Influências do contexto da educação de infância na formação do conceito da criança como aprendiz

Os auto-conceitos das crianças são fortemente influenciados pelos “outros significativos” nas suas vidas. No contexto institucional do Jardim-de-infância, os educadores e os pares são os “outros significativos” com quem a criança interage em situações de aprendizagem. As auto-percepções da criança enquanto aprendiz podem ser influenciadas pelo seu desempenho e pelos julgamentos dos educadores e dos colegas. O presente estudo examina até que ponto os educadores e as crianças são realistas nos seus julgamentos e diferenciam entre as competências nos domínios da linguagem, matemática e desenho. Examina ainda de que modo as auto-percepções de competência das crianças reflectem o seu desempenho e/ ou as percepções dos educadores e dos colegas. Os participantes no estudo foram 47 crianças de cinco e seis anos de idade e as suas duas educadoras. As crianças foram avaliadas por testes e medidas de auto-percepção de competência em aprendizagem geral, linguagem, matemática e dese¬nho. As educadoras ordenaram cartões com o nome das crianças, da que julgavam ser “mais competente” para a que julgavam ser “menos compe¬tente” nos quatro domínios do estudo. Os resultados demonstraram que a representação implícita de inteligência das educadoras reflecte uma visão semelhante à indicada pelo teste de aprendizagem geral. A representação das educadoras sobre a capacidade geral das crianças para aprender é mais influenciada pela linguagem da criança do que pelas suas competências em matemática ou em desenho. Os resultados sugerem que as educadoras têm alguma influência na auto-percepção da criança como aprendiz. Sugerem ainda, que o modo como a criança se vê a si própria como “artista”, bem como a sua própria competência geral, influenciam a sua auto-percepção enquanto aprendiz.

Effects of age and gender on peripheral lymphocyte micronucleus

Aging in humans appears to be associated with genetic instability. The cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) is a comprehensive method for measuring chromosome breakage, DNA misrepair, chromosome loss, non-disjunction, necrosis, apoptosis and cytostasis. Age and gender are the most important demographic variables affecting the micronucleus (MN) index and studies report frequencies in females being greater than those in males by a factor of 1.2 to 1.6 depending on the age group. It has been shown that a higher MN frequency directly corresponds to a decreased efficiency of DNA repair and increased genome instability.

XRCC3241 Polymorphism influence on genotoxicity biomarkers frequency in workers occupationaly exposed to formaldehyde

Formaldehyde (FA) is ubiquitous in the environment and is a chemical agent that possesses high reactivity. Occupational exposure to FA has been shown to induce nasopharyngeal cancer and has been classified as carcinogenic to humans (group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals. The exposure to this substance is epidemiologically linked to cancer and nuclear changes detected by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test (CBMN). This method is extensively used in molecular epidemiology, since it determines several biomarkers of genotoxicity, such as micronucleus (biomarkers of chromosomes breakage or loss), nucleoplasmic bridges (biomarker of chromosome rearrangement, poor repair and / or telomeres fusion) and nuclear buds (biomarker of elimination of amplified DNA). The gene X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) is involved in homologous recombination repair of cross-links and chromosomal double-strand breaks and at least one polymorphism has been reported in codon 241, a substitution of a methionine for a threonine.

Effects of exposure to formaldehyde and tobacco smoking on genotoxicity biomarkers

Formaldehyde (FA) is a colour less gas widely used in the industry and hospitals as an aqueous solution, formalin. It is extremely reactive and induces various genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. Tobacco smoke has been epidemiologically associated to a higher risk of development of cancer, especially in the oral cavity, larynx and lungs, as these are places of direct contact with many carcinogenic tobacco’s compounds. Approximately 90% of human cancers originate from epithelial cells. Therefore, it could be argued that oral epithelial cells represent a preferred target site for early genotoxic events induced by carcinogenic agents entering the body via inhalation and ingestion. The cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) in human lymphocytes is one of the most commonly used methods for measuring DNA damage, namely the detection of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds.

Evaluation of the influence of the ADH3 ILE349VAL polymorphism in the frequency of genotoxicity biomarkers in workers exposed to formaldehyde and tobacco smoking

Formaldehyde (FA) is a colourless gas widely used in the industry and hospitals as an aqueous solution, formalin. It is extremely reactive and induces various genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. Tobacco smoke has been epidemiologically associated to a higher risk of development of cancer, especially in the oral cavity, larynx and lungs, as these are places of direct contact with many carcinogenic tobacco’s compounds. Genetic polymorphisms in enzymes involved in the metabolism are very important and can make changes in the individual susceptibility to disease. Alcohol dehydrogenase class 3 (ADH3), also known as formaldehyde dehydrogenase dependent of glutathione, is the major enzyme involved in the formaldehyde oxidation, especially in the buccal mucosa. The polymorphism in study is a substitution of an isoleucine for a valine in codon 349. The cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) in human lymphocytes is one of the most commonly used methods for measuring DNA damage, namely the detection of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds, classified as genotoxicity biomarkers.

