Quantificação do teor em metais em azeites e azeitonas da cv Cobrançosa

A olivicultura possui uma grande importância no cenário económico mundial, devido ao facto de a azeitona e o azeite fazerem parte da dieta alimentar de muitos países, especificamente os da região Mediterrânea. A “Cobrançosa” é uma cultivar Portuguesa com muita importância na região de Trás-os-Montes encontrando-se atualmente disseminada por seis regiões de Denominação de Origem Protegida. Os contaminantes emitidos para a atmosfera atingem as oliveiras e as azeitonas através da água, do ar, das plantas e do solo. Embora a ingestão de metais pesados através da azeitona e do azeite seja reduzida, a sua bioacumulação no organismo pode resultar em toxicidade e pôr em causa a saúde pública. É deste ponto de vista, que se centra o objetivo geral deste trabalho. Assim sendo, tentou-se quantificar o conteúdo de metais (de segurança e de qualidade), tais como o alumínio, arsénio, cádmio, chumbo, cálcio, cobalto, cobre, ferro, magnésio, manganês, sódio, níquel, e zinco nas azeitonas e azeites da cv “Cobrançosa” de seis clones em dois estados de maturação, com diferentes rendimentos de produção e diferentes atividades antioxidantes. Verificou-se que todos os metais analisados se encontram de acordo com o legislado e publicado por outros autores, verificando-se neste estudo particular que a componente genética que diferencia as amostras em estudo, não está significativamente relacionada com o conteúdo em metais.

Tratado breve y antorcha luminosa : que con sus luzes bellas nacidas de los mayores autores y de la experiencia ... se ven claramente los muchos asiertos y prodigiosos effectos de las sang. del tubillo minorativas y dieta /

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Obtenção e caracterização de complexos polieletrolíticos de quitosana e poli (metacrilato de sódio)

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) nanoparticles were prepared using chitosan and sodium polymethacrylate. The complex formation was investigated using turbidimetry, conductometry, viscometry, and dynamic light scattering. The presence of excess positive charges was evidenced by zeta potential measurements. The particle diameter was characterized by dynamic light scattering and the morphology by atomic force microscopy. In all experiments an abrupt change in behavior was observed at a carboxyl:amino molar ratio around 0.7−0.8. Those changes in behavior were related to a proposed mechanism of complex formation based on the decrease of macromolecular dimensions of soluble polyelectrolyte complex clusters, followed by phase segregation

Caracterização físico-química de sistemas micelares

The process of adsorption and micellization of the surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate, dodecylammonium chloride and hexaethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether in water-air interface has been studied using measurements of surface tension in aqueous media and NaCl 0.1 mol/L in temperatures of 25, 33 and 40 °C. From these data, critical micelle concentrations and thermodynamic parameters of micellization and adsorption were determined in order to elucidate the behaviors of micellization and adsorption for these surfactants in the proposed medium. For the determination of the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption we utilized the equations of isotherms of Langmuir and Gibbs. Γmáx values determined by the different equations were correlated to the explanation of results. Temperature and salinity were analyzed in terms of their influence on the micellization and adsorption process, and the results were explained based on intermolecular interactions. The values of Gmic have confirmed that the micelle formation for the surfactants studied occurs spontaneously

Remoção de metais utilizando o hexadecanoato de sódio

Industrial activities like mining, electroplating and the oil extraction process, are increasing the levels of heavy metals such as Cu, Fe, Mg and Cd in aquatic ecosystems. This increase is related to the discharge of effluents containing trace of this elements above the maximum allowed by law. Methods such as ion exchange, membrane filtration and chemical precipitation have been studied as a means of treatment of these metals contamination. The precipitation of metals using anionic surfactants derived from carboxylic acids emerged as an alternative for the removal of metals from industrial effluents. The reaction between bivalent ions and these types of surfactants in aqueous solution leads to the formation of metal carboxylates, which can precipitate in the form of flakes and are subsequently removed by a process of decantation or simple filtration. In this work the metals extraction is performed by using the surfactant sodium hexadecanoate as extracting agent. The main purpose was to study the effect of temperature, solution pH, and concentration of surfactant in the metal removal process. The statistical design of the process showed that the process is directly dependent to changes in pH and concentration of surfactant, but inversely proportional and somewhat dependent to temperature variation, with the latter effect being considered negligible in most cases. The individual study of the effect of temperature showed a strong dependence of the process with the Kraft point, both for the surfactant used as extracting agent, as for the surfactant obtained after the reaction of this surfactant with the metal. From data of temperatures and concentrations of the surfactant was possible to calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction between sodium hexadecanoate and copper ions. Later, thermodynamic parameters were determined, showing that the process is exothermic and spontaneous.

