Comportamento de cultivares de cafeeiro em diferentes densidades de plantio

This experiment was developed at Adamantina, west region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, during May 1995 to June of 2000. The plant growth and productivity of two coffee cultivars Catuaí Amarelo IAC 47 and Obatã IAC 1669-20, were evaluated considering to plant densities of 2.500, 5.000, 7.519 and 10.000 plants ha-1. The density of 2500 also was studied with two plants in the same hole, spaced of 2,0 m in the plant line. The experimental design was the randomized completely blocks with three replications, using the split-plot system. The plots were the densities and the split-plots were the cultivars. Results showed that, with increasing of the planting density, the plant height also increased, while the stem and plant basis diameters were reduced, however the planting density did not affect the height of the first branch. The increase of the planting density also increased the field productivity and reduced the production of individual plant. The cultivation of two plants at the same hole reduced the stem diameter and the plant yield. The cultivar Catuaí Amarelo IAC 47 showed the higher plant height and the higher plant basis diameter while cv. Obatã IAC 1669-20 showed the higher stem diameter. The field productivity and individual plant productivity were not different between those cultivars in the period studied (1997-2000).

Colorimetric determination of ambient ozone using indigo blue droplet

A simple and sensitive method based on a liquid droplet is described for the measurement of atmospheric ozone. A 30 μL drop of indigo blue solution is suspended in a flowing-air sampling stream. The ozone collected reacts with the indigo solution resulting in its decolorization. The colorimetric sensor is composed of two optical fibers and the source of monochromatic light was a red LED (625 nm). The calibration curve was constructed with ozone standard concentrations ranging from 37 - 123 ppbv. The detection limit achieved was 7.3 ppbv. The method considered here showed itself to be easy to apply with a fast response and a total analysis time of only 5 minutes.

Compositional influence on spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ doped tellurite glasses

Spectroscopic properties of ytterbium-doped tellurile glasses with different compositions are reported. Results of linear refractive index, absorption and emission spectra, and fluorescence lifetimes are presented. The studied samples present high refractive index (∼2.0) and large transmission window (380-6000nm). Absorption and emission cross-sections are calculated as well as the minimum pump laser intensity. The results are compared with the values of other laser materials, in order to investigate applications as laser media in the infrared region.

Fontes de potássio não trocável e potássio total em quatro solos do Estado do Ceará

The mineralogical composition of the soil plow layer (0-20 cm) was analyzed for the following soil suborders (according to the Brazilian soil taxonomy): Neossolo Quartzarênico. Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Cambissolo Háplico and Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo which samples were collected from different regions of the Ceará State. The present study had the objectives of identifying potential sources of both total and non-exchangeable potassium forms for plants located at the different soil fractions. Then highest content of K occurred in the Cabissolo Háplico soil, including both the total and non-exchangeable K forms. In the Neossolo Quartzarênico. Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo and Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, the highest contents of both forms of potassium were impregnated at the sand fraction. The amount of potassium found in the both sand and silt fractions has its origin in the orthoclase mineral which was detected in the mineralogical analysis. In the clay fractio, the origin of the potassium is illite and a inter-stratified mineral (mica+montmorillonite). As compared with the total content, the amount of non-exchangeable potassium is low for all the four soils. It was more concentrated at clay fraction of the Cambissolo soil. The potassium content sequence in the soil was the following: Cambissolo Háplico > Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo > Neossolo Quartzarênico > Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. The results showed that the distribution of the forms of potassium among the soils differ as a function of the nature of the dominating minerals detected in the mineralogical analysis (illite and orthoclase) which was discussed above.

