Phenotypic and genotypic variant of MDR-Mycobacterium tuberculosis multiple isolates in the same tuberculosis episode, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Assuming that the IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) changes at a constant rate of 3.2 years, this methodology was applied to demonstrate, for the first time, variant patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in multiple isolates obtained at short time intervals from sputum and blood of an HIV+ patient with multiple admissions to the Emergency Room and to the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Reference Center of a secondary-care hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In sputum, the IS6110-RFLP appeared in isolates with two variant patterns with 10 and 13 IS6110 copies. However, blood presented only the pattern corresponding to 10 copies, suggesting compartmentalization. With regard to the exact match of 10 of 13 bands, this may be a subpopulation with the same clonal origin and this may be related to the IS6110 transposition. A susceptibility test demonstrated an MDR profile (INH R, RIF R, SM R, and EMB R), with the sputum isolate also exhibiting EMB S (R = resistant; S = sensitive). A gene mutation confirmed resistance only to streptomycin. There was agreement between the results of the phenotypic test and the clinical response to MDR-TB treatment, suggesting serious implications with regard to treatment administration based exclusively on molecular methods, and calling attention to the fact that more effective control strategies against the emergence of MDR strains must be implemented by the TB control program to prevent transmission of MDR-MTB strains at health facilities in areas highly endemic for TB.

Diphtheria toxin IgG levels in military and civilian blood donors in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Serologic data on diseases that are preventable by vaccines are necessary to evaluate the success of immunization programs and to identify susceptible subgroups. In the present study, we determined serum IgG levels against diphtheria toxin of military and civilian blood donors (N = 75; 69.3% males and 30.7% females) aged 18-64 years, from the Brazilian Army Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro, using a commercial diphtheria kit (Diphtheria IgG ELISA; IBL, Germany). Most (63%) unprotected military donors were from the older age group of 41 to 64 years. In contrast, the majority (71%) of young military donors (18 to 30 years) were fully protected. About half of the military donors aged 31 to 40 years were protected against diphtheria. Among the civilians, about 50% of persons aged 18 to 30 years and 31 to 40 years had protective antibody levels against diphtheria as also did 64% of individuals aged 41 to 64 years. All civilians had a similar antibody response (geometric mean = 0.55 IU/mL) independent of age group. Military donors aged 18-30 years had higher IgG levels (geometric mean = 0.82 IU/mL) than military donors of 41-64 years (geometric mean = 0.51 IU/mL; P > 0.05). In conclusion, the existence of a considerable proportion of susceptible adults supports the position that reliable data on the immune status of the population should be maintained routinely and emphasizes the importance of adequate immunization during adulthood.

Human papillomavirus infection among sexual partners attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cervical cancer is a major source of illness and death among women worldwide and genital infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) its principal cause. There is evidence of the influence of the male factor in the development of cervical neoplasia. Nevertheless, the pathogenic processes of HPV in men are still poorly understood. It has been observed that different HPV types can be found among couples. The objective of the present study was to investigate HPV infections in female patients (n = 60 females/group) as well as in their sexual partners and to identify the concordance of HPV genotypes among them. By using the polymerase chain reaction, we detected a 95% prevalence of HPV DNA in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) compared to 18.3% in women with normal cervical epithelium, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The HPV DNA prevalence was 50% in male partners of women with CIN and 16.6% in partners of healthy women. In the control group (healthy women), only 9 couples were simultaneously infected with HPV, and only 22.2% of them had the same virus type, showing a weak agreement rate (kappa index = 0.2). Finally, we observed that HPV DNA was present in both partners in 30 couples if the women had CIN, and among them, 53.3% shared the same HPV type, showing moderate agreement, with a kappa index of 0.5. This finding supports the idea of circulation and recirculation of HPV among couples, perpetuating HPV in the sexually active population, rather than true recurrences of latent infections.

AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DE MANTEIGAS TIPO EXTRA COMERCIALIZADAS NO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO

