Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among different exposure categories in the State of Pará, Brazilian Amazon

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies concerning HCV genotypic distribution in the Brazilian Amazon are scarce. Thus, this study determined the patterns of distribution of HCV genotypes among different exposure categories in the State of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 312 HCV-infected individuals belonging to different categories of exposure, who were attended at the HEMOPA, CENPREN and a private hemodialysis clinic in Belém. They were tested for HCV antibodies using an immunoenzymatic test, RNA-HCV, using real-time PCR and HCV genotyping through phylogenetic analysis of the 5' UTR. The population groups were epidemiologically characterized according to data collected in a brief interview or medical consultation. RESULTS: Genotype 1 predominated in all the different categories of HCV exposure. HCV genotypic distribution among blood donors comprised genotypes 1 (94%) and 3 (6%). All patients with chronic hematologic diseases had HCV genotype 1. The genotypic distribution in illicit-drug users comprised genotypes 1 (59.6%) and 3 (40.4%). In patients under hemodialysis, genotypes 1 (90.1%), 2 (3.3%), and 3 (6.6%) were detected. Finally, the frequency of genotypes 1 and 3 was significantly different between the groups: BD and DU, PUH and DU, PUH and PCHD and PCHD and DU. CONCLUSIONS: The genotypic frequency and distribution of HCV in different categories of exposure in the State of Pará showed a predominance of genotype 1, regardless of the possible risk of infection.

Avaliação clínica e micológica de onicomicose em pacientes brasileiros com HIV/AIDS

INTRODUÇÃO: Onicomicoses são comuns em pacientes imunocomprometidos embora espécies emergentes tenham sido verificadas, modificado o perfil epidemiológico desta micose. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar o perfil clínico e micológico da onicomicose em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV/AIDS. MÉTODOS: Amostras clínicas foram coletadas, processados para exame direto e a cultura mantida a temperatura de 30°C e 37ºC durante 15 dias. RESULTADOS: Dos 100 pacientes, 32 apresentavam onicomicose. Os agentes isolados foram Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Fusarium solani, Scytalidium hialinum, S. japonicum, Aspergillus niger, Cylindrocarpon destructans e Phialophora reptans. CONCLUSÕES: Onicomicoses em HIV/AIDS apresentam variadas manifestações clínicas e podem ser causadas por fungos emergentes. As peculiaridades apresentadas pelos diferentes agentes de origem fúngica justificam a necessidade de identificação ao nível da espécie, com a finalidade de orientar uma melhor abordagem terapêutica e minimizar a exposição desses pacientes a condições de risco de uma infecção disseminada.

Hepatite C e gestação: análise de fatores associados à transmissão vertical

INTRODUÇÃO: Informações sobre hepatite C durante a gestação em serviços brasileiros são escassas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os fatores associados à transmissão vertical do vírus da hepatite C em gestantes. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, transversal, realizado em gestantes procedentes do município de Campo Grande/MS, que apresentaram sorologia reagente e confirmada para VHC, no período de 2002 a 2005. Considerou-se transmissão vertical sorologia VHC positiva por ELISA, confirmada com PCR, após os 18 meses de vida do recém-nascido. Considerou-se fatores associados a TV: tipo de parto, tempo de rotura de membranas, amamentação, histórico de transfusões sanguíneas prévias, uso de drogas ilícitas, número de parceiros sexuais e presença de tatuagens pelo corpo. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se 58 gestantes portadoras do VHC, revelando prevalência de infecção de 0,2% (58/31.187). Das 58 pacientes, 23 (39,6%) preencheram os critérios de inclusão no estudo. A taxa de TV foi de 13% (3/23), sendo os subtipos virais mais frequentes: 1a (53%), 1b (30%), 2b (4%) e 3a (13%). Duas (8,7%) pacientes apresentaram co-infecção pelo HIV. Houve associação (p < 0,05) entre TV e carga viral elevada (> 2,5x10(6)) e entre TV e uso de drogas ilícitas pela mãe (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo demonstra que elevada viremia materna e o uso de drogas ilícitas pela mãe associam-se a transmissão materno-fetal do VHC.

