dressée au Dépôt général de la guerre ; gravé par J. Schwaerzle. It was published by Imp. de Kaeppelin et Cie. in 1844. Scale 1:400,000. Covers northeast Algeria and a portion of Tunisia. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, camps, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Greece and the European Agenda: EU Enlargement and European Monetary Union. Program for the Study of Germany & Europe Working Paper 8.2

In the decade to come, the European Union will embark on two new projects, each destined to transform it in fundamental ways: (i) Eastern enlargement, and (ii) economic and monetary union. Neither of these projects will affect all members equally or in the same way. But Greece will, for two reasons, be affected in a manner qualitatively different to all other member states. First, Greece is the only country physically affected by the Luxembourg Summit's decision to begin accession negotiations with some, but not all, Central and Eastern European applicant countries: as a result of this decision, she will continue, for at least another eight to ten years, to be the only member country not to share a common border with another member state, with all the consequent implications in economic and geostrategic tenns. Second, when the European Council meets in early May to select those member states that are deemed to have met the convergence criteria, it will find that Greece is the only member state falling short of those criteria. This development may create additional difficulties for her economy during the transitional period of derogation. It will also pose new risks to Greece, insofar as she will be absent during the initial-and crucial-years of establishing a common monetary policy.

Greece & the European Agenda: EU Enlargement and European Monetary Union. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 08.2, 1998

In the decade to come, the European Union will embark on two new projects, each destined to transform it in fundamental ways: (i) Eastern enlargement, and (ii) economic and monetary union. Neither of these projects will affect all members equally or in the same way. But Greece will, for two reasons, be affected in a manner qualitatively different to all other member states. First, Greece is the only country physically affected by the Luxembourg Summit's decision to begin accession negotiations with some, but not all, Central and Eastern European applicant countries: as a result of this decision, she will continue, for at least another eight to ten years, to be the only member country not to share a common border with another member state, with all the consequent implications in economic and geostrategic terms. Second, when the European Council meets in early May to select those member states that are deemed to have met the convergence criteria, it will find that Greece is the only member state falling short of those criteria. This development may create additional difficulties for her economy during the transitional period of derogation. It will also pose new risks to Greece, insofar as she will be absent during the initial-and crucial-years of establishing a common monetary policy.