Detecção da produção de slime por estafilococos coagulase-negativa isolados de cateter venoso central

Slime production is an important virulence factor of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., allowing them to attach to smooth surfaces of biomaterials, and it has been associated with infections of implanted medical devices. In the present study the production of slime capsules in 27 strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was investigated by culture in Congo Red agar (77.7% positivity), spectrophotometric or microplate method (81.4% positivity) and scanning electron microscopy (88.9% positivity). The resistance of coagulase-negative strains of Staphylococcus to various antimicrobial agents was also determined by agar disk diffusion. The proportion of strains resistant to penicillin G, oxacillin, erythromycin, clindamycin and gentamicin among the slime-producing staphylococci was 88.9%, 70.4%, 81.5%, 66.7% and 59.2%, respectively; all of the coagulase-negative staphylococci were susceptible to vancomycin. The strains isolated from central venous catheters were identified by a conventional method and the API Staph system. The 27 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains were identified as: S. saprophyticus (3.7%), S. xylosus (7.4%), S. haemolyticus (14.8%), S. epidermidis (37.0%), S. warneri (14.8%), S. lugdunensis (7.4%), S. hominis (7.4%), S. schleiferi (3.7%) and S. chromogenes (3.7%). It can be concluded that in the most of the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species there was an association between slime production, the nosocomial origin of the strains and reduced sensitivity to the antibiotics, suggesting a pathogenic potential in the hospital environment.

Variaciones del índice de cono en suelo movilizado posterior al tráfico de un tractor equipado con dos tipos de neumáticos y a cuatro velocidades de desplazamiento

The tractor is one of the machines that more traffics over the soil during the processes involving agricultural production. The interaction tractor/soil is made by the tires which, in most of the cases, are pneumatic. The tire type and the tractor travel speed, interfere directly on the pressure over the soil. One of the techniques employed to evaluate the alterations that tractor traffic causes in the soil is to measure its Cone Index. The aim of this research was to evaluate the same Cone Index alterations caused by an agricultural tractor equipped with both radial tires and bias ply tires, trafficking mobilized soil in four different travel speeds. The experiment was performed in a LATOSSOLO VERMELHO, located 22°51' S, 48°25'W and 770 m of altitude, in Botucatu-SP, Brazil. The soil mobilization was performed with a chisel plow and a disc arrow. The traction was accomplished with a John Deere tractor, model 6600, with 88 kW of power and 6,723 kg. Equipment requiring a force of 25kN was traced by the tractor draw bar. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 4 × 2 factorial arrangements, with two distinct treatments corresponding to the types of tires (bias and radial) and the four travel speeds, with six replications. There were selected the following speeds: 3.5, 3.9, 5.1 and 5.9 km h-1. To determine the soil resistance, there was utilized MSSU - Mobile Soil Sampling Unit, with which the Cone Index was obtained in layers from 0-100, 100-200, 200-300, 300-400, 400-500 and over 500 mm deep. The Cone Index where evaluated in areas with non contact between tire and soil (ICn) and in the tire footprint track (ICp). There were calculated the Cone Index increments caused by the tractor tire (AIC) and the results showed that as the tractor travel speed increased, there were observed decrements in the medium values of cone index. The radial tire provided smaller values of the Cone Index in the superficial layer of the soil (0 to 100 mm) in relation to the bias ply tire, when the speed was approximately 6 km h-1. The increment in the Cone Index, promoted by the tractor, was more intense in the first 200 mm depth, but it also reached the layer from 200 to 300 mm.

Batimetria fluvial estimada com dados orbitais: Estudo de caso no alto curso do rio Paraguai com o sensor ASTER

The Paraguay River is the main tributary of the Paraná River and has an extension of 1.693 km in Brazilian territory. The navigability conditions are very important for the regional economy because most of the central-west Brazilian agricultural and mineral production is transported by the Paraguay waterway. Increased sedimentation along the channel requires continuous dredging to waterway maintenance. Systematic bathymetric surveys are periodically carried out in order to check depth condition along the channel using echo-sounding devices. In this paper, digital image processing and geostatistical analysis methods were used to analyze the applicability of the ASTER sensor to estimate channel depths in a segment of the upper Paraguay River. The results were compared with field data in order to choose the band with better adjustment and to evaluate the standard deviation. Comparing the VNIR bands, the best fit was presented by the red wavelength (band 2; 0,63 - 0,69 μm), showing a good representation of the channel depths shallow than 1,7 m. Applying geostatistical methods, the model accuracy was enhanced from 43 cm to 36 cm and undesired components were slacked. It was concluded that the digital number of band 2, converted to bathymetry information allows a good estimation of river depths and channel morphology.