Formaldehyde's genotoxicity effects in pathology anatomy technologists and medical pathologists

Formaldehyde (FA) had been considered to be carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (group1), on the basis of sufficient evidence both in humans and in experimental animals, making it a subject of major environmental concern, especially in the occupational context. Manifold in vitro studies clearly indicated that FA is genotoxic, inducing various genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. Cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay is used extensively in molecular epidemiology, and the chromosomal alterations most reported and studied by the CBMN are: micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) and nuclear buds (NBUDs). The pathology anatomy laboratories are work places that manipulate routinely FA and pathology anatomy technologists and pathologists contact daily with this chemical compound particularly in the macroscopic exam and grossing procedures. The aim of this study was to identify genotoxicity biomarkers in the set workers groups, such as micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) and nuclear buds (NBUD) in peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Alterações hematológicas em pacientes expostos cronicamente ao benzeno

Foram apresentadas as alterações hematológicas do sangue periférico e da medula óssea em pacientes expostos cronicamente ao benzeno. Foram descritos a biotransformação metabólica e os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos neste tipo de toxicidade. Os dados hematológicos do sangue periférico são mostrados e avaliados em sua importância, sendo a macrocitose e a linfocitopenia sinais precoces de toxicidade ao benzeno. As alterações da medula óssea observadas são demonstradas pelos métodos complementares citológico e histológico. A anormalidade histológica de maior importância foi a hipocelularidade global devida principalmente ao setor granulocítico. Foi observado também aumento do percentual de eosinófilos, de mastócitos e de atipias no setor megacariocítico. Foram observadas alterações de caráter inflamatório e ressaltada a presença de sinais de dismielopoiese. Foram enfatizadas a necessidade da valorização das alterações hematológicas do sangue periférico e a visão critica e global desse importante problema de saúde pública.

Occupational exposure to formaldehyde: effects of years of exposure in the frequency of micronucleus

Formaldehyde: an important industrial compound used in the manufacture of synthetic resins and chemical compounds such as lubricants and adhesives; also applied as a disinfectant, preservative and in cosmetics productions; relevant workplace exposure to FA also occurs in anatomy, pathology and in mortuaries; classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence in humans and experimental animals; manifold in vitro studies indicated that FA can induce genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. Aim of the study: to evaluate if years of exposure induced a genotoxic biomarkers increase, namely MN in lymphocytes and buccal cells, in workers occupationally exposed to FA (factory and pathology anatomy laboratory).

Interaction of formaldehyde and tobacco smoking in the frequency of micronucleus and the XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism

Formaldehyde is classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans (nasopharyngeal cancer). Tobacco smoke has been epidemiologically associated to a higher risk of development of cancer, especially in the oral cavity, larynx and lungs, as these are places of direct contact with many carcinogenic tobacco’s compounds. XRCC3 is involved in homologous recombination repair of cross-links and chromosomal double-strand breaks (Thr241Met polymorphism). The aim of the study is to determine whether there is an in vivo association between genetic polymorphism of the gene XRCC3 and the frequency of genotoxicity biomarkers in subjects exposed or not to formaldehyde and with or without tobacco consumption.

Competências dos ortoptistas no rastreio visual infantil

A identificação das competências profissionais do Ortoptista no contexto do rastreio visual infantil não se encontra suficientemente suportada em estudos de investigação. Que relação existe entre as competências e a prática destes profissionais? Qual a relação entre a aquisição das competências e a sua exequibilidade no contexto de trabalho? Que guias de orientação e que competências essenciais no campo de acção do rastreio visual infantil? Objectivo do estudo: analisar a relação entre as competências profissionais e a prática do Ortoptista no Rastreio Visual Infantil.