A manteiga é um produto gorduroso onde a fase aquosa está dispersa na fase oleosa formando emulsão do tipo água/óleo. As análises físicas e químicas revelam se a fase oleosa apresenta alterações decorrentes de hidrólise, rancificação ou adulteração. A adição de outras gorduras na manteiga provoca alterações em seus índices físicos e químicos. Para avaliar a qualidade de manteigas tipo extra com sal comercializadas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, cinco marcas nacionais e duas importadas, totalizando 66 amostras, foram submetidas às análises de acidez, índice de peróxidos, índice de iodo, teor de umidade, teor de cloreto de sódio e composição em ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução. A acidez das amostras variou de 0,76 a 2,03 ml SN%; o índice de peróxidos de 0,15 a 3,82 meq peróxidos/kg gordura; o índice de iodo de 20,76 a 53,46 g I2/100g gordura; o teor de umidade de 11,3 a 20,3%; o teor de cloreto de sódio de 0,14 a 2,21%; a composição em % dos principais ácidos graxos foi C14:0 (9,7-12,1%); C16:0 (22,0-26,1%; C18:0 (9,6-11,7%) e C18:1 (21,9-24,2%. Os resultados das amostras foram comparados com o RIISPOA (1952) e com a Portaria n0. 146/96 do MAARA. Todas as amostras analisadas estavam com a acidez dentro dos padrões; 85,5% estavam com índice de peróxidos acima do permitido; 15,2% estavam fora dos limites de índice de iodo; 34,8% estavam com excesso de umidade e 7,5% estavam com o teor de cloreto de sódio acima do permitido. A composição em ácidos graxos estava dentro dos padrões.

Detection of enterotoxins produced by B. cereus through PCR analysis of ground and roasted coffee samples in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Coffee is one of the most appreciated drinks in the world. Coffee ground is obtained from the fruit of a small plant that belongs to the genus Coffea. Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora robusta are the two most commercially important species. They are more commonly known as arabica and robusta, respectively. Two-thirds of Coffea arabica plants are grown in South and Central America, and Eastern Africa - the place of origin for this coffee species. Contamination by microorganisms has been a major matter affecting coffee quality in Brazil, mainly due to the harvesting method adopted. Brazilian harvests are based on fruits collected from the ground mixed with those that fall on collection cloths. As the Bacillus cereus bacterium frequently uses the soil as its environmental reservoir, it is easily capable of becoming a contaminant. This study aimed to evaluate the contamination and potential of B. cereus enterotoxin genes encoding the HBL and NHE complexes, which were observed in strains of ground and roasted coffee samples sold in Rio de Janeiro. The PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) results revealed high potential of enterotoxin production in the samples. The method described by Speck (1984) was used for the isolation of contaminants. The investigation of the potential production of enterotoxins through isolates of the microorganism was performed using the B. cereus enterotoxin Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination test-kit (BCET-RPLA, Oxoid), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The potential of enterotoxin production was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for hblA, hblD and hblC genes (encoding hemolysin HBL) and for nheA, nheB and nheC genes (encoding non-hemolytic enterotoxin - NHE). Of all the 17 strains, 100% were positive for at least 1 enterotoxin gene; 52.9% (9/17) were positive for the 3 genes encoding the HBL complex; 35.3% (6/17) were positive for the three NHE encoding genes; and 29.4% (5/17) were positive for all enterotoxic genes.

Une urbanisation de corps et d'esprit : sécurité, civilisation et rendement dans une favela de Rio de Janeiro

Ce mémoire interroge l’histoire, l’articulation pratique et les effets de ce que l’on appelle actuellement au Brésil «l’urbanisation intégratrice», un type d’intervention étatique dans les favelas (bidonvilles) de Rio de Janeiro. Il s’agit d’une énième tentative de régler le «problème de la favela», consistant en l’urbanisation de son territoire (insertion d’infrastructure publique, consolidation du cadre bâti) et la légalisation de son statut et de ses pratiques (octroi de droits de propriété foncière et insertion de règlementation publique). Officiellement, c’est une manière de mettre fin à l’exclusion dont les populations faveladas sont victimes depuis l’apparition des favelas à Rio. L’analyse est faite à partir de l’étude du PAC-Favelas, un programme du gouvernement fédéral lancé en 2008, et son application dans la favela Rocinha. Il est proposé de considérer l’urbanisation intégratrice en tant que dispositif sécuritaire ou biopolitique, c’est-à-dire en tant qu’appareil de gouvernement de la population locale. À travers le projet, on planifie de formaliser les conduites, d’accroître la circulation des ressources, de transformer les perceptions des résidents, de contenir les excès et les risques associés à la favela et de tendre vers la prise en charge entièrement planifiée – en un mot, d’assurer le passage vers l’intervention permanente. Concrètement, cela revient pour l’État à procéder à une sélection, par des moyens légitimés ou indirects (le plan, la loi, le marché), des individus et des pratiques désormais admissibles sur le territoire. L’espace se raréfie, le contrôle augmente et les prix montent : ne peut demeurer que celui qui a déjà atteint un certain niveau de stabilité, reléguant les plus précaires à devoir progressivement quitter le territoire. Urbaniser la Rocinha, c’est un peu forcer son embourgeoisement en la rendant enfin sécurisée, civilisée et rentable.