Hepatitis B and C virus infection among Brazilian Amazon riparians

INTRODUCTION: Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern in Brazil. There are few past studies on this issue, especially among riparian communities. This study aims at determining the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis B and C in the riparian community of Pacuí Island, within the Cametá municipality of Pará State, Brazil. Moreover, this study aims to investigate the principal risk factors that this community is exposed to. METHODS: The current study has accessed blood samples from 181 volunteers who have answered an epidemiological questionnaire. Analyses on serological markers have been tested with commercial ELISA kits for detecting HBsAg, total anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and anti-HCV. Within seroreactive patients for HCV, RT-PCR and line probe assay have been performed to identify the viral genotype. RESULTS: In the serological marker analysis for hepatitis B, no reactivity for HBsAg, rate of 1.1% for total anti-HBc, and rate of 19.3% for anti-HBs have been observed. On hepatitis C, 8.8% seroprevalence has been found, in which 62.5% have gotten viral RNA. Among the risk factors studied, the following have been highlighted: non-use of condoms, sharing of cutting instruments, use of illicit drugs, and reports of family disease with HBV or HCV. CONCLUSIONS: The vaccination coverage against HBV is low, and the high prevalence of HCV within this community has been observed.

Caracterização do vírus da hepatite C em pacientes com hepatite crônica: genótipos no Estado do Amazonas, Brasil

INTRODUÇÃO: No Estado do Amazonas, os dados sobre a prevalência dos genótipos do vírus da hepatite C ainda são escassos. MÉTODOS: Os genótipos do VHC foram determinados em 69 pacientes da Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas - FMT-AM. O RNA do VHC foi detectado pela técnica de RT-PCR, utilizando-se iniciadores HC11/HC18 para a região 5'não traduzida. RESULTADOS: Dos 69 pacientes, 65,2% era do sexo masculino e 34,8% do feminino. O genótipo 1 foi o mais prevalente, seguidos dos 3 e 2. CONCLUSÕES: Estes dados sugerem que Manaus é uma porta de entrada do vírus VHC no Estado do Amazonas.

Liver fibrosis progression in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected patients with normal aminotransferases levels

INTRODUCTION: Approximately 30% of hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfected patients present persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Most of these patients have a slow progression of liver fibrosis. Studies have demonstrated the rate of liver fibrosis progression in hepatitis C virus-human immunodeficiency virus (HCV-HIV) coinfected patients is faster than in patients infected only by HCV. Few studies have evaluated the histological features of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients with normal ALT levels. METHODS: HCV-HIV coinfected patients (HCV-RNA and anti-HIV positive) with known time of HCV infection (intravenous drugs users) were selected. Patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive or hepatitis C treatment before liver biopsy were excluded. Patients were considered to have a normal ALT levels if they had at least 3 normal determinations in the previous 6 months prior to liver biopsy. All patients were submitted to liver biopsy and METAVIR scale was used. RESULTS: Of 50 studied patients 40 (80%) were males. All patients were treated with antiretroviral therapy. The ALT levels were normal in 13 (26%) patients. HCV-HIV co-infected patients with normal ALT levels had presented means of the liver fibrosis stages (0.77±0.44 versus 1.86±1.38; p<0.001) periportal inflammatory activity (0.62±0.77 versus 2.24±1.35; p<0.001) and liver fibrosis progression rate (0.058±0.043 fibrosis unit/year versus 0.118±0.102 fibrosis unit/year) significantly lower as compared to those with elevated ALT. CONCLUSIONS: HCV-HIV coinfected patients with persistently normal ALTs showed slower progression of liver fibrosis. In these patients the development of liver cirrhosis is improbable.

Quality of life of patients with hepatitis C

INTRODUCTION: Self-report on the quality of life (QOL) is increasingly studied in the evaluation of various diseases, especially in chronic ones. However, there are few data in the literature focusing the QOL of patients living with chronic hepatitis C. The objective of this study was to evaluate the QOL in patients with hepatitis C assessed by the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL)-bref scale. METHODS: One hundred and eight hepatitis C patients attending the Outpatient Healthcare Medical Specialties in Tubarão, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, were contacted from May 2010 to February 2011. Patients answered the WHOQOL-bref scale and a questionnaire about their treatment and risk factors to hepatitis C virus (VHC) infection. RESULTS: Although most of patients with chronic hepatitis C considered their QoL good or very good (58.1%), 47 (44.8%) patients were poorly or very poorly satisfied with their health. About the WHOQOL answers, the environment domain had the highest score (25.15 + 5.77), while the lowest score was the social relationships domain (9.19 + 2.5). There was statistically significant association between household income and quality of life in all domains (p<0.001) and statistically significant association between education and the physical, psychological and social domains of quality of life (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the answers given in WHOQOL-bref, patients with chronic hepatitis C have a generally poor QOL, especially in social relationship domain. Household income and educational level were factors that interfered significantly with patients' QOL assessment.