Associação da pressão arterial diastólica com o tempo acumulado de trabalho entre motoristas e cobradores

Pela técnica de regressão linear múltipla, estudou-se a relação existente entre pressão arterial diastólica e as variáveis "tempo total acumulado de trabalho como condutor de veículos coletivos urbanos" e "idade", em uma população de 839 motoristas e cobradores, usuários de um serviço de saúde ocupacional da cidade de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo (Brasil). Os principais resultados encontrados foram associação positiva entre a pressão arterial diastólica e o tempo acumulado de trabalho, bem como existência de uma interação entre esta variável e a idade dos condutores.

Toxicologia do tolueno: aspectos relacionados ao abuso

O tolueno está presente em muitos produtos de uso doméstico e industrial e é o principal solvente envolvido no abuso de substâncias e na exposição ocupacional. O problema mais grave no estudo de patologias relacionadas ao tolueno é que este está geralmente associado, em suas preparações comerciais, a outras substâncias. O potencial tóxico do tolueno foi abordado nos seguintes aspectos: parâmetros farmacológicos; características físico-químicas; exposição; estudos clínicos; diagnóstico; pesquisa experimental; tolerância e dependência; efeitos agudos e crônicos; neurotoxicidade; teratogenicidade; doenças psiquiátricas; carcinogenicidade e tratamento. Conclui-se ser de grande importância e urgência que se realizem estudos clínicos com amostras maiores para definição mais precisa das conseqüências do uso crônico

Effects of the interaction of tobacco smoke and alcohol consumption on buccal micronucleus in workers exposed occupationally to formaldehyde

Occupational exposure to formaldehyde (FA) has been shown to induce nasopharyngeal cancer and has been classified as carcinogenic to humans (group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence in humans. Tobacco smoke has been associated to a higher risk of development of cancer, especially in the oral cavity, larynx and lungs, as these are places of direct contact with many carcinogenic tobacco’s compounds. Alcohol is a recognized agent that influence cells in a genotoxic form, been citied as a strong agent with potential in the development of carcinogenic lesions. Epidemiological evidence points to a strong synergistic effect between cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in the induction of cancers in the oral cavity. Approximately 90% of human cancers originate from epithelial cells. Therefore, it could be argued that oral epithelial cells represent a preferred target site for early genotoxic events induced by carcinogenic agents entering the body via inhalation and ingestion. The MN assay in buccal cells was also used to study cancerous and precancerous lesions and to monitor the effects of a number of chemopreventive agents.

Polimorfismos genéticos no gene XRCC3 e dano no DNA em trabalhadores expostos ocupacionalmente a formaldeído

A exposição a formaldeído (FA), classificado como cancerígeno pela International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC), está epidemiologicamente associada a cancro e a alterações nucleares detectáveis pelo ensaio dos micronúcleos por bloqueio da citocinese (CBMN). Este método permite determinar vários marcadores de genotoxicidade, nomeadamente micronúcleos – biomarcadores de quebra ou perda de cromossomas; pontes nucleoplásmicas – biomarcador de re-arranjo cromossómico, pouca reparação e fusão de telómeros e, protusões nucleares – biomarcador de DNA amplificado. O gene X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) está envolvido na reparação de ligações cruzadas na recombinação de homólogos e quebras na cadeia dupla de DNA. Foi reportado pelo menos um polimorfismo no gene, o Thr241Met que tem sido associado a um aumento do dnao no DNA em vários estudos.

Micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes in formaldehyde occupationally exposed workers

Formaldehyde (CH2O) the most simple and reactive of all aldehydes, is a colorless, reactive and readily polymerizing gas at normal temperature. It has a pungent, suffocating odour that is recognized by most human subjects at concentrations below 1 ppm. According to the Report on Carcinogens, formaldehyde (FA) ranks 25th in the overall U.S. chemical production with more than 11 billion pounds (5 million tons) produced each year. Is an important industrial compound that is used in the manufacture of synthetic resins and chemical compounds such as lubricants and adhesives. It has also applications as a disinfectant, preservative and is used in cosmetics. Estimates of the number of persons who are occupationally exposed to FA indicate that, at least at low levels, may occur in a wide variety of industries. The occupational settings with most extensive use of formaldehyde is in the production of resins and in anatomy and pathology laboratories. Several studies reported a carcinogenic effect in humans after inhalation of FA, in particular an increased risk for nasopharyngeal cancer. Nowadays, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies FA as carcinogenic to humans (group 1), on the basis of sufficient evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals. Manifold in vitro studies clearly indicated that FA is genotoxic. FA induced various genotoxic effects in proliferatin cultured mammalian cells. A variety of evidence suggests that the primary DNA alterations after FA exposure are DNA-protein crosslinks (DPX). Incomplete repair of DPX can lead to the formation of mutations.