Doses de Nitrogênio na Produção de rabanete fertirrigado e determinação de clorofila por medidor portátil nas folhas

The relative chlorophyll determination is used to predict the need for nitrogen fertilization aiming to increase production in various cultures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil nitrogen dose response added to the soil via fertigation in radish production and the relation between chlorophyll and cultivar Redondo Vermelho leaf nitrogen content. Transverse diameter of root, leaf area, green index, leaf N contents, shoots (stem) production, number of commercial and noncommercial roots, and the total commercial mass roots were evaluated. The N doses didn't interfere in the radish production and the readings taken with portable chlorophyll meter are not very accurate in ascertaining the level of N on radish plant growth.

Efeito do tratamento químico na sanidade de sementes de espécies florestais

This study evaluated the effect of different fungicide and sodium hypochlorite treatments in reducing the incidence of fungi on seeds of native species of the Atlantic rainforest. The experiment was done using the completely randomized design in a 5×5 factorial with five levels of factor A (forest species) and five levels of factor B (chemical treatment and surface disinfection with sodium hypochlorite) with four replications. The fungal genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified. The species 'Jacarandáda- Bahia' and 'Ipê-roxo' had lower fungal incidence, 1.0% and 1.3%, respectively. Except for 'Angico Vermelho', the fungicide pencycurom and sodium hypochlorite were not significantly different from the control in the species evaluated. Seed treatment with fungicides 'Captan' and 'Tiram' yielded satisfactory results in reducing the incidence of fungal contamination in forest species seeds.

Modelo agrometeorológico na estimativa da produtividade de duas variedades de café arábica considerando a variabilidade espacial

The purpose of this study was to estimate the varieties of coffee Arabic Catucáand Catuaí productivity, in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, through agrometeorological mathematical models, considering the spatial variability of productivity in the area. The samplings were georrefered building an irregular grid, totalizing 50 samplings per area. After that, geostatic analysis was made to quantify spatial dependence degree of the real values and the estimated productivity. According to the classification, the models superestimated the productivity for the two varieties.

Comportamento e variação de procedências de Corymbia citriodora em diferentes tipos de solos

The aim of this study was the selection of Corymbia citriodora provenances for three different kinds of soils occurring in Luiz Antônio Experimental Station, São Paulo, Brazil (Latossolo Vermelho, Areia Quartzosa and Latossolo Roxo). The provenance test was established in 1983, with ten Corymbia citriodora provenances and one Eucalyptus grandis as control, original from a seed production area. The trials were established in a random block design with 11 treatments, three repetition and square plots with 25 trees. In 2008, there were evaluations of height, diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.3 m), stem form and survival. Significant differences among soils and provenances were detected for the growth traits, stem form and survival in all those studied soils. Significant provenance and soil interactions were not detected. All provenances showed higher growth in height and DBH in Purple Latosol. The control had a higher growth rate in relation to highness, DBH and stem form than Corymbia citriodora provenances in all the studied soils, but it presented, generally, a lower survival rate than Corymbia citriodora provenances. Pederneiras (11) Corymbia citriodora provenance presented a higher performance in relation to highness and DBH in all kinds of soils, and Gilgandra (4) provenance, original from Australia, had the worst development. Therefore, Pederneiras (11) provenance is, therefore, the best choose for reforestations in all those studied soils.