Transplantação hepática no C. H. Porto

RESUMO - Contexto: a actividade de transplantação hepática envolve um número considerável de profissionais multidisciplinares e, possui uma alocação de verbas importante do ponto de vista do administrador hospitalar. Estudar e analisar a actividade de transplantação hepática no Centro Hospitalar do Porto (CHP), é por isso, objecto do trabalho. Objectivos: Efectuar uma análise custo/proveito do processo de transplantação hepática para o CHP nos anos de 2010, 2011 e 2012 e, caracterizar a população em estudo com o maior número de variáveis possível. Metodologia: Seleccionou-se para análise os pacientes com o Grupo de Diagnóstico Homogéneo (GDH) 480 que realizaram transplante hepático entre 1 de Janeiro de 2010 até 30 de Junho de 2012 de modo a quantificar os custos e proveitos dos 161 pacientes desde a fase pré-transplante, passando pelo internamento até aos 6 meses após a alta hospitalar da fase pós-transplante. Na análise de custos da fase pré-transplante consideraram-se os custos com recursos humanos (RH) médicos das consultas e o custo com meios complementares de diagnóstico e terapêutica (MCDT’s). Na fase de internamento considerou-se os custos relativos à cirurgia (RH e material de consumo clinico e farmacológico) e diárias de internamento. Para a fase pós-transplante contabilizou-se os custos relativos a RH médicos das consultas, o custo com MCDT’s e fármacos. O apuramento de proveitos decorreu do contrato programa da instituição, da Portaria 839-A/2009 de 31 de Julho para o cálculo pelo peso relativo do transplante hepático, pelo Despacho nº 19964/2008 de 28 de Julho para a comparticipação dos fármacos. Considerou-se ainda o incentivo à transplantação pelos Despachos nº6155/2006, de 15 de Março e nº 10485/2011, de 19 de Agosto. Resultados: Da análise global dos 161 GDH’s o verificado foi um custo total para o CHP de 7.505.518,89euro (um custo médio de 46.618,13euro por paciente). Quanto aos proveitos utilizando o contrato programa do CHP bem como os Despachos relativos ao incentivo à transplantação e à comparticipação de fármacos, existiu proveitos de 7.089.462,77euro (proveito médio de 44.033,93euro). Se o cálculo dos proveitos de internamento fosse pelo peso relativo do transplante hepático os proveitos seriam de 21.834.655,50euro (proveito médio de 135.618,98euro).

Autoantibody profile in individuals with chronic hepatitis C

IntroductionAutoantibodies are often produced during infection with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), but it remains controversial whether they influence the biochemical profile and histological features of this disease. Therefore, this current study sought to describe these autoantibodies and evaluate their impact on the clinical and histological presentation of hepatitis C.MethodsThis cross-sectional analytical study assessed patients with HCV (RNA+) from October 2011 to July 2012.ResultsThis study included 66 patients, with a mean age of 53.2±10.5 years. Of these patients, 60.6% were male, and 54.3% presented with genotype 1. Non-organ-specific autoantibodies (NOSA) were detected in 24% of the patients; of these, 7.6% were anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA+), 26.7% were anti-smooth muscle antibodies (SMA+) and 6.8% were liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibodies (LKM1+). With respect to the thyroid autoantibodies, 7.4% were anti-peroxidase (ATPO+) antibodies, and none were anti-thyroglobulin (ATG+) antibodies. Regarding celiac disease autoantibodies, 5.8% were endomysial antibodies (EMA+), and no transglutaminase (TTG+) antibodies were detected. Cryoglobulins were found in 2.1% of patients. When NOSA+ individuals were compared to patients without the presence of NOSAs, they exhibited higher median alkaline phosphatase (0.7 vs. 0.6 xULN; p=0.041), lower median platelet counts (141,500.0 vs. 180,500.0/mm3; p=0.036), lower mean prothrombin activity (72.6±11.5% vs. 82.2±16.0%; p=0.012) and an increased prevalence of significant fibrosis (E≥2) (45.5% vs. 18.2%; p=0.012). There was also a tendency for a greater proportion of NOSA+ cases to have marked periportal activity (APP≥3) (44.5% vs. 15.6%; p=0.087).ConclusionsIn addition to the high prevalence of autoantibodies associated with HCV infection, it was observed that NOSA positivity was associated with a more severe histological and biochemical profile of hepatitis C infection.