Avaliação da genotoxicidade em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos: impacto da dieta

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), present in 6-12% of women of reproductive age, the criterion of Rotterdam, is characterized by hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance (IR) and its inflammatory state, exacerbated by obesity and factors associated with the increase in damage DNA. Weight loss, combined with healthy eating, acts restoring the reproductive and metabolic functions in the SOP, though its influence in reducing DNA damage in PCOS are unknown. Aim: To investigate whether there are differences between DNA damage markers and factors of cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS and control, and evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional intervention in DNA damage markers and cardiometabolic risk markers in overweight and obese women with PCOS. Methods: the study was conducted in two studies and the participants were aged between 18 and 35 years. In the first study, a prospective case-control, were included 27 women diagnosed with PCOS and 20 controls. In the second study, clinical trial of nutritional intervention with 12-week calorie-restricted diet 500Kcal / day. The genotoxicity, DNA damage (intensity tail, tail moment and tail length) was evaluated by the comet assay. Anthropometric data, dietary intake, hormonal, biochemical and inflammatory were evaluated in different studies. Results: there was no significant difference between the DNA damage marker tail intensity (p = 0.18), tail moment (p = 0.76) and tail length (p = 0.109) in PCOS when compared to the control group. Data after nutritional intervention in PCOS women with overweight and obesity showed a decrease in DNA damage markers: tail intensity (24.35 ± 5.86 - pre-diet vs. 17.15 ± 5.04 -Post-diet) and tail moment (20.47 ± 7.85 - pre-diet vs. 14.13 ± 6.29 -post-diet) (p <0.001). Reduction of weight (3.5%) and decreased cardiometabolic markers IR and hyperandrogenism. Conclusion: women with PCOS have a worse cardiometabolic risk profile compared to control however similar genotoxicity identified by DNA damage. Nutritional intervention reduced the genotoxicity of overweight and obese women with PCOS, and reduce the factors of cardiometabolic risk.

Avaliação do efeito do liraglutida nos tecidos muscular e adiposo e nos parâmetros bioquímicos em camundongos Swiss submetidos à dieta de cafeteria e a atividade física