Moscas-Das-Frutas em Cultivares de Cafeeiros de Presidente Prudente, SP

Coffee is considered the primary host of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). The infestation of C. capitata in the State of São Paulo has reached economic importance in coffee plantations. Although little information about changes caused by the fly on the coffee beverage, it is known that the fruit fly infestation causes rapid change from cherry to raisin stage, causing qualitative damage on the parchment coffee production. The objective of this work was to study the population dynamics and diversity of Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae in coffee cultivars of Icatu Vermelho IAC 4045, Vermelho IAC 99, Novo Mundo 388-17-1, Obatã IAC 1669-20, Icatu Amarelo IAC 2944, grafted on Apoatã (IAC 2258) (Coffea canephora) and Icatu Vermelho IAC 4045 ungrafted and Apoatã (IAC 2258)-grafted with approximately 3 years. The experiment was conducted in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo State, Brazil, from June 2006 to July 2008. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications in a factorial design (3 years X 6 cultivars). From each plot of 100 plants we randomly collected 250 mature fruits. The samples were taken at 15 day intervals. The population dynamics were evaluated by using one plastic McPhail trap per cultivar. After 26 months a total of 36,932 specimens of C. capitata were trapped in all cultivars, corresponding to 49.27% males and 50.73% females. Approximately 83.3% of the specimens were collected from January to December 2007. The population fluctuation showed population peaks in May, June and July, relative to fruit ripening period. We trapped 21 specimens of A. montei Lima and A. fraterculus (Wied.). The coffee fruits of Presidente Prudente, SP, are infested by the following species of Lonchaeidae: Neosilba pendula (Bezzi), N. zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal, N. inesperata Strikis & Prado and Neosilba pradoi Strikis & Lerena. Neosilba pendula occurred in all evaluated cultivars and N. inesperata was recoverd only from Icatu Amarelo IAC 2944 and IAC Icatu Vermelho 4045/un-grafted. No Anastrepha specimen was recovered from the fruits. Cultivars did not differ due to tephritid and lonchaeid infestations, but in 2008 the highest infestation by C. capitata occurred in the field.

Porosidade e infiltração de água do solo sob diferentes sistemas de manejo

Management systems affect soil structure, causing changes in porosity that can influence water infiltration into the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different management systems on the porosity and water infiltration in Distroferric Red Nitosol with clay texture. The management systems were: conventional with disc plow + two soft harrowing, conventional with heavy disc harrow + two soft harrowing, no tillage and fallow. The following attributes: porosity, pore shape and water infiltration velocity into the soil were determined. Management systems such as no-tillage, conventional with disc plow and heavy disc harrow, and fallow modify the porosity and the shape of pores of a Distroferric Red Nitosol, influencing water infiltration, which was favored in no-tillage for the greater presence of elongated pores.

Produção e Qualidade Física dos Frutos do Abacaxi sob Diferentes Lâminas e Frequências de Irrigação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of pineapple cultivar Smooth Cayenne as the physical production and the quality of the fruit when subjected to different frequencies of water dpeth and soil water in Triângulo Mineiro - Uberaba-MG. The experimental area soil is Oxisol, clay loam sandy and soft undulating local relief. A randomized block design in a factorial 4 x 2 with four levels of soil water depth (50%, 75%, 100% and 125%) of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and two irrigation frequencies (1 day and 3 days = F1 = F2) and four replications was utilized. The crop productivity, number of seedlings, mean weight, diameter, and hardness of the fruit, plus water use efficiency were evaluated. Productivity was not significantly affected by the water depth and by the frequency of water applied; however the fruit shell resistance, the efficiency of water use, and ratoon seedlings were significantly influenced by irrigation, the water depth of 50% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETC) provided greater efficiency of water use for the production of pineapple fruit.

Absorção de nitrogênio pelo algodoeiro herbáceo em dois sistemas de cultivo

The study of nutrient uptake is of fundamental importance to plant nutrition, as well as tell the time (growth stage) being absorbed by the culture, also signals to the levels of fertilizer to be used. Aiming to establish the uptake of nitrogen for cultivation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. r. latifolium Hutch.) led to an experiment in a Alfissol under randomized block design with two treatments, sowing conventional tillage and after tillage on the straw of previous crop (millet), with five replicates. Samples were taken according to the phenology and plants development. The dry matter accumulation in cotton is linear and increasing until the period of large boll, being more intense with the appearance of flowers and boll, or 50 to 100 days after emergence. The nitrogen content is higher in newly emerged plants, having peaks at the beginning of the appearance of squares and flowers, and from the appearance of small boll, the nitrogen content in the plant decreases linearly. The extraction of nitrogen is bigger from the appearance of flowers (55-60 days after emergence).