La culture comme ressource : des groupes musicaux populaires au sein du processus de réaménagement urbain à Rio de Janeiro

Ce projet de maîtrise porte sur l’interaction entre les acteurs locaux liés à la musique populaire et l’administration publique dans le cadre du projet public-privé de réaménagement du port de Rio de Janeiro intitulé Porto Maravilha. Le travail de recherche s’est axé sur l’idée que cette interaction serait essentiellement fondée sur la façon dont la “culture” est comprise et utilisée comme ressource capable d’ajouter de la valeur à l’espace urbain, différencier les groupes entre eux et apporter une sustentation au processus d’autonomisation et de légitimation des acteurs. De nouveaux paradigmes urbanistiques, tel celui de “ville créative” (Landry, 2005), proposent d’intégrer la culture locale dans l’élaboration et l’exécution des projets avec la participation d’artistes qui sont perçus comme une source de créativité fondamentale pour rendre la ville plus compétitive dans un monde devenu de plus en plus urbain. Dans cette veine, le projet Porto Maravilha s’inspire franchement des cas de succès de rénovation urbaine créative, stimulant la culture locale et idéalisant le port de Rio comme une “nouvelle carte postale du Brésil”. En partant de la constatation que les acteurs sociaux locaux identifient le potentiel de leurs activités culturelles comme une ressource importante dans ce contexte, nous analysons tout autant les stratégies et les discours élaborés que les ressources dont ils disposent afin d’affirmer leur agentivité. Au-delà de l’action intentionnelle, nous effectuons également des analyses de leurs pratiques culturelles au quotidien en recherchant les éléments qui les constituent. Nous questionnons, par ailleurs, la manière avec laquelle les administrateurs du projet comprennent ces activités musicales et comment ils gèrent les demandes sociales et les contributions créatives de ces groupes.

O perfil dos alunos de administra????o matriculados nas disciplinas da ??rea cont??bil : o caso do Centro de Educa????o a Dist??ncia do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (CEDERJ)

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Design factors affecting the success of settlement upgrading projects. Favela Bairro Program, Rio de Janeiro

One of the main stated objectives of the Favela Bairro program was to allow squatter settlements to become part of the formal city. The focus of the study is to assess how different project solutions in the Favela Bairro program have used urban design tools to achieve this objective. A subsequent question concerns the extent to which urban design factors helped to improve the social integration of the settlements, and specifically to overcome poverty and exclusion conditions.This bring us to a another group of problems related to indicators to measure the attainment of these objectives from four perspectives: Spatial, Social, Economical and Political (citizenship and participation)This analysis highlights the major difficulties confronted by the design teams, and allows pinpointing the positive and negative impacts of the interventions on the communities and the city

Potential vectors and hosts of rickettsia spp: epidemiological studies in the Vale do Paraiba, state of Rio de Janeiro/Brazil

FAPESP

STRUCTURE OF THE SHRUB-ARBOREAL COMPONENT OF AN ATLANTIC FOREST FRAGMENT ON A HILLOCK IN THE CENTRAL LOWLAND OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The present study describes and evaluates the horizontal and vertical structures of a lowland forest fragment on a hillock in the municipality of Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (22 degrees 31`56 `` S and 42 degrees 20`46 `` W). Twenty plots (10x2m) totaling 0.5ha were laid out following the slope grade using DBH >= 5cm as the inclusion criterion. A total of 734 individuals were encountered, yielding a total density of 1468 ind./ha and a total basal area of 10783m(2). The richness values (129 species/41 families), Shannon-Wiener diversity (4.22) and equitability (0.87) indices indicated an accentuated floristic heterogeneity and low ecological dominance. Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae showed the greatest species richness, corroborating other studies that indicated these species as the most representative of Atlantic Forest areas in southeastern Brazil. The species with the greatest importance values (VI) were Aparisthmium cordatum, Guapira opposita, Lacistema pubescens, Xylopia sericea, Tapirira guianensis and Piptocarpha macropoda. The high diversity observed was influenced by earlier anthropogenic actions and by the current successional stage. The forest fragment studied demonstrated closer floristic similarity to areas inventoried in a close-by biological reserve than to fragments dispersed throughout the coastal plain. Similarities in soil type, degree of soil saturation and use-history of forest resources all support these relationships. The fragmented physiognomy of the central lowland in this region and the use-history of the landscape make these small remnant forest areas important in terms of establishing strategies for landscape restoration and species conservation.