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by adipose tissue formation excess leading to an increase in body fat mass, of multifactorial origin, produced mainly by poor eating habits combined with a sedentary lifestyle. Data consider obesity as a serious disease that affects the world's population, ranking fifth in death rates. Faced with this situation, individuals seek, increasingly, means to lose weight with less physical effort and food. In 2009 and 2010 the drug liraglutide was lauched in order to reduce weight in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2, thus avoiding the emergence of other diseases. The aggravating factor is that obese nondiabetic individuals are making use of this substance, even if its use is not authorized by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency). Thus the objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of liraglutide for muscle or fat tissues and biochemical parameters in Swiss mice submitted to cafeteria diet and physical activity. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use - CEUA (nº003 Protocol / 2014). For this study 74 animals (Swiss mice) were used, divided as follows: in the initial phase of this study, we carried out a pilot study (n = 10) divided into a control group (PCON) (n = 5) and cafeteria group (PCAF) (n = 5), in order to evaluate a cafeteria diet which was both attractive to the animals and that could provide an increase in adipose tissue. After the induction of the diet, animals were euthanized and as a result, the animals in the PCAF group showed an intra-abdominal adiposity 0.74 ± 0.05 g, taken as the parameter for increasing fat in animals. Subsequently the study base was conducted for this research where animals were used (n = 64) divided into 2 groups: the Cafeteria Study Base Group (EBCAF) divided as follows: cafeteria + exercise + liraglutide (CEL) (n = 8), cafeteria + exercise + saline (CES) (n = 8), cafeteria + liraglutide (CL) (n = 8) and cafeteria + saline (CS) (n = 8). The Chow Study Base group (EBR) was divided into: exercise + liraglutide (EL) (n = 8), exercise + saline + (ES) (n = 8), liraglutide (L) (n = 8) and saline solution (SS) (n = 8). All animals went through the submission process to the cafeteria diet, followed by exercise protocol through swimming and treatment with the test substance intraperitoneally (200 mg / mL / kg). After the treatments, the animals were euthanized and had the following parameters evaluated: the muscle tissue mass, adipose tissue mass and biochemical parameters. It was observed that the processing done with the exercise-associated liraglutide reduced adipose tissue mass significantly (0.32 ± 0.05 g) compared to the saline group (0.53 ± 0.07 g). There were no changes in the muscle tissue of the group which was treated and exercised (1.39 ± 0.03 g) compared to the saline group (1.33 ± 0.03 g). Regarding biochemical parameters it was evident that there were changes in these parameters. Interesting to note that, although blood glucose values have been changed, the animals did not become diabetic. Thus, it appears that physical activity together with liraglutide is eficcient to the loss of intraabdominal adipose tissue and the maintenance of lean body mass thereby generating a satisfactory result in the pursuit of quality of life and disease prevention.

Avaliação do efeito do liraglutida nos tecidos muscular e adiposo e nos parâmetros bioquímicos em camundongos Swiss submetidos à dieta de cafeteria e a atividade física

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by adipose tissue formation excess leading to an increase in body fat mass, of multifactorial origin, produced mainly by poor eating habits combined with a sedentary lifestyle. Data consider obesity as a serious disease that affects the world's population, ranking fifth in death rates. Faced with this situation, individuals seek, increasingly, means to lose weight with less physical effort and food. In 2009 and 2010 the drug liraglutide was lauched in order to reduce weight in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2, thus avoiding the emergence of other diseases. The aggravating factor is that obese nondiabetic individuals are making use of this substance, even if its use is not authorized by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency). Thus the objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of liraglutide for muscle or fat tissues and biochemical parameters in Swiss mice submitted to cafeteria diet and physical activity. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use - CEUA (nº003 Protocol / 2014). For this study 74 animals (Swiss mice) were used, divided as follows: in the initial phase of this study, we carried out a pilot study (n = 10) divided into a control group (PCON) (n = 5) and cafeteria group (PCAF) (n = 5), in order to evaluate a cafeteria diet which was both attractive to the animals and that could provide an increase in adipose tissue. After the induction of the diet, animals were euthanized and as a result, the animals in the PCAF group showed an intra-abdominal adiposity 0.74 ± 0.05 g, taken as the parameter for increasing fat in animals. Subsequently the study base was conducted for this research where animals were used (n = 64) divided into 2 groups: the Cafeteria Study Base Group (EBCAF) divided as follows: cafeteria + exercise + liraglutide (CEL) (n = 8), cafeteria + exercise + saline (CES) (n = 8), cafeteria + liraglutide (CL) (n = 8) and cafeteria + saline (CS) (n = 8). The Chow Study Base group (EBR) was divided into: exercise + liraglutide (EL) (n = 8), exercise + saline + (ES) (n = 8), liraglutide (L) (n = 8) and saline solution (SS) (n = 8). All animals went through the submission process to the cafeteria diet, followed by exercise protocol through swimming and treatment with the test substance intraperitoneally (200 mg / mL / kg). After the treatments, the animals were euthanized and had the following parameters evaluated: the muscle tissue mass, adipose tissue mass and biochemical parameters. It was observed that the processing done with the exercise-associated liraglutide reduced adipose tissue mass significantly (0.32 ± 0.05 g) compared to the saline group (0.53 ± 0.07 g). There were no changes in the muscle tissue of the group which was treated and exercised (1.39 ± 0.03 g) compared to the saline group (1.33 ± 0.03 g). Regarding biochemical parameters it was evident that there were changes in these parameters. Interesting to note that, although blood glucose values have been changed, the animals did not become diabetic. Thus, it appears that physical activity together with liraglutide is eficcient to the loss of intraabdominal adipose tissue and the maintenance of lean body mass thereby generating a satisfactory result in the pursuit of quality of life and disease prevention.