In vitro detection of hepatitis C virus in platelets from uninfected individuals exposed to the virus

IntroductionDespite hepatocytes being the target cells of hepatitis C virus (HCV), viral ribonucleic acid RNA has been detected in other cells, including platelets, which have been described as carriers of the virus in the circulation of infected patients. Platelets do not express cluster differentiation 81 CD81, the main receptor for the virus in hepatocytes, although this receptor protein has been found in megakaryocytes. Still, it is not clear if HCV interacts with platelets directly or if this interaction is a consequence of its association with megakaryocytes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction of HCV with platelets from non-infected individuals, after in vitro exposure to the virus.MethodsPlatelets obtained from 50 blood donors not infected by HCV were incubated in vitro at 37°C for 48h with serum containing 100,000IU∕mL of genotype 1 HCV. After incubation, RNA extracted from the platelets was assayed for the presence of HCV by reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR.ResultsAfter incubation in the presence of virus, all samples of platelets showed HCV RNA.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that, in vitro, the virus interacts with platelets despite the absence of the receptor CD81, suggesting that other molecules could be involved in this association.

Depressive symptoms and harmful alcohol use in hepatitis C patients: prevalence and correlates

Introduction It is important to understand the characteristics and vulnerabilities of people who have hepatitis C because this disease is currently an important public health problem. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and harmful alcohol use in patients with hepatitis C and to study the association between these outcomes and demographic, psychosocial and clinical variables. Methods This cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study involved 82 hepatitis C patients who were being treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin at a public university hospital. The primary assessments used in the study were the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Beck Depression Inventory. Bivariate analyses were followed by logistic regression. Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 30.5% (n=25), and that of harmful alcohol use was 34.2% (n=28). Logistic regression analysis showed that individuals who were dissatisfied with their social support (OR=4.41; CI=1.00-19.33) and were unemployed (OR=6.31; CI=1.44-27.70) were at a higher risk for depressive symptoms, whereas harmful alcohol use was associated with the male sex (OR=6.78; CI=1.38-33.19) and the use of illicit substances (OR=7.42; CI=1.12-49.00). Conclusions High prevalence rates of depressive symptoms and harmful alcohol use were verified, indicating vulnerabilities that must be properly monitored and treated to reduce emotional suffering in this population.

Efficacy and tolerability of two single-day regimens of triclabendazole for fascioliasis in Peruvian children

Abstract:INTRODUCTION:The therapeutic scheme of triclabendazole (TCBZ), the recommended anthelmintic against Fasciola hepatica , involves 10mg/kg of body weight administered in a single dose; however, clinical trials in children are scarce. We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of 2 schemes of TCBZ.METHODS: Eighty-four Peruvian children with F. hepatica eggs in their stools were allocated into 2 groups: 44 received 2 dosages of 7.5mg/kg each with a 12-h interval (Group I), and 40 received a single 10-mg/kg dose (Group II). Evaluation of efficacy was based on the presence of eggs in stools, and tolerability was based on the presence of symptoms and signs post-treatment.RESULTS: A parasitological cure was obtained in 100% of individuals from Group I and 95% of individuals from Group II. The most common adverse event was biliary colic.CONCLUSIONS: The tested scheme was efficacious and tolerable, and it might be an optimal scheme in the region. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the largest series of children treated with TCBZ in a non-hospital setting.

Incidence of hepatitis C in Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis C is a public health problem of global dimensions, affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. The main objective of this study was to estimate the incidence rate of hepatitis C in Brazil during the period between 2001 and 2012. METHODS: An epidemiological, temporal, and descriptive study was performed using data from the Information System for Reportable Diseases. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2012, a total of 151,056 hepatitis C cases were recorded, accounting for 30.3% of all hepatitis notifications in Brazil. The average gross coefficient for the analysis period was 6.7 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The regions with the highest rates were the Southeast region (8.7 new cases/100,000 inhabitants) and the South (13.9 new cases/100,000 inhabitants). There was a predominance of men with respect to the incidence rate (8.0 new cases/100,000 inhabitants) compared to women (5.5 new cases/100,000 inhabitants). Injection drug use was the most common source of infection, and members of the white race, residents of urban areas, and those aged 60 to 64 years had the highest incidences. CONCLUSIONS: Over the last 10 years, the incidence of hepatitis C in Brazil has increased, mainly in the South and Southeast. The adoption of fast, accurate diagnostic methods, together with epidemiological awareness, can facilitate early intervention measures for adequate control of the disease.