Biomarcadores de luteína, zeaxantina y otros carotenoides en la relación dieta y salud ocular humana

El estudio de la relación entre componentes de la dieta y la salud/enfermedad utiliza métodos de valoración de la ingesta dietética, del estatus nutricional y de marcadores de función o de efecto. En concreto, en el estudio de los carotenoides y la salud ocular, interesa el estudio de dos carotenoides sin actividad provitamina A, la luteína y la zeaxantina, por su posible papel en la optimización de la función visual y en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas asociadas a la edad, y de tres carotenoides con actividad provitamina A: -caroteno, -caroteno y -criptoxantina, por ser precursores de retinol, nutriente del que depende el ciclo visual para una visión normal. En el presente trabajo se ha llevado a cabo el estudio de los carotenoides de la dieta más relevantes para la salud ocular humana considerando de forma simultánea parámetros relacionados con la ingesta, el estatus y la función visual, así como diversas variables que pueden modificar el estatus nutricional, como son la concentración de lípidos en sangre, y la bioaccesibilidad de los carotenoides a partir de alimentos de amplio consumo...

Situación nutricional y antioxidante de un colectivo de escolares españoles. Diferencias en función de la capacidad antioxidante de su dieta y de su composición corporal

La etapa infantil tiene una gran importancia desde el punto de vista nutricional, para el presente y futuro de los individuos. La alimentación equilibrada desempeña un papel fundamental en el crecimiento y desarrollo del niño, permitiendo mantener un estado de salud óptimo y mejorando su calidad de vida. Además, en la edad infantil se establecen gran parte de los hábitos y estilos de vida que persistirán a lo largo de toda la vida, entre ellos se establecen y conforman los hábitos alimentarios y las bases de la educación nutricional. En un metabolismo aeróbico, como el que caracteriza al cuerpo humano, se precisa del oxígeno para la mayoría de los procesos biológicos cuyo fin último es obtener energía, es decir, se produce la oxidación de los diferentes sustratos para obtener dicha energía a través de diferentes rutas metabólicas. Esta utilización de oxígeno en los procesos metabólicos, implica inevitablemente la formación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO) o radicales libres, que favorecen los procesos de oxidación. Para compensar estos procesos, existen en el cuerpo humano una serie de sistemas de protección antioxidante que permiten la eliminación o transformación de las ERO en moléculas estables. Los sistemas biológicos están, por lo tanto, en un estado de equilibrio entre sustancias prooxidantes y su capacidad antioxidante. El desequilibrio a favor de la acción prooxidante es lo que se conoce como "estrés oxidativo", que puede conducir al daño celular y tisular, y finalmente al desarrollo de diferentes enfermedades: cáncer, arteriosclerosis, infarto de miocardio, procesos de isquemia/reperfusión, diabetes mellitus, asfixia neonatal, enfermedades inflamatorias, trastornos del sistema nervioso central, envejecimiento, ... Dentro de la alimentación encontramos nutrientes que median en este equilibrio oxidante-antioxidante, habiendo nutrientes que participan en el sistema de defensa antioxidante (vitamina C y E, carotenoides, flavonoides, melanoidinas, selenio, zinc..) y también sustancias que pueden actuar como prooxidantes (exceso de lípidos, proteínas, hierro o cobre)...