Production and characterization of Chitin-Glucan Complex by Komagataella pastoris

This thesis was focused on the production, extraction and characterization of chitin:β-glucan complex (CGC). In this process, glycerol byproduct from the biodiesel industry was used as carbon source. The selected CGC producing yeast was Komagataella pastoris (formerly known as Pichia pastoris), due the fact that to achieved high cell densities using as carbon source glycerol from the biodiesel industry. Firstly, a screening of K. pastoris strains was performed in shake flask assays, in order to select the strain of K. pastoris with better performance, in terms of growth, using glycerol as a carbon source. K. pastoris strain DSM 70877 achieved higher final cell densities (92-97 g/l), using pure glycerol (99%, w/v) and in glycerol from the biodiesel industry (86%, w/v), respectively, compared to DSM 70382 strain (74-82 g/l). Based on these shake flask assays results, the wild type DSM 70877 strain was selected to proceed for cultivation in a 2 l bioreactor, using glycerol byproduct (40 g/l), as sole carbon source. Biomass production by K. pastoris was performed under controlled temperature and pH (30.0 ºC and 5.0, respectively). More than 100 g/l biomass was obtained in less than 48 h. The yield of biomass on a glycerol basis was 0.55 g/g during the batch phase and 0.63 g/g during the fed-batch phase. In order to optimize the downstream process, by increasing extraction and purification efficiency of CGC from K. pastoris biomass, several assays were performed. It was found that extraction with 5 M NaOH at 65 ºC, during 2 hours, associated to neutralization with HCl, followed by successive washing steps with deionised water until conductivity of ≤20μS/cm, increased CGC purity. The obtained copolymer, CGCpure, had a chitin:glucan molar ratio of 25:75 mol% close to commercial CGC samples extracted from A. niger mycelium, kiOsmetine from Kitozyme (30:70 mol%). CGCpure was characterized by solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DCS), revealing a CGC with higher purity than a CGC commercial (kiOsmetine). In order to optimize CGC production, a set of batch cultivation experiments was performed to evaluate the effect of pH (3.5–6.5) and temperature (20–40 ºC) on the specific cell growth rate, CGC production and polymer composition. Statistical tools (response surface methodology and central composite design) were used. The CGC content in the biomass and the volumetric productivity (rp) were not significantly affected within the tested pH and temperature ranges. In contrast, the effect of pH and temperature on the CGC molar ratio was more pronounced. The highest chitin: β-glucan molar ratio (> 14:86) was obtained for the mid-range pH (4.5-5.8) and temperatures (26–33 ºC). The ability of K. pastoris to synthesize CGC with different molar ratios as a function of pH and temperature is a feature that can be exploited to obtain tailored polymer compositions.(...)

Caracterização e avaliação produtiva de uma população nativa de pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervum C.DC) no Seringal Cachoeira, AC, Brasil

A busca de alternativas econômicas ao extrativismo tradicional na Amazônia é importante e a exploração de populações naturais de plantas da família Piperaceae, abundantes no Acre, pode se constituir em uma atividade rentável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar algumas características demográficas, ecológicas e produtivas da espécie pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervum C.DC) e avaliar a possibilidade de seu manejo para a produção de óleo essencial com alto teor de safrol. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Projeto de Assentamento Extrativista Chico Mendes, em Xapuri, AC, em uma área de capoeira com aproximadamente dez anos, onde a pimenta longa era dominante. A população foi avaliada por meio de amostragem aleatória simples, com intensidade de 12%, tendo como unidades amostrais parcelas de 10 χ 10 m. Constatou-se uma densidade média de 15 indivíduos/100 m2, variando de zero a 71 indivíduos. Esta população apresentou uma média de 92% de teor de safrol no óleo essencial, com CV de 2,38%. O rendimento médio de óleo da biomassa seca, foi de 3,5%, com CV de 28,57%. A produção de óleo foi estimada em 12,11 kg/ha, com um corte por ano, que representa apenas 15,1% da produtividade obtida em áreas de cultivo. Portanto, a viabilidade da exploração dessas populações depende do desenvolvimento de técnicas que permitam aumentar a densidade de indivíduos. Ademais, na escolha de populações para o manejo, deve-se considerar características como: tamanho, densidade e idade da população.