Estimación de la porción habitual de vino servida en hostelería: punto de partida para una estandarización de la ración dentro de una dieta saludable

España, al igual que la práctica totalidad de los países europeos del Mediterráneo, es un país de importante tradición vitivinícola. El consumo de vino forma parte de las costumbres, de la llamada ‘dieta mediterránea’ y tiene un significativo papel en diversos sectores económicos de gran importancia, como turismo, restauración, y ocio. Existen un numero importante de datos, en las dos últimas décadas, que indican que los patrones de bebida continúan variando en España, como también lo hacen en otros países del área mediterránea. Asimismo, en los últimos años también han aparecido numerosos artículos que sugieren que el consumo moderado de alcohol reduce la mortalidad global y que el del vino en particular, debido a sus componentes polifenolicos, tiene una incidencia, en numerosos procesos oxidatívos del organismo. Así, sin negar la toxicidad incuestionable del alcohol en exceso, se han realizado múltiples estudios para demostrar los potenciales efectos beneficiosos de las bebidas alcohólicas y del vino en particular, consumido con moderación, y promover este consumo moderado. Sin embargo en la mayoría de estos estudios, no se tiene, en cuenta, la complejidad de los constituyentes del vino y en particular de los polifenoles, que es dependiente de las uvas de las que procede, de su grado de madurez, del clima, de los suelos vitivinícolas donde se encuentra ubicado el viñedo y de la vinificación y crianza que ha seguido el vino. Existe una incidencia de la estructura polifenólica sobre la biodisponibilidad de los mismos y por tanto también sobre sus posibles efectos...

Estudo das alterações hematológicas e urinárias em cães em diferentes estágios de disfunção renal e avaliação do biomarcador cistatina C

Chapter 2 - Cystatin C is a cationic protein is not glycosylated, produced a steady state for all nucleated and present in biological fluids cells being freely filtered by the glomeruli and almost completely catabolized in the proximal tubule, it is a promising early renal dysfunction marker. This study aimed to determine and compare the serum concentration of cystatin C biomarker in 86 dogs. The animals were divided into four groups according to serum creatinine levels: G1 - up. 1.4 mg / dL (23 animals), G2 - 1.5-2.0 mg / dL (16 animals), G3 - 2.1 to 5.0 mg / dL (24 animals) and G4 - above 5.1 mg / dL (23 animals). There was the measurement of the parameters used in the clinical routine of small animals such as urea, urinary gamma glutamyl transferase, proteinuria, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, calcium/phosphorus ratio and cystatin C. There was no statistical difference for urea, proteinuria, phosphorus, calcium/phosphorus, potassium and cystatin C, however, the other showed no statistical difference. Based on the results we can infer that cystatin C was not a good early indicator of kidney disease in dogs. Chapter 3 - This study aimed to determine the hematological and urinalysis elements such as density, proteinuria, cylinders and pH in 86 dogs The animals were divided into four stages according to serum creatinine levels: I - up to 1.4 mg/dL (23 animals), II - 1.5-2.0 mg/dL (16 animals), III from 2.1 to 5.0 mg/dL (24 animals) and IV - above 5.1 mg/dL (23 animals). In stage III, IV there was anemia normocytic normochromic type. Stage II had a leukocytosis frame by neutrophilia with a regenerative left shift and stage III and IV detour degenerative left. The density remained within the reference values all stages. Proteinuria showed statistical significance for the classification 2+ (1.0 g/L), between stage I and II, II and IV. Only the cylinder granular statistical difference in the classification 2+ between stage II and III, and 3+ between stage I and III. The prevailing pH was acid. The haematological values compared to serum creatinine stages showed the changes in hemoglobin and packed cell volume erythrocytes become more pronounced as serum creatinine values rise , this is also the behavior of neutrophils rods and proteinuria.

¿Realmente importa tanto el tamaño? II: La dieta de dos especies del género Tarentola en el Sáhara Occidental

[ES] La Seguiat el Hamra es una cuenca hidrográfica árida situada en el extremo occidental del desierto del Sáhara. Si en su desembocadura la influencia del Océano Atlántico determina temperaturas tamponadas y cierta humedad ambiental, al este de Smara (26º44’29”N / 11º40’24”O) las condiciones bioclimáticas se endurecen (Ozenda, 1991), provocando un significativo cambio en la composición de las comunidades de vertebrados (Valverde, 1957; Geniez et al., 2004).